andreeva_tia_nauchnyi_angliiskii_iazyk_vypusk_11_leksikosint

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

Text 1

Constructing a Continuum o fPredicate Extensions o fEach Intermediate Propositional Logic

Nobu-Yuki Suzuki

Wajsberg and Jankov provided us with methods of construct­ ing a continuum of logics. However, their methods are not suitable for super-intuitionistic and modal predicate logics. The aim of this paper is to present simple ways of modification of their methods appropriate for such logics. We give some concrete applications as generic examples. Among others, we show that there is a contin­ uum of logics between the intuitionistic predicate logic and the logic of constant domains, between a predicate extension of S4 and S4 with the Barcan formula. Furthermore, we prove that there is a continuum of predicate logics with equality whose "equality-free

fragment" is just the intuitionistic predicate logic.

Stadia Logica. 1995. Nr 54. P. 173-198.

Text 2

Integrative Physiology

Novel Vascular Graft Grown Within Recipient's

Own Peritoneal Cavity

Julie H. Campbell, Johnny L. Efendy, Gordon R. Campbell

A method by which to overcome the clinical symptoms of atherosclerosis is the insertion of a graft to bypass an artery blocked or impeded by plaque. However, there may be insuffi­ cient autologous mammary artery for multiple or repeat bypass, saphenous vein may have varicose degenerative alterations that can lead to aneurysm in high-pressure sites, and small caliber synthetic grafts are prone to thrombus induction and occlusion. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop an arti­ ficial blood conduit of any required length and diameter from the cells of the host for autologous transplantation. Silastic tubing, of variable length and diameter, was inserted into the

41

peritoneal cavity of rats or rabbits. By 2 weeks, it had become covered by several layers of myofibroblasts, collagen matrix, and a single layer of mesothelium. The Silastic tubing was re­ moved from the harvested implants, and the tube of living tis­ sue was everted such that it now resembled a blood vessel with an inner lining of nonthrombotic mesothelial cells (the "intima"), with a "media" of smooth muscle-like cells (myofibro­ blasts), collagen, and elastin, and with an outer collagenous "adventitia". The tube of tissue (10 to 20 mm long) was suc­ cessfully grafted by end-to-end anastomoses into the severed carotid artery or abdominal aorta of the same animal in which they were grown. The transplant remained patent for at least 4 months and developed structures resembling elastic lamellae. The myofibroblasts gained a higher volume fraction of myo­ filaments and became responsive to contractile agonists, simi­ lar to the vessel into which they had been grafted. It is sug­ gested that these nonthrombogenic tubes of living tissue, grown in the peritoneal cavity of the host, may be developed as autologous coronary artery bypass grafts or a arteriovenous ac­

cess fistulae for hemodialysis patients.

The Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, Department of Anatomical Sciences The Uni­ versity of Queensland. Brisbane, 1999 Vol 85 P. 1173

Text 3

Catherization and Invasive Cardiology.

Regional and Temporal Nonuniformity of Shape and Wall

Movement in the Normal Left Ventricle

G. Bailetta, M. Baroni, R. Del Bene, A Toso, F. Fantmi

Asymmetry of left ventricular (LV) shape and asynchrony of regional LV movement have been described in the normal human heart, but never correlated to each other. In 16 normal subjects, right anterior oblique ventriculography was used to obtain vol­ umes, regional wall motion (centerline method) and curvature (windowed Fourier series approximation of contours) over the en­

42

tire cardiac cycle. The apex had the greatest curvature, while the posterior wall had a negative end-diastolic curvature that decreased further at early-systole and became positive at end-systole. The anterior region had the greatest and the anteroapical region the least fractional shortening. Asynchrony was evident as a delayed contraction of the inferoand anteroapical regions, and as a greater rate of late-systolic shortening of the anterior wall than that of the apex. Shape changes and shortening were dyssynchronous in the apical regions where the greatest changes occurred at early dias­ tole. Temporal and regional nonuniformity of shape and movement exists in normal subjects. Dyssynchro-ny between shape and re­

gional contraction of the apical regions deserves further studies.

Cardiology (Italy) 1998 P 195-201.

Text 4

The Nature ofLandscape History

W. G. Hoskins

Landscape history is a new and fascinating branch of historical study. Its main threads were first drawn together, in Professor W.G. Hoskins's The Making o f the English Landscape, published as re­ cently as 1955. By the searching questions it asked and the range of material it employed, that deservedly famous book profoundly al­ tered our understanding of our surroundings and produced, in the words of one reviewer, 'a permanent and delightful enlargement of consciousness.’

The most influential traditions in British topographical writing had hitherto been the antiquarian and the sentimental. The antiquar­ ian was easily the older form. Writers such as John Leland in the 1540s, John Aubrey a century later, and William Stukeley in the early eighteenth century, minutely described countless buildings, earthworks and stone circles. Their books and papers remain invalu­ able sources of information about often vanished features, but they made only fitful attempts to establish the historical meaning and the original settings of the monuments they so laboriously recorded.

The other mode of topographical writing was strongly senti­ mental, and permeated with nostalgia for an older, vanishing Britain. In the 1930s, for example, Charles Bradley Ford's The Landscape o f

43

England (1933), Sir William Beach-Thomas's The English Land­ scape (1938), and tlie volumes of the 'County Landscapes' series, sought to evoke the beauty of unspoilt countryside and showpiece villages and towns; urban, industrial Britain was a disfigurement to be deplored and largely ignored. What is more, though their leisurely descriptions were lovingly observed, their historical explanations of the appearance of the landscape were unsystematic and superficial.

For W.G. Hoskins, much of this popular writing was 'sentimen­ tal and formless slush. The approach he advocated was analytical,

scholarly and far more probing.

The Nature of Landscape History. (England) 1955.

Text 5

Is Gold-Putnam Diagonalization Complete?

Cory Juhl

Diagonalization is a proof technique that formal learning theorists use to show that inductive problems are unsolvable. The technique in­ tuitively requires the construction of the mathematical equivalent of a "Cartesian demon" that fools the scientist no matter how he proceeds. A natural question that arises is whether diagonarization is complete. That is, given an arbitrary unsolvable inductive problem, does an in­ vincible demon exist?

The answer to that question turns out to depend upon what axioms of set theory we adopt. The two main results of the paper show that if we assume ZermeloFracnkel set theory plus AC and CH, there exist undetermined inductive games. The existence of such games entails that diagonalization is incomplete. On the other hand, if we assume the Axiom of Detenninacy, or even a weaker axiom known as Wadge Determinacy, then diagonalization is complete.

In order to prove the results, inductive inquiry is viewed as an infmitary game played between the scientist and nature. Such games have been studied extensively by descriptive set theorists. Analogues to the results above are mentioned, in which both the scientist and the demon are restricted to computable strategies.

The results exhibit a surprising connection between inductive

methodology and the foundations of set theory.

Journal of Philosophical Logic 1995 Ni 24 P 117-138

44

Text 6

Globalization, Knowledge And Society

Globalization, Knowledge and Society addresses the issues in­ volved in the development of sociology as a global discipline and the increasing interpenetration of national traditions, cultures and economies through global change. Classic issues of relativism and universalism are raised in a new context. The related problems of tensions between national sociological traditions and the interna­ tional discipline are explored. Finally the book considers the trans­ national process of social change, particularly as exemplified in international actors such as The Green and Peace Movements.

This innovative volume, drawing on papers from International Sociology, addresses key questions for all those interested either in the nature of contemporary social change or in the challenge posed by such change to sociology.

Text 7

A Gaussian Elimination Algorithmfor the Enumeration o f

Cut Sets in a Graph

Alberto Martelli

By defining a suitable algebra for cut sets, it is possible to re­ duce the problem of enumerating the cut sets between all pairs of nodes in a graph to the problem of solving a system of linear equa­ tions. An algorithm for solving this system using Gaussian ehmination is presented in this paper. The efficiency of the algorithm de­ pends on the implementation of sum and multiplication. Therefore, some properties of cut sets are investigated, which greatly simplify the implementation of these operations for the case of undirected graphs. The time required by the algorithm is shown to be linear with the number of cut sets for complete graphs. Some experimental results are given, proving that the efficiency of the algorithm in­ creases by increasing the number of pairs of nodes for which the cut acts are computed.

Journal of the Association for Computing Machineiy. 1976. Vol. 23, Nr 1 P. 58-73

45

Text 8

Four and 6-year Olds' Biological Concept ofDeath:

The case of Plants

Simone P Nguyen and Susan A. Gelman University o f Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, USA University o f Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

Three studies examined 4- and б-year-olds' concept of death, particularly the components of universality, inevitability, finality, and causality, by focusing on plants. Experiment I was an inter­ view in which participants answered questions about the death components for three plant types (a tree, a weed, and a flower). In Expt. 2, children pointed at drawings of plants and artifacts for which they believed the death components apply. Experiment 3 di­ rectly compared children's death concept of plants with that of animals. The results of Expts 1-3 showed that 6-year-olds and to some degree 4-year-olds understand the components of death and that these components apply to plants and animals, but not arti­ facts. However, there were significant differences in their under­ standing of death across the three different plant types as well as between plants and animals. These results suggest that children have a concept of death that includes plant and animal death, but that important changes take place between the ages of 4 and 6

years.

British Journal of Development Psychology. 2002. Nr 20 P 495-513.

Text 9

Equilibrium Random-Field Using Critical Scattering in the

Antiferromagnet Feo.93Zno.o7F2

Z Slanic and D P Belanger

It has long been believed that equilibrium random-field Ising model (REIM)critical scattering studies are not feasible in dilute antiferromagnets close to and below TC(H) because of severe non­ equilibrium effects. The high magnetic concentration Ising antifer­ romagnet F e o .9 3 Zn0.07F2, however does provide equilibrium behav­ ior. We have employed scaling techniques to extract the universal equilibrium scattering line shape, critical exponents v = 0.87±0.07 and =0.20±05, and amplitude ratios of this FRIM system.

University of California Santa Cruy. 2000 April 13

46

Text 10

An Oxidation Systemfor Green Chemistry:

The Oxidation ofAlcohols and Hydrocarbons in the

Presence o fMetal-Polymer Complexes

Yasuhiko, Kurusu

Environmental and economic factors make the use of harmful oxidants increasingly unacceptable except on a small scale. Ac­ cordingly, we have investigated the use of dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide as oxidants. For this oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons, transition metal complexes and polymer-bound transition metal complexes were effective as catalysts. Earlier investigations indi­ cated that the catalytic site was a bior multinuclear complex. Thus, several binuclear complexes of Cu and Mn were designed and their effectiveness in oxidizing phenols to biphenols and benzoquinones and in monooxygenase activity was demonstrated. In the oxidation of phenols, the system did not produce poty(phenylene oxide) since the intermediate phenoxy radical un­ derwent С С coupling to biphenol orunderwent attack by hydroxyl radical to a hydroquinone that could be oxidized to a quinone. A reaction mechanism involving the binuclear complex for the oxi­

dation is proposed.

Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers. 2000. Vol. 10, Nr 3.

Text 11

Foreign Direct Ivestmentfor Development

Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs

Summary and Conclusions

Developing countries, emerging economies and countries in transition have come increasingly to see FDI as a source of eco­ nomic development and modernisation, income growth and em­ ployment. Countries have liberalised their FDI regimes and pur­ sued other policies to attract investment. They have addressed the issue of how best to pursue domestic policies to maximise the benefits of foreign presence in the domestic economy. The study Foreign Direct Investment for Development attempts primarily to shed light on the second issue, by focusing on the overall effect

47

of FDI on macro-economic growth and other welfare-enhancing processes, and on the channels through which these benefits take effect.

The overall benefits of FDI for developing country econo­ mies are well documented. Given the appropriate host-country policies and a basic level of development, a preponderance of studies shows that FDI triggers technology spillovers, assists human capital formation, contributes to international trade inte­ gration, helps create a more competitive business environment and enhances enterprise development. All of these contribute to higher economic growth, which is the most potent tool for allevi­ ating poverty In developing countries. Moreover, beyond the strictly economic benefits, FDI may help improve environmental and social conditions in the host country by, for example, trans­ ferring "cleaner" technologies and leading to more socially re­ sponsible corporate policies.

The report does not focus solely on the positive effects of FDI for development. It also addresses concerns about potential drawbacks for host economies, economic as well as non­ economic. While many of the drawbacks, referred to as "costs" in this report, arguably reflect shortcomings in the domestic poli­ cies or host countries, important challenges may nevertheless arise when these shortcomings cannot easily be addressed. Po­ tential drawbacks include a deterioration of the balance of pay­ ments as profits are repatriated (albeit often offset by incoming FDI), a lack of positive linkages with local communities, the po­ tentially harmful environmental impact of FDI, especially in the extractive and heavy industries, social disruptions of accelerated commercialisation in less developed countries, and the effects on competition in national markets. Moreover, some host country authorities perceive an increasing dependence on internationally operating enterprises as representing a loss of political sover­ eignty. Even some expected benefits may prove elusive if, for example, the host economy, in its current state of economic de­ velopment, is not able to take advantage of the technologies or

know-how transferred through FDI.

Journal of Inorganic and Oiganometallic Polymeis 2000 Vol 10, Nr 3

48

Text 12

The Crisis O fModernity And The LifeWorld

Zdzislaw Krasnodebski

One of the most influential diagnoses and therapies of the crisis of modernity was formulated by Husserl. He spoke about the crisis of modem European culture as a situation of dramatic choice between the heroism of reason or barbarism. The crisis re­ sults from scepticism and irrationalism as products of scientific rationality itself. Husserl was convinced that the only remedy against it is a universal science, based on an absolutely firm foundation and proceeding according to the rigorous method - i. e. transcendental phenomenology. In The Crisis he turned to historical reflection in order to realise the goals of philosophising and of humanity. He also discovered the life-world - the therapy for rationalism must consist in returning to the Lebenswell. The paper shows tensions between two motives in Husserl's late phi­ losophy and two different practical philosophies which emerge from it. Contrary to Husserl's programmatic declarations, the phenomenological analysis of the life-world docs not portray the human being as an autonomous being, but as being rooted in tra­ dition and history, bodily present in the world, and always among opaque facts and limited in sovereignty. In addition, the alternative of the heroism of reason and barbarism has proved false. We have no scientific ethic, our morals and mores are pro­ visional and non-absolute. For Husserl such a situation would mean the demise of humanity. Be he did not draw this conclusion from his own discoveries. The lesson we have to learn from our experience of the twentieth century and from Husserl's inconsis­ tent attempt differs from the one he wanted to teach us. The paradoxical implication of his philosophy is that the only thing of which we can be absolutely certain in our ethical and political life is the fact that we can never be absolutely certain. But the fact that we are conscious of this does not turn us into barbarians,

but, on the contrary, protects us from that.

International Sociology. 1990. Vol 5 Nr 3 P. 247-265.

49