Учебное пособие 1519

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (34), 2021 ISSN 2587-8093

нас на слабаде́така́я ляни́вая. Атъе́лася. И́дя, фсяды́ на ней пла́тия ф петнах, умусо́льная,

как ры́ба чёрная апасля капче́нья. Прадражни́ли йие́Капти́льня да Каптушка).

́

Krýsa – ‘a nickname for the face, teeth and hairstyle, reminiscent of a rodent’: Lídku tadý túta pradrazhníli Krýsa, aná uzh dyúzha pakhózha na éntayu tvar', kakáya fso zgryzáya: cho

Left - ‘a nickname for left-handedness’: Ráyka Konchakóva krasivúshshaya, vólasy chornai, zhukavýi. Tóka aná fso délala lévay rukóy, prazváli tut yiyé Lévaya. Nya kak fse. Dévak

aná mnóga narazhála, aní drúzhnai vse u ney (Ра́йка Кончако́ва красивушшая, во́ласы

́

чёрнаи, жукавы́и. То́ка ана́ фсё де́лала ле́вай руко́й, празва́ли тут йие́Ле́вая. Ня как фсе.

Де́вак ана́мно́га наража́ла, ани́дружнаи все у ней).

́

Little - ‘a nickname for height: V ditsadú Mánya prarabótala na práchti, byal'yo mýla.

Nu ana takáya mákhon'kaya bylá, da ishshó i sgórblinaya, Málin'koy drazhnili (В дитсаду́ Ма́ня прарабо́тала на пра́чти, бяльё мы́ла. Ну ана така́я ма́хонькая была́, да ишшо́ и сго́рблиная, Ма́линькой дражнили).

Mandrýchka –‘a nickname for untidy appearance’: Mandrýchka khódya kak bomzh, fsyadý svabódnaya. Lyúdi z garódu nya slázyut', a étaya skácha pa slabadé (Мандры́чка хо́дя как бомж, фсяды́свабо́дная. Лю́ди з гаро́ду ня сла́зють, а э́тая ска́ча па слабаде́).

Pípka – ‘a nickname on the nose’: Sifóra Pípka na pénsii, múzha uzh davnó pakhraníla, a samá za rulom yézdiya. Da síkh por krasatá yiyé ni pakidáya, nasók málintiy, vzdornutay u ney.

Klíchut' Pípka (Сифо́ра Пи́пка на пе́нсии, мужа уж давно́пахрани́ла, а сама́за рулём е́здия.

́

Да си́х пор красата́йие́ни пакида́я, насо́к ма́линтий, вздёрнутай у ней. Кли́чуть Пи́пка.). Pukaiha - 'a nickname for a rare hair gathered in a bun': Ráytya Ryzhúkha adná túta ta-

káya u nas. Viski takíya rýzhii, na sóntse pryam ógninnyi (Ма́ньтя фсяды́во́лос в пук збира́ла,

в пучо́к. А он у ней сла́бинтий. Так и прадражни́ли Пукаи́ха).

Ryzhuha - ‘a nickname for the color of the hair’: Mán'tya fsyadý vólos v puk zbirála, v

Ryabushka, Ryabaya - ‘a nickname for the pocky spots on the face’: Pólya tadý apaslyá vayný u nas v shkóli ubórshitsay rabótala. Pradrazhníli ditvará yiyé Ryabúshkay. Nu aná vit' fsya v pétnakh na litsú, Ryabáya (По́ля тады́ апасля́ вайны́ у нас в шко́ли убо́ршицай ра-

Chibrik, Chibroha, Chimarmonia, Chemerka - ‘a nickname for small height, stains and unattractive, frightening facial features’: Chíbrikom túta zváli adnú niputyáshshayu bápku. Kak yiyé tól'tya nya klíkali. Chibrókha málentiya, pratívnaya. Inoy ras yiyé uvídish', ispuzháish'si. Buválacha étaya Chimarmóniya naryádittsa va fso f chornaya i ídya s pálkay. A to glyadísh' na

то́льтя ня кли́кали. Чибро́ха ма́лентия, прати́вная. Иной рас йие́уви́дишь, испужа́ишьси. Бува́лача э́тая Чимармо́ния наря́дитца ва фсё ф чёрная и и́дя с па́лкай. А то гляди́шь на пруду́гусе́й стириге́ть Чемёрка).

The second group is represented by 6 anthroponyms.

2. Nicknames for character traits, temperament:

Kontrol – ‘a nickname for hyperactivity and omnipresence’: Ráytya fsyu zhíznyu dyúzha aktívnaya, vyazdé fso znáya, nos va fso súya, dérzha fso pat kantrólim. Muzhutí túta yiyé pra-

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (34), 2021 ISSN 2587-8093

Lushka, Lukerya – ‘a nickname for reckless behavior’: Paká muzh u Shúrki balél, aná adnagó dityá nagulyála. On prinyál. Apét' nagulyála. I on prastíl. Vot yiyé i pradrazhníli

Lúshka, Lukér'ya. Et pryam klúshka (Пака́муж у Шурки бале́л, ана́аднаго́дитя́нагуля́ла. Он

́

приня́л. Апе́ть нагуля́ла. И он прасти́л. Вот йие́и прадражни́ли Лушка, Луке́рья. Эт прям

́

клушка).

́

Rubel - ‘a nickname for active behavior and firm character’: Nyúrka vse navastyá v akrúgi znála. Buválacha, pa skóka krugóf naryazála pa dirévni. Nu yézheli cho skazála, kak

atrubíla. Dyúzha byla r'yánaya (Ню́рка все навастя́в акруги зна́ла. Бува́лача, па ско́ка круго́ф

́

наряза́ла па дире́вни. Ну е́жели чё сказа́ла, как атруби́ла. Дю́жа была рья́ная).

Ruzh'yo (the shotgun) – ‘a nickname for its fighting nature, omniscience’: Mánya u Símkinykh vot bayaváya bába, zakrichít' tak, áshnik na éntam paryádku slýshna. U ney nógi pabál'vali, aná na telekhvóni sidít'. Fsekh abzvónya, yazykóm patrépya. Baby iyé klíchut' Ruzh'yo (Ма́ня у Си́мкиных вот баява́я ба́ба, закричи́ть так, а́шник на э́нтам паря́дку слы́шна. У ней но́ги паба́львали, ана́на телехво́ни сиди́ть. Фсех абзво́ня, языко́м патре́пя. Бабы ие́ кли́чуть Ружьё).

Honya - ‘a nickname for a very calm nature’: Vérka takáya spakaynáya. Iyé ni vidát', ni slykhát'. Tikhónya takáya vot. Drázhnyut' Khónya (Ве́рка така́я спакайна́я. Ие́ни вида́ть, ни слыха́ть. Тихо́ня така́я вот. Дра́жнють Хо́ня).

The third group is represented by 5 unofficial names.

3. Nicknames for culinary preference or food-related event:

Kis-Kees – ‘a nickname of a lover of caramel “Butterscotch”’: Tadý v magazíne pradaváli iríski, aní byli nyamnóga darózhi, nazyválisya «Kis-Kis». Vot Nyúrka tak yikh lyubíla. Kak pashlyút' v magazín, aná abyazátil'na kúpya khuch' 100 gram, nu éntikh kankhvét. Pradrazhníli

Kis-Kis (Тады́ в магази́не прадава́ли ири́ски, ани́ были нямно́га даро́жи, называ́лися «Кис-

Кис». Вот Ню́рка так йих люби́ла. Как пашлю́ть в магази́н, ана́абяза́тильна купя хучь 100

́

грам, ну э́нтих канхве́т. Прадражни́ли Кис-Кис).

Sausage – ‘a nickname of a sausage lover’: Nyan' Án'tya dyúzha lyubíla kolbasú, azh tryaslásya za ney. A vit' ráni iyé iz górada vyazlí. Atéts v górad yédya i spráshvaya: «Cho tabé, dochk, privést'?» Aná fsyadý prasíla kolbasú. Tut vot i pradrazhníli iyé Kolbasá (Нянь А́ньтя

дю́жа люби́ла колбасу, аж трясла́ся за ней. А вить ра́ни ие́из го́рада вязли́. Ате́ц в го́рад

́

yist' asóba néchiga: libyadú yéli, rubíli, borsh iz ney varíli. On yey gvaríl: Mashk, zbiráy libyadú, zbiráy. Aná bóli drugíkh zhénshin yiyé zbirála, vot i prilyapílasya k ney Lebedá (Муж

Он ей гвари́л: Машк, збира́й либяду, збира́й. Ана́ бо́ли други́х же́ншин йие́збира́ла, вот и

́

приляпи́лася к ней Лебеда́).

Pyshka, Pyzhuha - ‘a nickname of a lover of bakery products’: Lyúdka Pukayova tak lyubíla piragí i pýshki, kakíya bápka iyéva pyaklá f pyaché, cho áshnik tryaslás' za ními. S

éntikh vryamon drázhnyut' Pýshka, Pyzhúkha (Лю́дка Пукаёва так люби́ла пираги́и пы́шки, каки́я ба́пка ие́ва пякла́ ф пяче́, чё а́шник трясла́сь за ни́ми. С э́нтих врямён дра́жнють

Пы́шка, Пыжуха).

́

The fourth group consists of 3 non-calendar names.

4. Nicknames according to the peculiarities of speech, voice:

Govorushka - 'a nickname for the peculiarity of talking a lot': Mányu Samuílkinu pradrazhníli Govorúshka. Aná s kem nya fstrénittsa na úl'tsy, búdya baltát'. A tadý ishshó dóma s telekhvóna nya sláziya. Na rabótu ni khadíla, u ney grúppa, tak fsekh abzvónya, splétni sabiré.

Korovyonka - ‘nickname for the peculiarity of the voice’: U Karavonki gólas byl asóbay, kak karóva mychála. Da i kharáktirnaya aná bylá (У Каравёнки го́лас был асо́бай, как каро́ва мыча́ла. Да и хара́ктирная ана́была́).

Syusyavaya - 'a nickname for the peculiarity of the voice: with a nasal sound and a childish sound': U Shákhavykh dóchtyu drazhníli Syusyávaya. Ona gvaríla chériz nos, da ishshó i paddélvala gólas pod dityá (У Ша́хавых до́чтю дражни́ли Сюся́вая. Она гвари́ла че́риз нос, да ишшо́и падде́лвала го́лас под дитя́).

The fifth group includes 3 street naming conventions.

5. Nicknames by occupation, position:

Kolkhoznitsa - ‘a nickname for kolkhoz membership’: Zínka Kalkhóznitsa krúpnaya, trudyága. Agarót bal'shóy, da i f póli rabótala. Ráni vit' vse v kalkhóz vstupáli, aná tozha zapisálasya. Tam v perdovikákh bylá. U ney khvamíliya Buganóva, nu a drazhníli Kolkhóznitsa

(Зи́нка Калхо́зница крупная, трудя́га. Агаро́т бальшо́й, да и ф по́ли рабо́тала. Ра́ни вить все

́

в калхо́з вступа́ли, ана́тожа записа́лася. Там в пердовика́х была́. У ней хвами́лия Бугано́ва, ну а дражни́ли Колхо́зница).

Kuryunikha, Kuryunya - ‘a nickname for the position of the henwoman’: Kuryúnikha – bába prabivnáya, paryádachnaya bylá. F ptítsy tolk znála, nu vit' Kuryúnya s kur'mí rabótala

(Курю́ниха – ба́ба прабивна́я, паря́дачная была́. Ф пти́цы толк зна́ла, ну вить Курю́ня с курьми́рабо́тала).

The sixth group is represented by 3 anthroponymic units.

6. Nicknames by relation to work:

Kobýla (the mare) – ‘a nickname for hard work and strength’: Mánya Grídneva rána adná-adinoshin'ka astálasya. Yiyév muzh pagíp. Tak aná yasháchila, tak trudílasya, kak lóshad'. Síl'naya von kakáya bylá. Kobýloy lyúdi tut zváli yiyé (Ма́ня Гри́днева ра́на адна́-

адинёшинька аста́лася. Йие́в муж паги́п. Так ана́ яша́чила, так труди́лася, как ло́шадь. Си́льная вон кака́я была́. Кобы́лой лю́ди тут зва́ли йие́).

Khlópka – ‘a nickname for restlessness, hassle‘: Zámuzh Khlópka tak i ni vykhadíla, a fsyadý v dyalákh. Tak rabótala i rabótala, ni pasidít' na mésti nichút'. Naród yiyé tak vot i prazvál Khlópka (За́муж Хло́пка так и ни выхади́ла, а фсяды́ в дяла́х. Так рабо́тала и ра-

бо́тала, ни пасиди́ть на ме́сти ничуть. Наро́д йие́так вот и празва́л Хло́пка).

́

Hostess - a nicknamed for excellent housekeeping’: Mánya v snókhi k Próshkinym papála, navyalá paryádak, razgryablá fso vizdé. Aní yiyé klíkali Khozyáyka. Da lyúdi tak i zavút' tipéricha. Nu u nikh právda cho v kháti, cho va dvaré, vyazdé paryádak (Ма́ня в сно́хи к Про́шкиным папа́ла, навяла́паря́дак, разгрябла́фсё визде́. Ани́йие́кли́кали Хозя́йка. Да лю́ди

так и завуть типе́рича. Ну у них пра́вда чё в ха́ти, чё ва дваре́, вязде́паря́дак).

́

The final, seventh group, is represented by 2 street names.

7. Nicknames for inferiority:

Sick - ‘a nickname for childhood disability’: Ról'ta u Kolyushkóvykh tadý radilásya nizdaróvaya. Aná da vayný radilásya. Zhili bédna, néchem byla dyúzha pitáttsa. Prazváli iyé Bol'náya (Ро́льта у Колюшко́вых тады́ радила́ся низдаро́вая. Ана́да вайны́ радила́ся. Жили бе́дна, не́чем была дю́жа пита́тца. Празва́ли ие́Больна́я).

Lame - 'a nickname for childhood disability': U Ráyti Drókinoy nagá adná valachílasya, takáya apaslyá radínof aná. Drazhníli Khromáya (У Ра́йти Дро́киной нага́адна́валачи́лася,

така́я апасля́ради́ноф ана́. Дражни́ли Хрома́я).

So, in this research, the specificity of the female anthroponymicon of a small village in the Central Chernozem region of the following groups was reflected: 1) nicknames, data on a person's appearance (structure of the human body, height, hair color, state of health, hearing organs, prominent features): Belonóska, Venérka, Kórka, Konopúlya, Koptíl'nya, Koptúshka, Krýsa, Kuchúrka, Lévaya, Málen'kaya, Mandrýchka, Pípka, Pukaíkha, Ryzhúkha, Ryabúshka, Ryabáya, Flamíngo, Chíbrik, Chibrókha, Chimarmóniya, Chemorka (21 lexemes); 2) nick-

76

names for character traits, temperament: Kontról', Lúshka, Lukér'ya, Rubél', Ruzh'yo, Khónya

(6 lexemes); 3) nicknames for culinary preferences or food-related events: Kis-Kis, Kolbasá, Lebedá, Pýshka, Pyzhúkha (5 lexemes); 4) nicknames according to the peculiarities of speech, voice: Govorúshka, Korovonka, Syusyávaya (3 lexemes); 5) nicknames by occupation, position: Kolkhóznitsa, Kuryúnikha, Kuryúnya (3 lexemes); 6) nicknames by relation to work:

Kobýla, Khlópka, Khozyáyka (3 lexemes); 7) nicknames for inferiority: Bol'náya, Khromáya (2 lexemes).

It is interesting that in four thematic groups the names of people with two nicknames are represented: Koptíl'nya (Koptúshka), Ryabúshka (Ryabáya), Lúshka (Lukér'ya), Pýshka (Pyzhúkha), Kuryúnikha (Kuryúnya). These are the names which belong to five people. One group contains the owner of four nicknames: Chíbrik (Chibrókha, Chimarmóniya, Chemorka) - this is the only fact that a female person has so many street names recorded in the local dialect. It seems that unpleasant features of appearance, look, natural spots on the face and black everyday clothes and very small stature, which are disapproved in the village society, have merged together. In this regard, we believe that all of the listed characteristics reflect the specific image of the villager and motivate creation of several unofficial names for naming one person.

The emotional and expressive coloring of anthroponyms functioning in the dialect deserves special attention and understanding. Naturally, it testifies to the positive and negative attitude of the dialect carriers.

According to our observations, the villagers cause positive associations with nicknames with inherent double meanings: Belonóska, Venérka, Kobýla, Kolkhóznitsa, Kuchúrka, Pípka, Khónya, Khlópka, Khozyáyka. We get the idea of the first, direct, more accurate, deep sense when we hear a street name separately, correlating it with a known meaning (we are talking about the denotative meaning of a lexeme, representing a person's name). The perception of the second meaning occurs when personal names are used in the context of live folk speech (connotative meaning, representing expressive, emotional shades).

As you know, a word is characterized by a variety of meanings that convey certain semantic features. The perception of the meaning of each of them is due to the peculiarities of the conditions of communication (the subject of speech and communicators) and the linguistic environment.

In anthroponymic units: Govorúshka, Koptúshka, Ryabúshka, Venérka, Kórka, Lúshka, Pípka, Pýshka, Chemorka, Khlópka, Hozjájka due to the suffixes of subjective assessment - ushkand -k- a diminutive-affectionate meaning is created.

A mocking assessment, up to a contemptuous one, is given by the suffixes -enk-, -enk-

: Málen'kaya, Korovonka.

As the analysis shows, negative associations among Vysochans are associated with the following street names: Bol'náya, Konopúlya, Koptíl'nya, Krýsa, Mandrýchka, Pukaíkha, Ryzhúkha, Ryabáya, Flamíngo, Chíbrik, Chibrókha, Chimarmóniya, Syusyávaya, Kontról', Lukér'ya, Rubél', Ruzh'yo, Lebedá, Pyzhúkha, Chromaya et al. Obviously, they are created due to the meanings and qualities described above.

It is important to understand that the folk dialect acts as a kind of pantry in which all the wealth of the language is concentrated. The variety of vocabulary, including pictorial and expressive means, proves the fact that there is a huge potential of linguistic units used in the form of oral communication by dialect carriers.

This is evidenced by personal names acting as metaphors. They evoke various associations. So we have registered a whole gallery of nicknames that correspond to: a dragonfly (Belonóska); the planet of the solar system in a diminutive-affectionate sense (Venérka); a hardened layer of something (Kórka); a pigmented spot (Konopúlya); an installation for processing meat or fish (Koptíl'nya); a glass or tin container with oil and a burning wick (Koptúshka); a rodent of the mouse family (Krýsa); a river and a side (Lévaya); an Easter cottage cheese dish (Mandrýchka); a snub nose (Pípka); metal with rust (Ryzhúkha); feed additive for chickens

77

(Ryabushka); a pink or white bird on long legs and a flexible neck (Flamíngo); a poisonous plant (Chemerka); a cap mushroom (Govorúshka); a cow in a derogatory sense (Korovonka); a female horse (Kobýla); chickens (Kuryúnikha, Kuryúnya); a lisping person (Syusyávaya); a supervisory institution (Kontról'); a household item used for ironing linen (Rubél'); small arms (Ruzh'yo); a rock band, a bow tie, a delicacy - a variety of iris (Kis-Kis); edible meat product (Kolbasá); culinary products (Chíbrik, Pýshka); weed grass (Lebedá).

It is noteworthy that the anthroponymic units of dialect described above demonstrate relations of seemingly unusual realities. It is quite unusual that the unofficial name of a woman can be the name of an insect, rodent, bird, domestic dairy animal, horse, bird food, grass, planet, installation, weapon, container, household item, clothing, metal, face imperfection, nose, river, plant, mushroom, village, institution, dairy dish, meat product, baked goods, etc.

We agree with the point of view of F. Nietzsche that "metaphors are the most effective, natural, accurate and simple means of a language" [16, p. 390]. Moreover, “a metaphor is not just a linguistic means that allows you to embellish speech and make an image more understandable, it is a form of thinking” [17, p. 53].

If we present a partial characteristics of the nicknames recorded in folk speech, it will look like this: nouns (Belonóska, Venérka, Kórka, Konopúlya, Koptíl'nya, Koptúshka, Krýsa, Kuchúrka, Mandrýchka, Pípka, Pukaíkha, Ryzhúkha, Ryabúshka, Flamíngo, Chíbrik, Chibrókha, Chimarmóniya, Chemorka, Govorúshka, Korovonka, Kontról', Lúshka, Lukér'ya, Rubél', Ruzh'yo, Khónya, Kis-Kis, Kobýla, Kolkhóznitsa, Kolbasá, Kuryúnikha, Kuryúnya, Lebedá, Pýshka, Pyzhúkha, Khlópka, Khozyáyka) - 37 lexemes, adjectives (Bol'náya, Lévaya, Málen'kaya, Ryabáya, Syusyávaya, Khromáya) - 37 lexemes. Among the unofficial names of these thematic groups other parts of speech were not recorded. This means that for the native citizens of Vysokoye village the names reflect the main thing - the essence of a person. Therefore, proper names (additional names) are more involved in the nomination of fellow villagers than the characteristics of names, in the role of which, in this case, are nicknames-adjectives.

If we consider the way how the anthroponyms registered in the dialect are formed, it is obvious that only the suffix method and the method of addition of bases are productive.

Below are street names formed by the suffix method: -a-, -ih-: Pukaíkha;

-k-: Venérka, Kórka, Lúshka, Pípka, Pýshka, Chemorka, Khlópka, Khozyáyka; -ik-: Chíbrik;

-n-: Bol'náya; -nitz-: Kolkhóznitsa; -el-: Rubél';

-enk-: Korovonka;

-i-, -l'-, -n-: Koptíl'nya; -okh-: Chibrókha; -ul-: Konopúlya;

-ushk-: Govorúshka, Koptúshka, Ryabúshka; -ukh-: Ryzhúkha, Pyzhúkha;

-yun-, -ikh-: Kuryúnikha;

-yav-: Syusyávaya.

In this way 26 nicknames were formed. The most productive suffixes among them are -k- and -ushk- (present in 11 names).

The way of adding bases is represented by two anthroponymic units: Kis-Kis, Belonóska. It seems obvious that "the speaker ... with the help of the derivational units offered by the linguistic system, relying in most cases on the well-known word-formation models, performs

mental operations, as a result of which variants of the name of the object appear" [18, p. 149]. Probably, the dialect carrier subjects the characteristic features of the image of his fellow

villager to mental processing in order to identify the most accurate and vivid ones. As a result, 78

the linguistic creativity of a village person allows building a model of a second, street name according to special features and qualities. We believe that it becomes the result of the formation of original nicknames. We believe that analysis, synthesis and comparison can act as a person's mental operations that proceed unconsciously. Pictorial and expressive means are realized in lexical units and convey the attitude of one person to another in unofficial communication.

Conclusion.

In the process of our research we got an idea about the peculiarities of the anthroponymicon of the South Russian dialect system, which is part of the folk culture. Nicknames have become an integral part of villagers' communication.

The identified 43 female unofficial names in the dialect of the Vysokoye village are represented by 7 thematic groups. The most productive of them are nicknames on a person's appearance, the least productive - on inferiority. This means that most often the object of critical or, on the contrary, laudatory perception is mainly various real features of a person's appearance. Conversely, the physical disabilities of females are rarely represented in dialectal speech.

Analysis of the data obtained indicates that 28 out of 43 anthroponymic units act as names-metaphors. This means that the folk language instantly and genuinely marks the individual who becomes the subject of the metaphor for possessing some special qualities or vivid characteristics. And then the nickname is assigned to the person and accompanies him all his life in this geographically limited society.

Our research proves that in the living folk language the peculiar names of women are used which are part of the dialectal picture of the world, where everything is subject to certain conventional norms and rules, known only to local residents and developed by them for convenience in interpersonal communication. Reflecting the territorial features of the language, it reflects both the views of different people on others and the rural way of life, as well as special attitude and world outlook of a person in society. In our opinion, the world of people in general and man in particular, their naturalness and simplicity is the content of the picture of the world of a village man.

It is important to emphasize that the positive attitude that the street names described above evoke indicates the following features of rural people`s approval in a woman:

1)white clean clothes,

2)natural beauty,

3)well-proportioned figure,

4)curly hair,

5)small nose,

6)calm, balanced character,

7)hard work, strength,

8)membership in a collective farm,

9)the ability to perfectly manage the household.

Thus, our research outlines the image of the ideal representative of woman in the dialectal picture of the world. Unfortunately, there are not many carriers of such names in Vysokoe. However, they serve a kind of standard for the settlement.

It is interesting to note that for the most part traits, characteristics and qualities reflected in the picture of the world of a peasant are not approved by people for various reasons. These features are as follows:

1)unhealthy women,

2)women with excessive thinness and fullness,

3)women with freckles on the face,

4)women with age spots,

5)left-handed,

6)very tall and very small women,

79

7)women with an unkempt appearance,

8)women with red hair color,

9)women who prefer sweets, sausages and baked products (eating it in large quantities),

10)women with a nasal sound of voice horrible to the ear,

11)chatty women,

12)women demonstrating excessive curiosity and activity;

13)women with carefree behavior,

14)women of a firm and rebellion nature, etc.

The above features are reflected in the dialect by a large number of anthroponymic units, naming their owners. Only 8 non-calendar names are approved by the villages.

There is no doubt that "imagery becomes for native speakers a peculiar way of relating to the world: perception, knowledge of the world are obtained by a person`s nature through the projection of his "I" into the surrounding reality" [14, p. 171].

Undoubtedly, the reflection of the dialectal picture of the world by means of unofficial names demonstrates the rich lexical stock, imagination and fantasy of the dialect carriers. It also reveals the current state of the local dialect - living, actively functioning, original.

In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that this study is independent, it complements the few available works of Voronezh linguists-dialectologists and onomasts. It makes a certain contribution to the study of local anthroponymy, the results of which can be useful to scientists dealing with this issue, students of philological faculties of Universities and those who are interested in the folk word.

References

[1]Complex of systemic signs of nicknames (semantic, structural and functional), modern Russian anthroponymic lexicography URL: https://www.bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=515511 (accessed: 10.06.2021).

[2]Popov S.A. Not God gave me a surname ... (surnames of Voronezh politicians) / Russian provincial magazine "Voronezh", December 2000. URL: https://onomastika.ru/ (accessed: 10.06.2021).

[3]Popov S.A. By the path of folk speech (the name of food and clothing in the language of Voronezh, local geographical names) / Russian provincial magazine "Voronezh", December 2001. URL: https://onomastika.ru/ (accessed: 10.06.2021).

[4]Fedorova S.A. Anthroponymy of the village of Aleksandrovka, Khokholsky district, Voronezh region // Voronezh Edge: Interuniversity student collection. Issue IV. Voronezh: Voronezh State Pedagogical University, 2002. P. 90–92. (In Russian).

[5]Syanova E.I. Anthroponymy as the basis of place names // Voronezh Prikhoperye: philology and ethnography. Collection of scientific papers on regionology. Borisoglebsk: BGPI, 2003. P. 121–123. (In Russian).

[6]Syanova E.I. "Whose are you?" About nicknames and nicknames of people in Voronezh dialects // Russian speech. 2006. No. 2. P. 91–95. (In Russian).

[7]Verkhovykh L.N. Surnames with a dialectal base in the lexical and semantic aspect // Scientific Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Series: Modern linguistic, methodological and didactic research. 2007. No. 1 (8). P. 87–95. (In Russian).

[8]Verkhovykh L.N. Street names s. Abramovka Talovsky district of the Voronezh region // Voronezh linguocultural studies. Interuniversity collection of scientific papers. Voronezh: Voronezh State University, 2016. No. 3. P. 152–159. (In Russian).

[9]Nedostupova L.V. Street names in the Voronezh region // Russian speech. Moscow: RAS, 2014. No. 3. P. 107–110. (In Russian).

[10]Nedostupova L.V. Women's street names in the Voronezh region // Russian speech.

80

Issue No. 2. Moscow: RAS, 2018. P. 89–95. (In Russian).

[11]Nedostupova L.V. Male non-calendar naming conventions (based on the dialect of the residents of the village of Vysoky Talovsky District, Voronezh Region) // Actual problems of modern philology and journalism. Voronezh. 2021. No. 2 (41). P. 19–25. (In Russian).

[12]Gridneva L.M. High: time, events, people. 1922-2007. Talovaya: Talovskaya district edition, 2007. P.1–4. (In Russian).

[13]Moskalenko E.A. Unofficial naming of a person as a result of modification of the official name // Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences: Limited Liability Company "Institute for Strategic Research", 2014, No. 12-1. P. 300–302. (In Russian).

[14]Ovchinnikova L.N. Dialectal linguistic picture of the world in the socio-cultural aspect (on the example of verbal metaphors of Russian folk dialects of the Middle Urals) // Politi-

cal linguistics. 2006. No. 18. Ekaterinburg: UGPU. P. 170–180. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dialektnaya-yazykovaya-kartina-mira-v-sotsialno-kulturnom- aspekte-na-primere-glagolnyh-metafor-russkih-narodnyh-govorov-srednego-urala (accessed: 10.06.2021).

[15]Kudryavtseva A.A. Proper name as an object of metaphorization // Vestn. Volgogr. state un-that. Ser. 2, Linguistics. 2010. No. 1 (11). P. 55–59. (In Russian).

[16]F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil. Book 2. The Italian-Soviet publishing house SIRIN, 1990, 390 p. (In Russian).

[17]Smirnova M.A. The concept of "Metaphor" and approaches to its study // Electronic scientific and practical journal "Philology and Literary Studies", No. 9 (36), 2014. P. 45–53. URL: https://philology.snauka.ru/2014/09/960 (accessed: 10.06.2021).

[18]Volkov A.A. On the nature of word creation // Sentence and word. Saratov, 1999. P.

149.(In Russian).

Dictionaries used

[1**] Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. Anthroponymy. M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. 1990. URL: https://les.academic.ru/83/Antroponymy (accessed: 10.06.2021).

[2**] Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. 2nd ed. Moscow: Nauka, 1988.192 p.

[3***] Dictionary of linguistic terms. URL: https://kartaslov.ru/word-value/metaphor (accessed: 10.06.2021).

81

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION

DOI 10.36622/MLMDR.2021.55.51.008

UDC 801.3:811.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY IN ROMAN

LANGUAGES (ITALIAN AND FRENCH)

E.V. Petrova, E.V. Kashkina

Voronezh State University Candidate of Philology

Associate Professor of the Department of Romance Philology Elena Viktorovna Petrova

e-mail: petrova@rgph.vsu.ru Voronezh State University Candidate of Historical Sciences

Associate Professor at the Department of French Philology Elena Viktorovna Kashkina

e-mail: uelha@bk.ru

Statement of the problem. In recent decades, linguistics has seen a significant increase in interest in the study of special vocabulary. When preparing military translators, the task is to teach special vocabulary as part of the military sublanguage. This article is devoted to the consideration of the issue concerning the features of the formation of military terminology. Accuracy in the translation of military terminology is of paramount importance, since strategic decisions depend on it, the error in the adoption of which can be fatal. Knowledge of military terminology is the main component of training a military translator, which is reflected in the qualification requirements for training specialists in the field of "Linguistic support of military activities" and the corresponding professional competencies. Consideration of the features of the formation of military terminology in Italian and French from the point of view of an analytical comparison of methods of education in closely related languages is aimed at identifying both general trends and specific features due to cultural, historical and intra-linguistic reasons.

Results. As the practice of training translators at the Military Training Center of Voronezh State University in 2008 - 2020 shows, training in the military language and special military terminology is at the heart of the training methodology for military translators. The search for solutions and methodology for the semantization of military vocabulary is designed to facilitate its assimilation and adequate translation. Since the development of military affairs in all countries is more or less the same, then military terminology is largely unified in different languages. An analysis of the methods of forming the military terminology of the Italian and French languages revealed their general properties and methods that do not depend on the language, as well as specific national features that are reflected in the military vocabulary. This study is based on official military-related materials issued by the Ministry of Defense of the French Republic, which are used in military translation classes, as well as materials from the Italian Ministry of Defense, electronic media related to military cooperation and international security.

Conclusion. Summing up, it can be argued that overcoming difficulties in the assimilation and translation of military terminology can be achieved through regular practice and exercises developed in the form of a methodological guide - a logical continuation of this study. Professional military translation is impossible without mastering special vocabulary. The development of military terminology can take place, among other things, by studying the features of its education in different languages. The common characteristic features of the formation of military terminology in Italian and French are the original lexical fund, the frequent use of various abbreviations and a small number of foreign borrowings. In the compared military terminological systems of the Italian and French languages, there are also cases of discrepancies in the degree of detailing of military concepts. There are discrepancies in the terminological nomination, which are associated with belonging to the branch of the army, the peculiarities of the conduct of hostilities, etc. Thus, the French military vocabulary is full of eponyms of French origin, while the Italian language prefers borrowed ones.

Key words: term, special translation, military vocabulary, education of military terminology, military translation.

__________________________________

© Petrova E.V., Kashkina E.V., 2021

82

For citation: Petrova E.V. Features of the formation of military terminology in roman languages (Italian and French) / E.V. Petrova, E.V. Kashkina // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2021. - № 2 (33). – P. 82-89.

Introduction.

Military translation is part of the special translation, which is receiving more and more attention in the latest training standards. Teaching translation "in general" is no longer relevant today, because the profession of a translator is becoming more "sharpened" for various industrial sectors, where a scrupulous knowledge of the terms of the relevant field is required. Military texts are distinguished by the richness of military terminology, a large number of situational clichés, abbreviations, various kinds of realities and a lot of precision words. The strategy for making vital decisions by military specialists may depend on the accuracy of the translation of this content. An accurate translation of the names of weapons and their devices, militarytechnical aspects, the names of the branches of the armed forces and other realities insures against fatal errors during hostilities. Mastering military terminology, thus, becomes the main and difficult task in the training of military translators. One of the ways to solve the problem of mastering military terminology can be the study of the peculiarities of the formation of this vocabulary.

Object and subject of research. In this article, the object of research is the special Italian and French vocabulary of the military sphere. Analysis of the features of the formation of military terminology is the subject of research. The purpose of this study is to consider the structural and semantic features of the Italian and French lexical units related to the military sphere.

Research methodology.

The research material was linguistic dictionaries, texts of electronic media devoted to defense, military cooperation and international security. The sources of examples of the Italian language were materials from electronic publications https://it.insideover.com/ [1 *] and https://www.limesonline.com/ [2 *], as well as the Comprehensive Russian-Italian and ItalianRussian Dictionary B Kovalev [1 **]. The official website of the Ministry of Defense of the French Republic [3 *], the Russian-French dictionary of military terms by N.K. Garbowski was used as a source of examples of the French language. [2 **].

The materials of this study can be used both in classes on the practice of Italian and French languages with undergraduate and specialist students studying in the specialty 45.03.02 - Linguistics, and in the preparation of special courses in military translation for students studying in specialty 45.05.01. - Translation and translation studies, with relevant languages of specialization.

The work used structural-semantic and comparative research methods. The study is based on more than ten years of experience in military translation training at the Faculty of Romance and Germanic Philology at the Departments of Romance Philology and French Philology of Voronezh State University for students in the military accounting specialty "Linguistic support of military activities" (2008-2020 years of study).

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to determine the sources and ways of forming lexical units of the military sphere in the Italian and French languages; to analyze the main types of semantic communication between units of a given sphere in the system of the Italian and French languages; identify and describe the most productive models of the formation of the considered lexical units in Italian and French.

Research results.

In recent decades, linguistics has seen a significant increase in interest in the study of special vocabulary. The formation and functioning of special military vocabulary attracted the attention of such researchers as F.P. Sorokoletov [1], G.M. Strelkovsky [2], L.L. Nelyubin [3],

83