Учебное пособие 1908

a)a very limited surge space and solid settling section;

b)a very limited surge space and liquid settling section;

c)a very limited floor space and liquid settling section.

2. Three-phase separation can be accomplished …

a)in vertical separator;

b)in horizontal separator;

c)in any type of separator.

3.In three-phase operations, … are required. a) two liquid dump valves;

b) two liquid drain valves;

c) two thick liquid dump valves.

4.For a given separator, factors that affect separation of liquid and gas phases include …

a)separator specific pressure, separator operating temperature, and fluid stream composition;

b)separator operating pressure, separator operating temperature, and fluid stream composition;

c)separator operating pressure, separator operating temperature, and well stream composition.

5. … generally increases the liquid covered in a separator.

a) An increase in operating pressure or in operating temperature;

b) An increase in optimum pressure or a decrease in optimum temperature;

c) An increase in operating pressure or a decrease in operating temperature.

6. The operator can control operating pressure to some extent … a) by use of backpressure valves;

b) by use of backpressure control valves; c) by use of blowoff valves.

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7. An indirect heater can be used …

a)to cool the gas prior to pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke;

b)to heat the gas after pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke;

c)to heat the gas prior to pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke.

Упражнение 11. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.

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соответствующие окончания предложений из левой колонки.

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Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык и запишите их.

1.Существует три типа сепараторов: вертикальные, горизонтальные и сферические.

2.Горизонтальные сепараторы бывают двух видов: однотрубные и двухтрубные.

3.Выбор соответствующего типа сепаратора зависит от характеристик производственного пара, подвергающегося обработке, имеющейся производственной площади, вида транспортировки и стоимости.

4.Вертикальные сепараторы используются для технологической обработки притоков к скважине с низким или средним газовым фактором и потоков, содержащих достаточно большое количество жидкости, без их выброса через газовыпускной патрубок.

5.Благодаря большому вертикальному расстоянию между уровнем жидкости и газовыпускным патрубком, ограничена возможность повторного испарения жидкости в газовую фазу.

6.Горизонтальные сепараторы широко применяются для притоков к скважине с высоким газовым фактором, пенящихся притоков к скважине или сепарации типа жидкость-жидкость.

7.В горизонтальных сепараторах газ течет горизонтально, капельки жидкости падают на жидкую поверхность.

8.Благодаря своей компактности, сферические сепараторы имеют очень маленькое пульсационное пространство и емкость для осаждения жидкости.

9.Трехфазные сепараторы для отделения воды от газа и нефти обычно используются для опробования скважины тогда, когда свободная вода легко отделяется от нефти или конденсата.

10.Трехфазная сепарация осуществляется либо путем создания специального внутреннего отклонения потока для получения водяного столба, устройством в виде сифонной трубки, либо использованием регулятора уровня жидкости на

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поверхности раздела.

11.Факторами, влияющими на разделение жидкости и газовой фазы, являются рабочее давление сепаратора, рабочая температура сепаратора и состав флюидного потока.

12.Увеличение рабочего давления или уменьшение рабочей температуры обычно вызывает увеличение количества жидкости, находящейся в сепараторе.

Упражнение 14. Составьте сообщение по теме «Types of Separators», используя материал урока.

UNIT 3

Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и постарайтесь запомнить их русские эквиваленты.

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Упражнение 2. Переведите слова на русский язык, обращая внимание на префиксы и суффиксы.

To gasify – gasifier – gasification, to react – reactor, down – downward, to arrange – arrangement, to heat – to preheat, to consume – consumption, particular – particularly, extreme – extremely, to distribute – distribution, partial – partially, inevitable – inevitably, to limit – limitation, to converse – conversion.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова:

Realization, process, type, to group, category, characteristic, zone, product, gas, temperature, material, cyclone, biomass.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1.

1. Moving-bed gasifiers (sometimes called fixed-bed gasifiers) are characterized by a bed in which the coal moves slowly downward under gravity as it is gasified, generally by a counter-current blast.

2. The outlet temperature of the synthesis gas is generally low, even if high slagging temperatures are reached in the heart of the bed.

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3. Fluid-bed gasifiers offer extremely good mixing between feed and oxidant, which promotes both heat and mass transfer.

4.The operation of fluid-bed gasifiers is generally restricted to temperatures below the softening point of the ash, since ash slagging will disturb the fluidization of the bed.

5.Some attempts have been made to operate into the ashsoftening zone to promote a limited and controlled agglomeration of ash with the aim of increasing carbon conversion.

Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.

GASIFICATION PROCESSES

In the practical realization of gasification processes a broad range of reactor types has been and continues to be used. For most purposes these reactor types can be grouped into one of three categories: moving-bed gasifiers, fluid-bed gasifiers, and entrained-flow gasifiers. The gasifiers in each of these three categories share certain characteristics that differentiate them from gasifiers in other categories.

Moving-bed gasifiers (sometimes called fixed-bed gasifiers) are characterized by a bed in which the coal moves slowly downward under gravity as it is gasified, generally by a countercurrent blast. In such a counter-current arrangement, the hot synthesis gas from the gasification zone is used to preheat and pyrolyse the downward flowing coal. With this process the oxygen consumption is very low but pyrolysis products are present in the product synthesis gas. The outlet temperature of the synthesis gas is generally low, even if high slagging temperatures are reached in the heart of the bed. Moving-bed processes operate on lump coal. An excessive amount of fines, particularly if the coal has strong caking properties, can block the passage of the upflowing syngas.

Fluid-bed gasifiers offer extremely good mixing between feed and oxidant, which promotes both heat and mass transfer.

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This ensures an even distribution of material in the bed, and hence a certain amount of only partially reacted fuel is inevitably removed with the ash. This places a limitation on the carbon conversion of fluid-bed processes. The operation of fluid-bed gasifiers is generally restricted to temperatures below the softening point of the ash, since ash slagging will disturb the fluidization of the bed. Some attempts have been made to operate into the ash-softening zone to promote a limited and controlled agglomeration of ash with the aim of increasing carbon conversion. Sizing of the particles in the feed is critical; material that is too fine will tend to become entrained in the syngas and leave the bed overhead. This is usually partially captured in a cyclone and returned to the bed. The lower temperature operation of fluid-bed processes means that they are more suited for gasifying reactive feedstocks, such as low-rank coals and biomass.

Упражнение 5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1.What categories can the reactor types be grouped into?

2.What are moving-bed gasifiers characterised by?

3.What is the hot synthesis gas from the gasification zone used for?

4.What is the outlet temperature of the synthesis gas?

5.What can block the passage of the upflowing syngas?

6.What do fluid-bed gasifiers offer?

7.Why is a certain amount of only partially reacted fuel removed with the ash?

8.What restricts the operation of fluid-bed gasifiers?

9.Why is sizing of the particles in the feed critical?

10.What does the lower temperature operation of fluid-bed processes mean?

Упражнение 6. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу ответ.

1. Moving-bed gasifiers are characterized by a bed in which

the coal ...

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a)moves slowly downward under buoyancy as it is gasified;

b)moves slowly upward under gravity as it is gasified;

c)moves slowly downward under gravity as it is gasified.

2.Moving-bed processes operate on ... .

a)small-sized coal;

b)lump coal;

c)coking coal.

3.An excessive amount of fines, particularly if the coal has strong caking properties, … .

a)can block the passage of the upflowing syngas;

b)can stimulate the passage of the upflowing syngas;

c)can limit the passage of the upflowing syngas.

4.The operation of fluid-bed gasifiers is generally restricted to temperatures below ... .

a)the solidification point of the ash;

b)the softening point of the ash;

c)the fusion point of the ash.

5.Ash slagging will disturb … .

a)the liquefaction of the bed;

b)the oxidation of the bed;

c)the fluidization of the bed.

Упражнение 7. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее по смыслу окончание.

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