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Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Comments

Hyoglossus

Lingual process of

Ends in tongue, most

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

Pulls tongue caudoven-

Antagonist to genio-

(45.e;

basihyoid; styloand

fibers near dorsum and

 

trally

glossus

51.11)

thyrohyoids

near median plane

 

 

 

Genioglossus

Incisive part of

Fans sagittaly into the

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

Pulls tongue rostrally

The median septum of

(45.d)

mandible

tongue, into tip and

 

and ventrally

the tongue separates

 

 

toward root

 

 

right and left muscles

Muscles of the Hyoid Apparatus

 

 

 

 

Geniohyoideus

Incisive part of

Lingual process of

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

Draws hyoid apparatus

Forms muscular basis of

(45.j)

mandible

basihyoid

 

(and tongue) rostrally

the floor of the mouth

Thyrohyoideus

Thyroid cartilage

Thyrohyoid bone

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

Draws larynx and thy-

Rostral continuation of

(51.12)

 

 

 

rohyoid toward each

the sternothyroideus

 

 

 

 

other

 

Mylohyoideus

See Supf. Muscles of

 

 

 

 

(45.k)

the Intermandibular

 

 

 

 

 

Space (p. 38)

 

 

 

 

Stylohyoideus

Caudodorsal end of

Thyrohyoid bone

Facial n. (VII)

Draws thyrohyoid

Tendon of insertion is

 

stylohyoid bone

 

 

bone and larynx

split for passage of inter-

 

 

 

 

dorsocaudally

mediate tendon of digas-

 

 

 

 

 

tricus

Occipitohyoideus

Paracondylar process

Caudodorsal end of

Facial n. (VII)

Depresses root of

Blends with caudal belly

 

 

stylohyoid bone

 

tongue and larynx

of digastricus

Hyoideus transversus

Ceratohyoid bone

On median raphe to

Glossopharyngeal n.

Elevates root of tongue

 

(49.j)

 

connect with its fellow

(IX)

 

 

 

 

from the other side

 

 

 

Ceratohyoideus

Rostral border of

Caudal border of cera-

Glossopharyngeal n.

Draws larynx ros-

Thin plate of muscle, fills

 

thyrohyoid bone

tohyoid and prox. end

(IX)

trodorsally

triangle between cerato-

 

 

of stylohyoid bones

 

 

and thyrohyoids

Hyoepiglotticus

Basihyoid bone

Base of rostral surface

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

Draws epiglottis

Associated with hyo-

 

 

of epiglottic cartilage

 

rostroventrally

epiglottic ligament

Infrahyoid muscles (p. 45/51, and 59)

 

 

 

 

Sternothyroideus

 

Thyroid cartilage of

Spinal nerve C1

Retracts larynx;

In midneck divided by a

(51.k;

 

larynx

 

synergist to sterno-

transverse tendinous in-

59.20)

Manubrium sterni

 

 

hyoideus

tersection into cranial

 

 

 

 

 

and caudal parts

Sternohyoideus

 

 

Spinal nerve C1

Retracts basihyoid and

 

(59.19)

 

 

 

tongue

 

 

 

Lingual process of

 

 

 

 

 

basihyoid bone

 

 

 

Omohyoideus

Subscapular fascia

 

Spinal nerve C1

Synergist to sterno-

Connected to overlying

(37.j;

near shoulder joint

 

 

hyoideus

cleidomastoideus in cau-

59.13)

 

 

 

 

dal half of the neck;

 

 

 

 

 

forms floor of jugular

 

 

 

 

 

groove

Cutaneous muscles (p. 37/59, and 64)

Platysma:

 

• Cutaneous muscle

From the supf. fascia

of the face

in the vicinity of the

(37.a)

larynx

• Cutaneus colli

Manubrium sterni

(59.5)

 

Cutaneus trunci

From the supf. trunk

(64.A)

fascia roughly along a

 

line from the withers

 

to the fold of the flank

Fades away in the

Ramus colli of the

Tightens and moves the

vicinity of the angle of

facial n.

skin of the head

the mouth

 

 

On the supf. fascia

Ramus colli of the

Tightens and moves

covering the region of

facial n.

the skin on the ventral

the jugular groove

 

surface of the neck

Opposite the dorsal

Lateral thoracic and

Tightens and moves

two thirds of the scapu-

intercostobrachial nn.

the skin of the trunk

la: blends with the supf.

 

 

shoulder fascia;

 

 

Opposite the ventral

 

 

third of the scapula:

 

 

ends with deep pectoral

 

 

muscle on medial sur-

 

 

face of humerus

 

 

By its contraction may interfere with the raising of the jugular vein

Its fibers run from cranial to caudal

95

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Comments

• Cutaneus

From the supf. shoulder

Over the elbow joint

Intercostobrachial n.

Tightens and moves the

Is a cranial continuation

omobrachialis

fascia opposite the

 

 

skin over the shoulder

of the cutaneus trunci

(64.A')

scapula

 

 

 

 

Epaxial muscles of the vertebral column (p. 59)

Splenius

 

 

(59.d)

 

 

• —capitis

Spinous processes of

Nuchal crest and

• —cervicis

T3–5 by means of

mastoid process of

 

thoracolumbar fascia;

temporal bone; transv.

 

nuchal ligament

processes of C2–5

Iliocostalis

 

 

• — cervicis

Between transv. processes of C4 and T1 and

 

first rib

 

• —thoracis

Lumbar transverse

Angles of ribs 1–15 and

(59.n,

processes and fleshy

transv. process of C7

75.a)

from cran. border of

 

 

ribs

 

Longissimus

Spinous processes of

Transv. processes of

• —lumborum

sacrum, lumbar, and

vertebrae; tubercles of

• —thoracis

thoracic vertebrae;

ribs; wing of atlas; and

(59.m')

wing of ilium; transv.

mastoid process of tem-

• —cervicis

processes of thoracic

poral bone

(59.m)

and cervical vertebrae

 

•—capitis et atlantis (51.o)

Spinalis

Spinous processes of

(59.u)

lumbar and last 6 tho-

• —thoracis

racic vertebrae

• —cervicis

 

Semispinalis capitis

Transv. processes of the

(51.m;

first 6–7 thoracic verte-

61.j)

brae; articular processes

 

of the last 5–6 cervical

 

vertebrae

Multifidus

Articular and mamil-

(75.c)

lary processes of all

• —cervicis

vertebrae from C2 to

• —thoracis

sacrum

• —lumborum

 

Spinous processes of the first 6–7 thoracic and the last 5 cervical vertebrae

Occipital bone

Spinous processes of preceding vertebrae

Intertransversarii

Between transverse and articular processes of

(59.l)

cervical and tail vertebrae

Sacrocaudalis dorsalis

Between spinous and mamillary processes of

medialis

the last 2–3 sacral and the first several caudal

(83.k)

vertebrae

 

Sacrocaudalis dorsalis

Laterally on sacrum;

By tendon on the

lateralis

transv. processes of the

preceding vertebra

(83.l)

cranial and mamillary

 

 

processes of the more

 

 

caudal tail vertebrae

 

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn., and dorsal br. of accessory n. (XI)

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Dorsal brr. of local spinal nn.

Extends, elevates, or bends neck and head laterally

Stabilizes lumbar vertebrae and ribs; extends vertebral column and bends it laterally; may function in expiration

Stabilizes and extends vertebral column; elevates or bends head and neck laterally

Stabilizes back and neck; elevates neck or bends it laterally

Elevates head and neck or bends it laterally

Stabilizes and twists the vertebral column; elevates neck

Well developed; contours visible through skin; both parts distinguished easily

Its lumbar portion is fused with the logissimus muscle

Longissimus capitis and atlantis are well separated

Uniform powerful muscle

In the neck the muscles connect neighboring vertebrae; caudally the muscles are longer and bridge up to six vertebrae

Stabilizes vertebral

Present only in neck and

column and bends it

tail; dorsal, middle, and

laterally

ventral muscles can be

 

distinguished

Elevates tail and bends

Caudal continuation of

it laterally

multifidus muscles

Elevates tail and bends

Caudal continuation of

it laterally

longissimus muscle; in

 

distal part of tail only

 

thin tendons

Hypaxial of the vertebral column (p. 53)

Hypaxial Muscles

Scalenus

First rib

Ventral brr. of local

Flexes neck, or bends

•

medius

 

Transv. process of C7; spinal nn.

it laterally; may assist

 

(59.p)

 

transv. process of C4–6

inspiration by elevating

•

ventralis

 

 

first rib

 

(59.p')

 

 

 

The roots of the brachial plexus pass between the two muscles

96

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Comments

Longus capitis

Transv. processes of

Muscular tubercle on

Ventral brr. of local

Flexes head or bends it

Continues longus colli

(51.s;

C3–5

base of skull

spinal nn.

laterally

muscle to the head

59.j)

 

 

 

 

 

Longus colli

Thoracic part: bodies of

Thoracic part: transv.

Ventral brr. of local

Flexes neck

 

(59.k)

T1–6; Cervical part:

processes of C6 and 7;

spinal nn.

 

 

 

transv. processes of

Cervical part: bodies of

 

 

 

 

C3–7

cervical vertebrae and

 

 

 

 

 

ventral tubercle of atlas

 

 

 

Sacrocaudalis ventralis

Lateral part: ventral

(19.b)

surface of sacrum,

 

transv. processes of first

 

few tail vertebrae;

 

Medial part: ventral

 

surface of tail vertebrae

With combined tendons

Ventral brr. of local

Flexes tail or bends it

on ventrolateral surface

spinal nn.

laterally

of tail vertebrae

 

 

The median caudal vessels course in the groove between right and left muscles

Rectus capitis ventralis Ventral arch of atlas

On the base of the

Ventral brr. of local

Flexes atlanto-occipital

(51.b)

skull caudal to longus

spinal nn.

joint

 

colli muscle

 

 

Dorsal muscles to the head (p. 51)

Rectus capitis dorsalis

Spinous process of axis

Nuchal crest

Dorsal br. of C1

Elevates head

Relatively weak muscle

major

 

 

 

 

 

Rectus capitis dorsalis

Dorsal arch of atlas

Occipital bone

Dorsal br. of C1

Elevates head

Weak muscle; occasion-

minor

 

 

 

 

ally atrophied

Obliquus capitis

Spinous process of axis

Wing of atlas

Dorsal br. of C2

Rotates atlas (and

Cranial continuation of

caudalis

 

 

 

head) to the side of the

multifidus, much en-

(51.n)

 

 

 

muscle

larged

Obliquus capitis

Ventral surface of wing

Nuchal crest and

Dorsal br. of C1

Extends head, or flexes

Occupies the space

cranialis

of atlas

mastoid process of

 

it laterally

between atlas and

(51.l)

 

temporal bone

 

 

occipital bone

Dorsal muscles of the shoulder girdle:

Suspend the limb from neck and trunk (p. 58 and 59)

Trapezius

Nuchal and supra-

Thoracic part: dorsal

Dorsal br. of accessory

Elevates shoulder:

 

(59.10;

spinous ligaments from

third of scapular spine;

n. (XI)

draws scapula

 

59.10')

C2 to T10

Cervical part: entire

 

craniodorsally and

 

 

 

scapular spine

 

caudodorsally

 

Omotransversarius

Shoulder fascia

Transv. processes of

Medioventral brr. of

Protracts limb; bends

Fused ventrally with the

(59.6)

 

C2–4

local cervical nn.

neck laterally

cleidomastoideus

Rhomboideus

 

Scapular cartilage

Medioventral brr. of

Draws scapula dorsally

 

• —cervicis

Nuchal and dorso-

 

local thoracic and

and cranially; elevates

 

(59.28)

scapular ligaments from

 

cervical nn.

neck

 

• —thoracis

C2 to T8

 

 

 

 

(59.28')'

 

 

 

 

 

Latissimus dorsi

Supraspinous ligament

Teres major tuberosity Thoracodorsal n.

(7.2;

from T3 caudally via

of humerus together

59.11)

thoracolumbar fascia

with teres major muscle

Retracts limb; flexes

Wide muscle; converges

shoulder joint; when

toward axillary fossa

limb is fixed, draws

 

trunk cranially

 

Ventral muscles of the shoulder girdle:

Suspend the trunk between the forelimbs (p. 58 and 59)

Supf. pectoral muscles

 

 

Cranial and caudal

Connect forelimb

Pectoralis descendens

• Pectoralis transversus

Costal cartilages 1–6

Forearm fascia

pectoral nn.

with trunk; adduct,

forms lateral pectoral

(59.26')

and adjacent sternum

 

 

proand retract fore-

groove with cleido-

• Pectoralis descendens

Manubrium sterni

Deltoid tuberosity and

 

limb

brachialis; right and left

(59.26)

 

crest of humerus

 

 

pectoralis desc. muscles

 

 

 

 

 

form median pectoral

 

 

 

 

 

groove

97

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Comments

Deep pectoral muscle

Sternum; distally on

Major and minor

Cranial and caudal

Suspends trunk be-

(7.h;

ribs 4–9; tunica flava

tubercles of humerus;

pectoral nn.

tween forelimbs; re-

59.25')

abdominis

tendon of origin of

 

tracts limb; stabilizes

 

 

coracobrachialis

 

shoulder joint

• Subclavius

Sternum and costal

Blends with supraspina-

Cranial pectoral nn.

Suspends trunk; stabi-

(5.g;

cartilages 1–4

tus and shoulder fascia

 

lizes shoulder joint

59.25)

 

 

 

 

Serratus ventralis

 

Scapular cartilage and

 

Suspends trunk; raises

• —cervicis

Transverse processes

two adjacent triangular

Ventral brr. of local

neck when forelimb

(59.27)

of C4–7

areas on medial surface

cervical nn.

is fixed; may support

• —thoracis

First 8 or 9 ribs

of scapula

Long thoracic n.

inspiration

(57.27')

 

 

 

 

Lies deep to the supf. pectoral muscles

Major part of synsarcotic connection between trunk and forelimb; Cervical part is fleshy, thoracic part is intershot with tendinous sheets

• Sternocephalicus

Manubrium sterni

Caudal border of

Ventral br. of accessory

Opens mouth; flexes or

(mandibularis)

 

mandible

n. (XI)

inclines head and neck

(57.4;

 

 

 

to the side of the

37.K)

 

 

 

muscle

• Cleidomastoideus

From clavicular inter-

Mastoid process of

Ventral br. of accessory

Protracts forelimb;

(57.4')

section at cranial end

temporal bone

n. (XI)

flexes and turns head

 

of cleidobrachialis

 

 

 

Forms ventral border of jugular groove; does not belong to shoulder girdle muscles

Forms dorsal border of jugular groove

Expiratory muscles:

Compress thorax by drawing ribs mediocaudally (pp. 59/61, and 65)

Serratus dorsalis

Thoracolumbar fascia

Caudal borders of ribs

Intercostal nn.

Expiratory muscle

 

caudalis

 

11–18

 

 

 

(59.v')

 

 

 

 

 

Internal intercostal

In intercostal spaces; fibers run cranioventrally

Intercostal nn.

Expiratory muscle

 

muscles

 

 

 

 

 

(65.b)

 

 

 

 

 

Retractor costae

Thoracolumbar fascia

Caudal border of last

Lumbar nn.

Expiratory muscle

Belongs to the group of

(61.a)

 

rib

 

 

internal intercostal

 

 

 

 

 

muscles

Transversus thoracis

Deep surface of

Medial surface of

Intercostal nn.

Expiratory muscle

Cranial continuation of

(61.v)

sternum

ventral ends of ribs 2–8

 

 

transversus abdominis

Inspiratory muscles:

Expand thorax by drawing ribs craniolaterally (p. 59/65 and 69)

Serratus dorsalis

Supraspinous ligament

Cranial borders of ribs

Intercostal nn.

Inspiratory muscle

 

cranialis

via thoracolumbar

5–11

 

 

 

(59.v)

fascia

 

 

 

 

Rectus thoracis

First rib

Costal cartilages 2–4

Intercostal nn.

Inspiratory muscle

Cranial continuation of

(65.a)

 

 

 

 

rectus abdominis

External intercostal

In intercostal spaces; fibers run caudoventrally

Intercostal nn.

Inspiratory muscle

Fibers are at almost right

muscles

 

 

 

 

angles to those of int.

(59.h)

 

 

 

 

intercostal muscles

Levatores costarum

Transverse processes

Cranially on angles of

Intercostal nn.

Inspiratory muscle

Represent vertebral parts

 

of thoracic vertebrae

ribs 2–17

(dors. brr.)

 

of ext. intercostal

 

 

 

 

 

muscles

Diaphragm

Tendinous center

From sternum across

Phrenic n.

Principal inspiratory

Costal part interdigitates

(69.u;

 

lower parts of ribs

 

muscle

with transversus abdo-

69.v)

 

9–15 and middle of rib

 

 

minis; there are three

• sternal part

 

18, to last thoracic

 

 

foramina: aortic hiatus,

• costal part

 

vertebra and lumbar

 

 

esophageal hiatus, and

• lumbar part

 

vertebrae 1–4

 

 

caval foramen

98

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Comments

Abdominal muscles (p. 66)

External abdominal

Lateral surface of ribs

Abdominal tendon:

Local intercostal and

oblique

4–18; thoracolumbar

linea alba and prepubic

ventral brr. of lumbar

(59.i;

fascia

tendon;

nn.

65.3;

 

Pelvic tendon: coxal

 

73.10;

 

tuber, inguinal lig.,

 

75.10)

 

prepubic tendon

 

Internal abdominal

Coxal tuber and

Last rib; cartilages of

Local intercostal and

oblique

adjacent inguinal lig.

last five ribs; linea alba

ventral brr. of lumbar

(19.l;

 

and prepubic tendon

nn.

64.C;

 

 

 

73.2;

 

 

 

75.5)

 

 

 

Transversus abdominis

Medial surface of costal

Linea alba

Local intercostal and

(65.9;

cartilages 7–18; lumbar

 

ventral brr. of lumbar

75.11)

transverse processes

 

nn.

Rectus abdominis

Lateral surface of costal

Prepubic tendon and,

Local intercostal and

(65.8;

cartilages 4–9

via accessory lig., on

ventral brr. of lumbar

75.15)

 

head of femur

nn.

Sublumbar muscles (p. 73/75 and 77)

Quadratus lumborum

Ventral surface of prox.

Ventral surface of wing

(77.6)

ends of last two ribs;

of sacrum and nearby

 

lumbar transverse

sacroiliac ligaments

 

processes

 

Psoas major

Similar to preceding

As iliopsoas (by fusing

(19.g;

muscle

with iliacus) on lesser

73.16;

 

trochanter of femur

75.d;

 

 

77.7)

 

 

Local intercostal and ventral brr. of lumbar nn.

Local intercostal and ventral brr. of lumbar nn.; lumbar plexus

Iliacus

Sacroiliac surface of

As iliopsoas (by fusing

Same as preceding

(19.h;

ilium; adjacent wing

with psoas major) on

muscle

73.16)

of sacrum and psoas

lesser trochanter of

 

 

minor tendon

femur

 

Psoas minor

Bodies of last three

Psoas minor tubercle

Same as preceding

(75.e;

thoracic and first few

of ilium

muscle

77.8)

lumbar vertebrae

 

 

Compresses abdominal

The supf. inguinal ring is

viscera as in defecation,

a gap between abdomi-

micturition, parturition,

nal and pelvic tendons;

and expiration.; flexes

aponeurosis forms exter-

the trunk

nal rectus sheath with

 

aponeurosis of int. abd.

 

oblique; fibers run cau-

 

doventrally

Similar to preceding

Forms cranial border of

muscle

deep inguinal ring;

 

aponeurosis forms exter-

 

nal rectus sheath with

 

aponeurosis of ext. abd.

 

oblique; fibers run

 

cranioventrally; detaches

 

cremaster muscle

Similar to preceding

Aponeurosis forms inter-

muscle

nal rectus sheath; its

 

deep surface it usually

 

covered by a layer of

 

subperitoneal fat

Assists in the actions of preceding muscle; well positioned to flex lumbar spine and lumbosacral joint

Weak muscle; possibly stabilizes last two ribs and lumbar vertebrae

Protracts hindlimb and rotates it outward; flexes hip joint; stabilizes vertebral column when hindlimb is fixed

Its attachment on the femoral head stabilizes the hip joint; the muscle contains about ten transverse tendinous inscriptions

Contains much tendinous tissue

Same as preceding

May be divided into

muscle

lateral and medial parts

Flexes pelvis on the loins; inclines pelvis to the side

Pelvic diaphragm (p. 87)

Levator ani

Medial surface of

(19.i;

ischial spine and

83.o;

adjacent part of sacro-

87.3)

sciatic lig.

Blends with ext. anal

Caudal rectal n.

Fixes anus during

Its subanal loop forms

sphinter; also on per-

 

defecation; synergist to

part of perineal body

ineal septum

 

coccygeus

 

99

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Comments

Coccygeus

Similar to preceding

Transverse processes

Caudal rectal n.

Flexes tail and moves

Related dorsolaterally to

(19.e;

muscle

of first three to five tail

 

it laterally

levator ani

83.n;

 

vertebrae; also on tail

 

 

 

87.2)

 

fascia

 

 

 

Further muscles of the perineum

 

 

 

 

External anal sphincter

Muscle fibers related to the tail vertebrae

Caudal rectal and deep

Constricts anus

Striated muscle; fibers

(83.p;

surround the anus

 

perineal nn.

 

ventral to anus con-

87.8)

 

 

 

 

tribute to perineal body

Internal anal sphincter

Thickened circular muscle coat of rectum

Caudal rectal and deep

Constricts anus

Smooth muscle

 

surrounds anus

 

perineal nn.

 

 

Rectococcygeus

Caudal continuation

Fourth or fifth tail

Caudal rectal n.

Stabilizes anus during

Smooth muscle

(87.7)

dorsal to anus of longi-

vertebra

 

defecation

 

 

tudinal smooth muscle

 

 

 

 

 

coat of rectum

 

 

 

 

Urogenital diaphragm (p. 87)

Bulbospongiosus

Continues the urethralis

Individual fibers extend

Deep perineal n.

(87.12)

muscle and extends to

between corpus caver-

 

 

the glans

nosum and a median

 

 

 

raphe

 

Constrictor vestibuli

Ventral border of

Meets muscle from

Deep perineal n.

(87.4)

levator ani

other side ventral to

 

 

 

vestibule

 

Constrictor vulvae

Striated fiber bundles

Fiber bundles fuse

Deep perineal and

(87.6)

under skin of vulva

dorsally with external

caudal rectal nn.

 

 

anal sphincter

 

Retractor penis

Ventral surface of

Decussates below anal

Deep perineal n.

(clitoridis)

second tail vertebra

canal; ends in the male

 

(87.13 resp.

 

on corpus spongiosum,

 

87.5)

 

near the glans, in the

 

 

 

female to the side of the

 

 

 

clitoris

 

Ischiocavernosus

Ischial tuber and

Crus and adjacent part

Deep perineal n.

(87)

adjacent part of

of body of penis

 

 

sacrosciatic lig.

 

 

Empties spongy part of urethra

Constricts vestibule

Muscle is deficient

 

dorsally

Constricts vulvar cleft

Thought to be involved

 

in the exposure of the cli-

 

toral glans (winking)

 

during heat

Retracts penis; may elevate clitoris or be involved in the exposure of the clitoral glans (winking) during heat

Rhythmically compresses crus of penis during erection

Smooth muscle; has anal and penile (clitoral) parts; contributes to perineal body

In the female, rudimentary but with similar attachments

100

2. Lymphatic Structures

Lymph nodes

Position

Afferents from

Efferents to

Comments

Parotid lmyphocenter

Parotid l.nn.

Deep to parotid gl.; ventral to

(39.5)

temporomandibular joint

Skin and muscles of dorsal

Lateral and medial retro-

6–10 nodes; some embedded

part of head; eye muscles, lids,

pharyngeal nodes

in parotid gl.

lacrimal gl., ext. ear

 

 

Mandibular lymphocenter

Mandibular l.nn.

Intermandibular space where

(39.16)

facial artery crosses ventral

 

border of mandible

Skin of face; masticatory,

Cranial deep cervical nodes

Large elongated mass of up

pharyngeal, hyoid, and tongue

 

to 150 nodes; forms for-

muscles; salivary gll.

 

wardlooking V with the

 

 

nodes of the other side

Retropharyngeal lymphocenter

Lateral retropharyngeal

Ventral to wing of atlas on

Similar to medial retropharyn-

Medial retropharyngeal nodes

8–15 up to 15 mm diameter

l.nn.

lateral wall of guttural pouch

geal l.nn.

 

nodes

(39.19)

 

 

 

 

Medial retropharyngeal

Dorsolateral on pharynx

Muscles and deep structures

Cranial deep cervical nodes

20–30 nodes up to 40 mm

l.nn.

 

of head; large salivary gll.;

 

diameter

(39.20)

 

pharynx, larynx, and thyroid

 

 

 

 

gl.

 

 

Supf. cervical lymphocenter

Supf. cervical l.nn.

Cranial to shoulder joint;

(7.A,

deep to cleidomastoideus and

59.7)

omotransversarius

Parts of neck and thoracic

Caudal deep cervical nodes

Long chain of many small

wall; forelimb

 

nodes along cranial border

 

 

of subclavius

Deep cervical lymphocenter

Cranial deep cervical

On trachea near thyroid gland

Larynx, esophagus, trachea,

Tracheal duct; middle deep

30–40 nodes; not easily dis-

l.nn.

 

mandible, and ventral neck

cervical nodes

tinguished from med.

(59.12)

 

 

 

retropharyngeal nodes

Middle deep cervical

On trachea in mid neck

Trachea and esophagus;

Tracheal duct; caudal deep

Number and size of nodes

l.nn.

 

muscles ventral to trachea

cervical nodes

vary greatly; may form a

(59.18)

 

 

 

long chain or be absent

Caudal deep cervical

Cranial to first rib ventro-

Forelimb, neck, esophagus,

Cranial mediastinal nodes, or

Near scalenus; not easily

l.nn.

lateral to trachea

and thymus

directly into adjacent veins

distinguished from cranial

(59.23)

 

 

 

mediastinal nodes

Axillary lymphocenter

Proper axillary l.nn.

Caudomedial to shoulder joint;

Part of thoracic wall; muscles

Caudal deep cervical nodes

Caudal to where the axillary

(7.B)

deep to teres major

of shoulder and arm

 

artery gives off the sub-

 

 

 

 

scapular

Cubital l.nn.

Proximomedial to elbow joint

Elbow joint; and muscles,

Proper axillary nodes

5–20 nodes between biceps

(7.C)

 

tendons, and joints distal to

 

and medial head of triceps

 

 

that

 

 

Dorsal thoracic lymphocenter

Thoracic aortic l.nn.

Between aorta and the bodies

(61.12)

of thoracic vertebrae 6–17

Shoulder girdle muscles and

Cranial mediastinal nodes and

1–4 paired nodes at each

thoracic wall deep to them;

thoracic duct

vertebra

mediastinum, pleura, and

 

 

aorta

 

 

Intercostal l.nn.

In intercostal spaces 3–16

Local epaxial muscles, verte-

Thoracic aortic nodes and

The sympathetic trunk lies

(61.11)

near the heads of the ribs

brae and muscles of the tho-

thoracic duct

between the intercostal and

 

 

racic wall; pleura; diaphragm

 

thoracic aortic nodes

Ventral thoracic lymphocenter

Cranial sternal l.nn.

On internal thoracic artery and

Ribs, sternum, mediastinum,

Cranial mediastinal nodes

 

(61.17)

manubrium sterni

and pericardium

 

 

Caudal sternal l.n.

Inconstant; on sternum near

Diaphragm, liver, pericardium

Cranial sternal or cranial

May lie in the caval fold

 

diaphragm

 

mediastinal nodes

(plica venae cavae)

101

Lymph nodes

Position

Afferents from

Efferents to

Comments

Mediastinal lymphocenter

Cranial mediastinal

Precardial mediastinum;

Muscles of neck; trachea and

l. nn.

among the great vessels

esophagus; heart and media-

(61.15)

 

stinum

Nuchal l.n.

In first intercostal space and

Deep muscles of neck near

 

along deep cervical vessels

thoracic inlet

Middle mediastinal

Dorsal to heart, on right side

Heart, aorta, esophagus,

l. nn.

of esophagus and trachea

trachea

(61.16)

 

 

Caudal mediastinal

Caudal to aortic arch, along

Mediastinum, esophagus, and

l. nn.

esophagus

lungs

(61.13)

 

 

Into veins at thoracic inlet via

Number and size vary

right lymphatic and thoracic

greatly

ducts

 

Cranial mediastinal nodes

Inconstant node; on deep

 

surface of longissimus

 

cervicis

Cranial mediastinal and

Not easily distinguished

middle tracheobronchial nodes

from cranial and caudal

 

mediastinal nodes

Middle and cranial mediastinal

Up to 7 nodes; not easily

nodes

distinguished from middle

 

mediastinal nodes

Bronchial lymphocenter

Tracheobronchial l. nn. Surrounding tracheal bifurca-

Lung, trachea, mediastinum,

Cranial mediastinal nodes

Three groups of up to 20

—right (61.19)

tion

esophagus, heart

 

nodes each

—middle (61.23) —left (61.20)

Pulmonary l. nn.

Lumbar lymphocenter

Lumbar aortic l. nn.

On aorta and caudal vena cava

Lumbar muscles; urogenital

Lumbar trunks

30 to 160 nodes from kid-

(79.3)

 

organs and kidneys

 

neys to deep circumflex iliac

 

 

 

 

vessels

Renal l.nn.

Associated with the renal

Kidney, ureter, and adrenal

Lumbar aortic nodes

Not easily distinguished

(79.2)

vessels

gland; also liver and duode-

 

from lumbar aortic nodes

 

 

num

 

 

Ovarian l. n.

In prox. part of mesovarium

Ovary

Lumbar aortic nodes

Inconstant small node

Celiac lymphocenter

Celiac l. nn.

Surround celiac artery

(71.A)

 

Splenic l. nn.

On splenic vessels and in

(71.B)

gastrosplenic ligament

Gastric l. nn.

On left gastric artery; also on

(71.C)

cardia and lesser curvature of

 

stomach

Hepatic l. nn.

Near the porta

(69.w)

 

Pancreaticoduodenal

Associated with right gastric

l. nn.

and right gastroepiploic

(71.D)

arteries

Omental l. nn.

In gr. omentum and gastro-

 

splenic lig. near gr. curvature

 

of stomach

Stomach, spleen, pancreas,

Cisterna chyli via celiac trunk

Some nodes lie on left gastric

liver; also lung and media-

 

and splenic arteries

stinum

 

 

Spleen and stomach

Celiac nodes

Number and size vary

 

 

greatly

Esophagus, stomach, liver,

Celiac nodes

Number and size vary

omentum; also lung

 

greatly

Liver, pancreas, duodenum

Celiac nodes

Number and size vary

 

 

greatly

Duodenum, pancreas, stomach

Hepatic and celiac nodes

Number and size vary

 

 

greatly

Stomach and omentum; also

Splenic and hepatic nodes

Number and size vary

spleen

 

greatly

Cranial mesenteric lymphocenter

Cranial mesenteric

At the origin of the cranial

Duodenum, pancreas, colon;

Cisterna chyli via intestinal

70–80 small nodes sur-

l. nn.

mesenteric artery

also from jejunal, cecal, and

trunk

rounding the cranial mesen-

 

 

colic nodes

 

teric artery

Jejunal l. nn.

Associated with prox. ends of

Jejunum and ileum

Cranial mesenteric nodes

Number and size vary

(71.E)

jejunal arteries

 

 

greatly

Cecal l. nn

Along dorsal, lateral, and

Cecum, ileum, and duodenum

Cranial mesenteric nodes

Long strands of hundreds of

(71.F)

medial bands of cecum

 

 

small nodes

Colic l. nn.

In ascending mesocolon

Ascending and transverse

Cranial mesenteric nodes

3000 to 6000 small nodes in

(71.G)

 

colon; also ileum

 

thick strands between dorsal

 

 

 

 

and ventral layers of ascend-

 

 

 

 

ing colon

Caudal mesenteric

Associated with the caudal

Descending colon, rectum,

Lumbar trunks

The nodes are grouped

l. nn.

mesenteric artery

peritoneum

 

around bifurcation of caudal

(71. H)

 

 

 

mesenteric artery

Vesical l. nn

In lateral ligaments of bladder

Bladder, prostate

Medial iliac nodes

1 or 2 inconstant nodes

102

Lymph nodes

Position

Afferents from

Efferents to

Comments

Iliosacral lymphocenter

Medial iliac l. nn.

At origin of deep circumflex

(79.4)

iliac vessels

Muscles of pelvis and thigh;

Efferents form lumbar trunks

Up to 25 nodes; the largest

urogenital organs, peritoneum

 

can be 5.5 cm long; at

 

 

breakup of aorta

Lateral iliac l. nn.

At bifurcation of deep circum-

Abdominal muscles, dia-

Medial iliac and lumbar aortic

Up to 20 small nodes

 

flex iliac vessels

phragm, peritoneum

nodes

 

Sacral l. nn.

Near angle formed by internal

Muscles of croup; accessory

Medial iliac nodes

On average 5–10 nodes;

(79.5)

iliac arteries

reproductive glands

 

some may lie along internal

 

 

 

 

pudendal artery

Anorectal l. nn.

Retroperitoneally dorsal to

Rectum, anus; tail muscles,

Caudal mesenteric, sacral, is-

A total of 15–35 nodes

 

rectum; a caudal group lies

vagina and vulva

chial, and medial iliac nodes

 

 

dorsolateral to anus

 

 

 

Uterine l. n.

In broad ligament of uterus

Uterus

Medial iliac nodes

Inconstant small node

Obturator l. n.

Cranial border of obturator

Hip joint; iliopsoas, quadri-

Sacral and medial iliac nodes

Inconstant

 

vessels

ceps, and gluteal muscles

 

 

Deep inguinal lymphocenter

Deep inguinal l. nn.

On femoral vessels in femoral

Entire hindlimb; some

Medial iliac nodes

Elongated group consisting

(19.B)

triangle

abdominal muscles

 

of up to 35 nodes

Supf. inguinal lymphocenter

Supf. inguinal l. nn.

Between ventral abdominal

 

wall and penis, or base of

 

udder

Subiliac l. nn.

Cranial border of thigh

(19.D;

halfway between coxal tuber

65.10)

and patella

Coxal l. n.

On rectus femoris cranial to

 

hip joint

Nearby abdominal wall; penis,

Deep inguinal nodes

Embedded in fatty connec-

and scrotum; udder and vulva

 

tive tissue; usually palpable

Skin and subcutis of dorsal

Lateral and medial iliac nodes

Elongated package of small

and lateral thoracic and

 

nodes; palpable

abdominal walls and of thigh

 

 

Hip joint, quadriceps, tensor

Medial iliac nodes

Inconstant; only present in

fasciae latae

 

25% of horses

Ischial lymphocenter

Ischial l. nn.

Lateral surface of sacrosciatic Tail; muscles of thigh

Medial iliac nodes

Up to 5 nodes

 

ligament, on caudal gluteal

 

 

 

vessels

 

 

Popliteal lymphocenter

Popliteal l. nn. On caudal border of gastro- (19.A) cnemius, between biceps and

semitendinosus

Bones, joints, and muscles

Deep inguinal nodes

Small group of up to 12

distal to position of these

 

nodes

nodes

 

 

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Lymph trunks

Position

Start

End

Comments

Thoracic duct

Dextrodorsal to thoracic aorta;

Continues cisterna chyli

Veins at thoracic inlet

Enters thoracic cavity via

(61.1)

farther cranially on left surface

 

 

aortic hiatus

 

of trachea

 

 

 

Celiac trunk

On right side of celiac artery

Formed by efferents of celiac

Empties into cisterna chyli

 

 

 

nodes

 

 

Intestinal trunk

On right side of cranial mesen-

Formed by efferents of cranial

Empties into cisterna chyli

 

 

teric artery

mesenteric nodes

 

 

Right and left tracheal

On each side of trachea

Formed by efferents of cranial

Caudal deep cervical nodes

 

ducts

 

deep cervical nodes

 

 

Right lymphatic duct

Cranial to right first rib

Formed by efferents of cranial

Veins at thoracic inlet

 

 

 

mediastinal and sternal nodes

 

 

103

3. Peripheral Nervous System

Nerve

Innervation

Comments

Spinal nerve

 

(pp. 58/59 and 64/65)

 

• Dorsal branch

Generally skin dorsolateral to epaxial muscu-

••

Lateral branch

lature

••

Medial branch

Generally epaxial musculature

• Ventral branch

 

••

Lateral branch

Generally skin of lateral and ventral parts of

 

 

trunk, and of limbs

••

Medial branch

Generally hypaxial musculature and limb

 

 

muscles

I. Cervical nerves (C1–C8)

 

Dorsal branches

 

• Lateral branches

Dorsolateral neck muscles

• Medial branches

Skin on dorsal part of neck

Ventral branches

 

• Lateral branches

Lateral and ventral skin of neck; cutaneous mm.

 

 

of head and neck; omotransversarius, rhom-

 

 

boideus, and cervical part of serratus ventralis

• Medial branches

Sternothyroideus, sternohyoideus, hypaxial mm.

 

 

associated with cervical vertebrae

II. Thoracic nerves (T1–T18)

 

Dorsal branches

 

• Lateral branches

Skin over dorsolateral part of back and thorax

• Medial branches

Local epaxial mm.

Ventral branches

Intercostal mm.

• Lateral branches

Muscles and skin on lateral thoracic wall

••

Lateral cutaneous branches

 

Medial branches

Muscles and skin on ventral thoracic wall

• Ventral cutaneous branches

Skin on ventral and lateral thoracic and

 

abdominal wall to udder and prepuce

III. Lumbar nerves (L1–L6)

 

Dorsal branches

 

• Lateral branches

 

•• Medial and lateral cutaneous branches

Skin of lumbar region and cranial part of croup

• Medial branches

Epaxial lumbar mm.

Ventral branches

 

• Lateral branches

Skin and muscles of lateral and ventral

 

abdominal wall, and of hindlimb

• Medial branches

Skin and muscles of lateral and ventral abdomi-

 

nal wall, and of hindlimb

IV. Sacral nerves (S1–S5)

 

Dorsal branches

 

• Lateral branches

Skin of croup and thigh

• Medial branches

Caudal segments of multifidus and dorsal tail

 

muscle

Leaves vertebral canal via intervertebral foramen, except C1, C2, sometimes mid-T, and S1–5 Generally sensory except in cervical nn. where these brr. are motor

Generally motor except in cervical nn. where these brr. are sensory

Except nn. of brachial and sacral plexuses

Except nn. of brachial and sacral plexuses

C1 and C2 leave vertebral canal through lateral vertebral foramina

(See Muscle Table beginning p. 98)

That of C2 is known as major occipital n. for the skin of the poll

That of C2, known as transverse n. of neck, goes to cutaneous mm. of head and neck; and another br. of C2, known as great auricular n., goes to the ear; brr. of C6, known as supraclavicular nn., supply the skin over the shoulder joint and descending pectoral m.

Brr. of C2–5 form cervical plexus; C5, 6, and 7 form phrenic n. that passes through thoracic inlet to diaphragm; C6, 7, and 8 contribute to brachial plexus (see further on)

Known as dorsal cutaneous nn. (See Muscle Table beginning p. 99)

Known as intercostal nn.

Those of T3 and 4 combine with lateral thoracic n. to form intercostobrachial n. (7.1) which innervates the cutaneus omobrachialis muscle and associated skin

In region of sternal ribs, innervate intercostal mm. and transversus thoracis; in region of asternal ribs, innervate ext. and int. abdominal obliques, and rectus and transversus abdominis mm.; that of T18 is known as costoabdominal n. for psoas and quadratus lumborum mm.

Known as cranial clunial nn., over the gluteal region

Form roots of lumbar plexus (see further on)

Known as middle clunial nn.

104

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