Актуальные проблемы экономики и управления на предприятиях машиностр.-1

From the point of view of speed and completeness of realization of innovations, following distinctions matter:

•the replacing innovations assuming the complete; replacement of out-of-date methods of managing and technologies;

•changing, connected with an exception of fulfillment of any operations, issue of an item and not replacing them new;

•returnable, connected with returning to previous order after innovation discredit, or finding-out of imp reparation of industrial and economic conditions to its effective realization;

•the opening means not having comparable functional predecessors and based on fundamental inventions;

•the retro innovations reproducing at new level earlier applied items, methods and means of their production.

Productivity of innovative activity is defined by degree of efficiency of innovations in comparison with costs of the businessman on their realization and realization. Innovations usually bring the delayed effect revealed not at once on their end; therefore a method of definition of their efficiency expenses is not always comprehensible.

Often useful economic benefit of a radical innovation cannot be reached without use of evolutionary innovations, including at consumers that assumes change of the process of the consumption connected with increase of a skill level of a labor, etc. In this case the effect of new technological system is expressed by maintenance of loading of the expensive equipment not in decrease in the specific price, and in reduction of unit of an aggregate cost of application of radical innovations in relation to the sum of their useful properties.

The functioning market mechanism and the arisen demand promote development and differentiation of basic technologies through a series of improving innovations. However introduction of radical innovations is often carried out and contrary to a priority of market expediency if the state overcoming peculiar managing subject in market economy orientation to shortterm profit directly participates in it. For realization of radical innovations the role of a political situation in the country and on international scene, social and the economic policy which is conducted by the state is great. Dependence of a policy of subsidizing of research and development on a stage of the economic growth, appearing in following tendencies is marked: encouragement in improvement of an economic situation of the innovations partially improving to the technician; in crisis subsidizing of base innovations is carried out.

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The innovative policy of the complex economic subject-state should (besides the purposefulness set by strategy of social and economic development of company, and with problems of increase of level of competitiveness of national economy in the world market) to supply the coordination of interests of all subjects participating in innovative process. It is necessary, that in the most complete degree to direct their motivation on realization of the national purposes. The contents of an innovative policy are decisionmaking principles the economic subjects participating in innovative process.

The system of interests finds the expression in definition of specific goals of managing of each subject and in their strategy. “Personification” of subject’s of innovative process occurs on the basis of a division of labor between them and establishments’ of the property rights to results. Economic interests’ of participants of innovative activity predetermine a control system, a choice of organizational-legal structures and number of the involved workers. The organizational structure of innovative potential is shown in economic relations between all participants of innovative activity. Commodity-money relations are shown in innovative sphere in methods of realization of an innovation: on the basis of direct sale to its external consumer or at the expense of reduction of expenses for production manufacturing at it’s interfere use.

In innovative process economic relations between founders of an innovation, proprietors of resources, consumers of innovations concerning their manufacturing, use and maintenance with resources of the economic agents participating in process, mediated by movement by the special form of the monetary capital (the venture capital) and information are realized.

The innovative cycle is a time sequence of the equivalent stages representing set of functionally isolated kind’s of activity at each stage. A necessary condition of realization of an innovation – maintenance of unity of these isolated kinds of activity in a stage and between them. Information interchange between stages in a cycle supplies an exchange of activity, continuity of separate stages of process of creation, introduction and use of innovations.

Innovative activity has an applied orientation, recurrence, availability of specific communications of participants through financial and information flows, and is frequent also the specialized agents participating at all stages of innovative process or at its separate stages. Innovative process includes scientific and technical, administrative, marketing, creative components of activity.

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Innovative process will not be completely finished if it stays on one of intermediate stages – origin (comprehension of requirement and possibility of innovations); development (introduction in production, experiment); diffusion (duplicating); routine (realization of innovations in stable conditions of managing). An example of locally complete innovation – its realization in an individual (exhibition) copy. Innovative process is not finished if the acquired or developed new equipment (technology) is not used in a constant mode, for example, because of imp reparation of staff, etc., i.e. If not the final stage is reached.

Diffusion of innovations improves technical base of national economy, expands possibilities of achievement with it of the social and economic purposes, supplies increase of a production efficiency at the expense of the best, more complete use of economic resources and is accompanied by structural shifts in economy. The scale and speed of this process, in turn, depend on a condition of external environment for innovative sphere in which they extend. In turn, the susceptibility of environment depends on economic and technical factors.

The major factor influencing for speed and scale of distribution of an innovation, is requirement for it, acting in the form of the effective demand caused by an economic situation, degree of satisfaction of requirements, possibilities of the consumer, etc. Demand for a basic innovation usually arises at aggravation of an economic conjuncture when the manufacturer does not find sales of production, and the consumer owing to aggravation of the financial position cannot acquire it.

Speed of distribution of innovations is influenced by efficiency of an innovation and degree of its progressiveness (in comparison with an old product or a method), allowing to improve parameters of managing of the enterprise and payback time of innovations of investments involved for development.

Maintenance with the acquired advantages of separate firm and national economy is connected with ability effectively to create and use the innovations increasing efficiency of application of industrial resources on micro-and on macro – level. Escalating of potential of relative competitive advantages are promoted by large-scale diffusion of products in which manufacturing were used own and acquisition from the outside of innovation economic agents of production, including intellectual, containing effective innovations.

Production saturation by competitive advantages assumes the regular activity directed on use of innovations in production of separate firm, branch and national economy as a whole, and also formation at economic

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agents strategic orientation on reception of the competitive advantages represented by innovations.

The significant contribution to studying of innovative activity I.Shumpeter who has justified a creative role of the credit has introduced, it “purchasing force” in innovative activity. It defines a functional purpose of innovative sphere:

•the commercial analysis of potential consumers of innovations;

•search of perspective ideas, functioning sources;

•the organization of creation and innovation introduction;

•duplicating;

•support and salvaging.

The innovative sphere is a set of branches of a national economy, the kinds of public work which are not accepting direct sharing in creation of material benefits, but making consumer the costs of a special sort which often do not have a material substance, but necessary for functioning and development of production of goods.

The functional purpose of innovative sphere in system of a public division of labor is connected with fulfillment of functions by it on creation and satisfaction of requirements for innovations of production of goods and all company as a whole.

The basic part of consumer cost of production of innovative sphere has a commodity form; its movement is carried out by means of an exchange.

Innovative activity can be realized and in non-material forms of riches in the form of achievements of science and technology that there corresponds the second of two forms of accumulation.

The innovative sphere covers objects of research and development, marketing, the enterprise structures which activity is directed on satisfaction of requirements of production of goods in innovations.

The innovative sphere participates in creation and redistribution of the national income in a national economy and supplies transition of the property and a scientific product from science sphere in sphere of production of goods.

In innovative sphere isolated processes unite in the uniform innovative process creating innovations, corresponding to demand of industrial sphere and supplying development conditions their enterprise and consumers.

As a whole economic relations of innovative sphere produced from relations of production of goods, but own specificity is inherent in them.

Unlike scientific sphere in innovative sphere exchange operations prevail by product transfer, the property rights are accurately designated at realization

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of exchange operations between the subjects who are carrying out innovative activity, and subjects, external for this sphere. Management in innovative sphere is based on criterion of economic efficiency, and transfer of an innovative product to industrial sphere assumes realization of marketing researches.

Development of innovative sphere allows reducing time of development by production of scientific production, to return the advanced capital faster and again to direct it on the expanded reproduction.

The special form of financial activity, venture brave crediting and marketing orientation on advancement of scientific production on the market is inherent in innovative sphere.

At the stage of materialization ideas in a material product following features of innovative work are inherent in innovative sphere:

–Likelihood character, risk and accessibility negative results;

–Not accessibility unique features of its product.

Product of innovative sphere is, as a rule, the sample of that will form on its basis for the mass consumer. Cost of an innovative product is defined not by expenses for its creation, and that functional novelty which contains a product as the precondition of the new goods, capable to satisfy requirement of company at higher qualitative level and-or with smaller expenses. In innovative sphere economic laws are shown in specific forms of management and coordination of the economic mechanism.

The economic mechanism in innovative sphere is a set of organiza- tional-economic forms and management methods innovative sphere – a national economy component. It is necessary to understand functional, branch and interterritorial, inter branch and national forms of the organization of innovative activity as organizational forms.

Functionally innovative sphere (unlike production of goods) assumes necessity of allocation of the indicators, allowing to co-ordinate economic aspects of innovative activity as a whole.

Feature of cost indexes that they reflect not an end result of innovative sphere, and potential possibilities of consumption of its product production of goods. Natural indicators, as is known, directly characterize only actual quantitative and qualitative level of maintenance of innovative potential resources that allows to reveal prospect of its development.

Thus, considering organizational-economic aspects of innovative activity, it is possible to draw following conclusions:

– Innovations are result of activity on updating, transformation of the previous activity, leading to replacement of one element with others or addition already presents the new;

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–Innovative activity has the general laws where the change purposes are defined, the innovation is developed, tested, has production, extends and at last, “dies off”, being reached physically and morally;

–In realization and realization of innovative activity the role of a political situation in the country and on international scene, social and the economic policy, which is conducted by the state, is great;

–Long process of accumulation of knowledge, patents, inventions, the “know-how”, previous radical innovations, speaks absence of conditions of their realization, including not only possibilities of technological and economic development, but also institutional and social factors;

–Through financial and information flows, and it is frequent also the special agents participating at all stages of innovative process, or at its separate stages which includes scientific and technical, administrative, marketing, creative components of activity;

–One of main conditions of functioning of innovative sphere is the intellectual property and the property on a product of innovative activity;

–The economic mechanism in innovative activity is a set of organ-

izational-economic forms and management methods innovative sphere – a national economy component as which organizational forms it is necessary to understand functional, branch and inter branch, interterritorial and national forms of the organization of innovative activity.

In the general view product’s innovative cycle it is possible to present structure as follows.

At an initial stage fundamental theoretical research, applied researches and design – design workings out are carried out. Their generality consists in that that initial “material” for processing and its result is the new knowledge, scientific ideas, i.e. the helpful information of higher qualitative level, than existing earlier.

At the first stage occurrence of new ideas has the form of opening. Opening in a science is a big stride on a social development way.

However for basic changes in a science such opening for which at present production feels the greatest practical requirement is capable to give a push only. Therefore, at the given stage real possibilities of application of new knowledge also emerge.

Level of practical application of results of research depends on at what stage of an innovative cycle it is defined. If at the first stage 5–10 % of the made expenses pay off only (i.e. the parity of positive and negative results fluctuates in limits from 1:2. Till 1:10) at the second stage this indica-

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tor makes 20–25 % (from 1:5 to 1:4). At the third stage already 9 from 10 received results or 90 % can be used in production. However real level of introduction of innovations much more low as qualitative characteristics of a part from them are insufficiently high and in some cases the economic mechanism and a control system of production are inadequate to prospective technological changes.

At the stage of “production” it is accepted to allocate two basic stages:

–Technological development;

–Production of new production.

Main objective of a stage of technological development of production is its preparation for introduction of results of workings out and maintenance of conditions necessary for it. Here science and production interaction on which rates of development of progressive innovations depend, terms of their introduction and the beginning of quantity production of new products is carried out directly.

References

1.Sahal D. Technical progress: concepts, models, estimates. – Spb., 1998. – Р. 66–68.

2.Shumpeter J. Theory of economic development. – Th., Progress, 1982.

3.Valdaycev S.V. Estimation of business and innovations. – Filin, 2005.

Об авторе

Рахимбоев Сардор Кахрамонович – старший преподаватель, Ташкентский университет информационных технологий, Республика Узбекистан.

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Yu.A. Shavruk, S. Pavlovskaya

Belarus State Economic University,

Minsk, Republic of Belarus

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

AS ELEMENTS OF INNOVATIVE PROGRESS

The role of international strategic alliances as a form of effective international economic, scientific and technical cooperation in the formation of an innovative economy of the Republic of Belarus is discussed in the article.

Keywords: international strategic alliances, scientific and technical cooperation, innovative economy.

The priority task of the Republic of Belarus under present-day conditions is transition of the economy to an innovative model of development. However the domestic national economy is not susceptible enough today to scientific and technical progress.

The latest technology and industrial innovation created with using the results of scientific and technological activities are the basis of the socioeconomic well-being of the state. Involvement of the results of scientific and technical activities in the economic turnover is currently considered as the main direction of growth of the Belarusian economy. The following fact should be taken into account that the most of the innovative products are new ones for the Republic but they are not new for the world economy.

Particular relevance in the Republic of Belarus is taken on special significance of the problem of the international strategic alliances development as a form of effective international economic and scientific-technical cooperation. According to the OECD from 1990–1999 there were 69 to 80 thousand strategic alliances in the world, in 2000–2010 their number increased to 180 thousand, while 62 % of them were international ones [1; 2].

At the beginning of the XXI century a significant increase in the number of strategic alliances in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and a simultaneous slowdown in the number of them in IT sector were surveyed. In this case alliances become an essential element of the development of industrial cooperation and scientific and technical collaboration as they provide additional benefits for the joint launching technologies in existing industries. For example in high-tech industries (information technology, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, defense and aerospace) 80 % of

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the scientific and technical alliances are created, in medium technology (automotive, chemical, etc.) – 20 % [3].

Since the early 90s alliances have become an important factor for the development of key sectors for the economy of Belarus which is associated with the introduction of significant for the Belarusian industry advanced technologies.

It should be noted that the mechanism of interaction between companies in the form of strategic alliances in different countries has huge potential: almost 2/3 of the fastest growing companies are involved in strategic alliances [4].

The global economic crisis has confirmed again the correctness of the course of business entities in the expansion of international inter-firm cooperation, such interaction is considered as one of the key areas of post-crisis development of enterprises.

In a broad sense strategic alliances are «flexible mechanisms of cooperation between companies, allowing to use the strengths of the parties to solve strategic problems more efficiently, strengthening the competitive advantages of each of the parties through the joint management of resources» [3].

Large and medium-sized companies adapt quickly to changes in technology creating strategic alliances, they implement technological «breakthroughs» at the junction of industries, go across borders of states and economic unions, penetrate into foreign markets sharing risks and rewards with partners. Strategic alliances are a means of competition in the global market for companies of the same industry in different countries with preserving their independence.

Strategic alliances are one of forms of «soft integration» where cooperating companies retain legal independence and autonomy in decision-making and strategy formation as well. Integration of enterprises in the strategic alliance is caused by the effect of joint marketing and innovation policy as a rule.

In general the main reasons for the entry of companies into international strategic alliances are: (1) achievement economies of scale in production or marketing, (2) filling “gaps” in scientific or industrial areas, (3) gaining access to new markets.

Strategic alliances are the only possible way to establish uniform industry standards for new products and services and they are a means of strengthening weaknesses in the scientific or industrial areas. In addition they allow alliance members to minimize the risks in complex investment projects and integrate scientific and technical potential of competitors in the implementation of unique

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projects. However in this case competition with other alliances may increase and the problem of “brain drain” and “know-how” may appear as well.

Managing Director of the international company “Toshiba” F. Sato emphasizes that “the era when one company could dominate in the field of technology or business independently has come to the end. Technology is so advanced and markets have become so complicated that you cannot assume that the rest ones are the best in the production of any long time” [5].

It should be noted that the company “Toshiba” is one of the leaders in the field of strategic alliances for the purpose of cooperation in science and technology or industrial areas. You can select such its partners as “Motorola” (joint development of DRAM chips), “IBM” (development and production of flat display low crystallinity), “Ericsson” (development of new mobile telecommunications systems), “Time Warner” (development of the most advanced up-to-date interactive technology of cable television).

The main feature of strategic alliances is maintaining legal independence i.e. the ownership of the structure isn’t changed. The term strategic is twofold: firstly – this cooperation is for achievement long-term competitive advantages, and secondly – strategic autonomy is preserved (each firm maintains its development strategy for the company in terms of cooperation of them).

It should be noted that the international strategic alliances preceded national ones historically. A hybrid form of international and national alliances has appeared on the way to the creation of a common market in the European Union. Leading national company joined the European consortia to respond to the challenge of competition from the US and Japan together. An example of intra-inter-firm cooperation was the number of joint research programs, including ESPRIT (information technology), BRITE (new material), RASE (telecommunications).

Period between 1988 and 1995 was characterized by steady growth in the number of international strategic alliances in the world and about a quarter of each year [6, 7].

However at the end of the 90s their number decreased gradually and by 2000 it declined significantly as companies began to pay more attention not to growth but to consolidation and restructuring. Having analyzed current trends of creating international strategic alliances we can note sinusoidal changes in their number (Figure).

Having researched the distribution alliances by regions (North and South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific) it is necessary to note two main trends: firstly the most of strategic alliances are created in the US and

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