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C O R P O R A T E I N S O L V E N C Y L A W

S E C O N D E D I T I O N

The rst edition of Corporate Insolvency Law proposed a fundamentally revised concept of insolvency law one intended to serve to corporate as well as broader social ends. This second edition takes on board a host of changes that have subsequently reshaped insolvency law and practice, such as the consolidation of the rescue culture in the UK, the arrival of the pre-packaged administration and the broad replacement of administrative receivership with administration. It also considers the implications of recent and dramatic changes in the provision (and trading) of credit, the movement of an increasing amount of insolvency worktowards the preformal insolvency stage of corporate affairs and the explosion, on the insolvency scene, of a new cadre of specialists in corporate turnaround. Looking to the future, Vanessa Finch argues that changes of approach are needed if insolvency law is to develop with coherence and purpose and she offers a framework for such an approach.

vanessa finch is a Professor of Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, where she teaches Corporate Insolvency Law and Corporate Accountability at undergraduate and masters levels.

CORPORATE

INSOLVENCY LAW

Perspectives and Principles

SECOND EDITION

VANESSA FINCH

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878104

© Vanessa Finch 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published in print format 2009

ISBN-13

978-0-511-53991-6

eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13

978-0-521-87810-4

hardback

ISBN-13

978-0-521-70182-2

paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

To Rob

and in memory of D.F.G. and M.A.G.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

 

page

xi

 

 

Table of cases

xii

 

 

 

 

Table of statutes and other instruments

xxx

List of abbreviations

 

xlviii

 

 

 

Introduction to the second edition

1

 

P A R T I Agendas and objectives

7

 

1 The roots of corporate insolvency law

9

Development and structure

10

 

 

 

Corporate insolvency procedures

19

 

The players

25

 

 

 

 

 

The tasks of corporate insolvency law

 

27

 

Conclusions

28

 

 

 

 

 

2 Aims, objectives and benchmarks

29

 

Cork on principles

29

 

 

 

 

Visions of corporate insolvency law

 

32

 

The nature of measuring

 

48

 

 

 

An explicit valuesapproach to insolvency law

52

Conclusions

63

 

 

 

 

 

P A R T I I The context of corporate insolvency law: nancial

and institutional

67

 

3 Insolvency and corporate borrowing

69

Creditors, borrowing and debtors

70

 

Equity and security

84

 

 

vii

viii

 

 

 

contents

 

 

 

 

The new capitalismand the credit crisis

133

 

 

 

Conclusions

140

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

Corporate failure

144

 

 

 

 

 

What is failure?

145

 

 

 

 

 

 

Who denes insolvency?

 

149

 

 

 

 

 

Why companies fail

151

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions: failures and corporate insolvency law

171

 

5 Insolvency practitioners and turnaround professionals

178

 

Insolvency practitioners

 

179

 

 

 

 

 

The evolution of the administrative structure

182

 

 

 

Evaluating the structure

 

186

 

 

 

 

 

Reforming IP regulation

 

202

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions on insolvency practitioners

220

 

 

 

Turnaround professionals

221

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

237

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

P A R T I I I

The quest for turnaround

241

 

 

6

Rescue

243

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What is rescue?

243

 

 

 

 

 

 

Why rescue?

245

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Informal and formal routes to rescue

251

 

 

 

The new focus on rescue

 

253

 

 

 

 

 

Comparing approaches to rescue

276

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

292

 

 

 

 

 

 

7

Informal rescue

 

294

 

 

 

 

 

 

Who rescues?

295

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The stages of informal rescue

299

 

 

 

 

Implementing the rescue

 

317

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

324

 

 

 

 

 

 

8 Receivers and their role

327

 

 

The development of receivership

 

328

 

Processes, powers and duties: the Insolvency Act 1986 onwards

331

Efciency and creditor considerations

340

 

Expertise

353

 

 

 

Accountability and fairness

354

 

 

 

 

 

contents

 

 

ix

 

Revising receivership

358

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

361

 

 

 

 

 

9

Administration

363

 

 

 

 

 

The rise of administration

363

 

 

 

 

From the Insolvency Act 1986 to the Enterprise Act 2002

365

 

The Enterprise Act reforms and the new administration

380

 

Evaluating administration

392

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

451

 

 

 

 

 

10

Pre-packaged administrations

453

 

 

 

The rise of the pre-pack

 

454

 

 

 

 

Advantages and concerns

456

 

 

 

 

Controlling the pre-pack

 

465

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

477

 

 

 

 

 

11

Company arrangements

479

 

 

 

 

Schemes of arrangement under the Companies Act 2006

 

 

sections 895901

479

 

 

 

 

 

Company Voluntary Arrangements

488

 

 

 

Conclusions

514

 

 

 

 

 

12

Rethinking rescue

517

 

 

 

 

P A R T I V Gathering and distributing the assets

527

13

Gathering the assets: the role of liquidation

 

529

 

The voluntary liquidation process

529

 

 

 

Compulsory liquidation

 

536

 

 

 

 

Public interest liquidation

541

 

 

 

 

The concept of liquidation

548

 

 

 

 

Conclusions

596

 

 

 

 

 

14

The pari passu principle

599

 

 

 

 

Exceptions to pari passu

 

602

 

 

 

 

Conclusions: rethinking exceptions to pari passu

625

15

Bypassing pari passu

 

628

 

 

 

 

Security

631

 

 

 

 

 

 

Retention of title and quasi-security

641

 

 

 

Trusts

648

 

 

 

 

 

x

 

contents

 

Alternatives to pari passu

666

 

 

Conclusions

673

 

 

 

P A R T V The impact of corporate insolvency

675

16 Directors in troubled times

677

 

Accountability

677

 

 

 

Expertise

716

 

 

 

Efciency

740

 

 

 

Fairness

750

 

 

 

Conclusions

753

 

 

 

17 Employees in distress

754

 

 

Protections under the law

756

 

 

Efciency

767

 

 

 

Expertise

772

 

 

 

Accountability

772

 

 

 

Fairness

775

 

 

 

Conclusions

778

 

 

 

18 Conclusion 780

Bibliography 788

Index 837