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2. Match the words and phrases to their translation and make sentences: a.

3. Recall the meaning of the following verbs:

4. Make nouns of the following verbs:

To increase; to develop; to move; to apply; to allocate; to cooperate; to consider; to

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maintain; to change; to manufacture; to consume; to produce; to effect.

5. Translate the following pairs of words:

Efficient-efficiency; diminishing-to diminish; advanceadvanced; increasingto increase; influential-to influence; directly-in directly; applicationto apply; trained-to train; evidentevidently; forceto force.

6. Find the pairs of synonyms

Text 1

7. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1.What changes have there been in aircraft design and construction over the years?

2.What do the social issues include?

3.What can you say about the legal issues?

4.What companies can undertake the development of even relatively small aircraft?

Current Trends in Aircraft Design and Construction

There have been enormous changes in aircraft design and construction over the years. The most influential of these changes is the broad application of computer technology in all aspects of aviation. A second factor is the use of composite materials in aircraft structures. While these two elements are the results of advances in engineering, they are also indirectly the product of changing social and legal considerations.

The social issues are manifold and include the increasing global interdependence of business, political revolutions in every part of the world, and the universal human desire for travel. All these situations were happening when diminishing fossil-fuel resources caused large raises in fuel prices. As a result, both computers and composite materials are necessary to create lighter, stronger, safer, more fuel-efficient aircraft.

The legal issues are equally complex, but for the purposes of this section revolve around two elements. The first one is that the design, test and certification of aircraft have become an extraordinarily costly project. Only the well-funded companies can undertake the development of even relatively small aircraft. As for larger aircraft, it is now common practice for several manufacturers to ally themselves to underwrite a new design. This international cooperation was done most successfully with the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport. A component of this process is the allocation of the production of certain elements of the aircraft in certain countries, as a quid pro quo for the countries which are not developing indigenous aircraft of a similar type. The second legal element is that the potential of damages as a result of

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liability in the event of a crash has forced companies to stop the manufacture of the smaller types of personal aircraft. The reason for this is that the exposure to damages from small single-engine planes is greater than of larger planes because they have better maintenance programs and more highly trained pilots. The practical effect of this was an enormous growth in the home-built aircraft industry, where the use of computers and composites led to the commercial aircraft industry.

EXERCISES AFTER READING THE TEXT

8. Translate the following word combinations:

a.Broad application of computer technology; composite material; advances in engineering; influential changes; maintenance programs; to cause raise in fuel prices; extraordinarily costly project; single-engine aircraft; to undertake the development of small aircraft.

b.уменьшать ресурсы ископаемого топлива; в случае аварии (самолёта); компания с хорошим капиталом; сертификация самолёта, выдача удостоверения; сверхзвуковой реактивный самолёт; социальные вопросы; взаимозависимость бизнеса.

9. Pair work. Discuss the text using the following questions:

1.What is one of the most influential changes in aircraft design and construction?

2.What is a second factor of changes in aircraft design?

3.What has diminishing fossil-fuel resources caused?

4.What is necessary to create lighter, stronger, safer, more fuel-efficient aircraft?

5.What became an extraordinarily costly project?

6.What international cooperation was most successfully done?

7.Why did many aircraft companies stop the manufacture of the smaller types of personal aircraft? What was the reason for it?

8.What is the difference between small single-engine planes and larger planes?

10. Arrange the sentences below according to the text:

1.The social issues are manifold and include the increasing global interdependence of business, political revolutions in every part of the world, and the universal human desire for travel.

2.The most influential of these changes is the broad application of computer technology in all aspects of aviation.

3.This international cooperation was done most successfully with the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport.

4.A component of this process is the allocation of the production of certain elements of the aircraft in certain countries, as a quid pro quo for the countries which are not developing indigenous aircraft of a similar type.

5.The practical effect of this was an enormous growth in the home-built aircraft industry, where the use of computers and composites led to the commercial aircraft industry.

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11. Translate the sentences and define the tense of the verbs:

1.As a result, both computers and composite materials are necessary to create lighter, stronger, safer, more fuel-efficient aircraft.

2.All these situations were happening when diminishing fossil-fuel resources caused large raises in fuel prices.

3.The international cooperation was done most successfully with the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport.

4.A second factor is the use of composite materials in aircraft structures.

12.Tell your partner about current trends in aircraft design and construction and get ready to answer your partner’s questions.

13.Read an article about Current Trends in Aircraft design and abstract the article.

14.Prepare a report and a computer presentation of the article.

15.Present your report to the class. Get ready to discuss it answering questions and persisting in your opinion.

Part II

Use of Computers

1.Group work. Reflect on the following questions and share your ideas with the class.

1.Does computer equipment play a key role in aircraft design? Why do you think so?

2.How do computers help fly the aircraft?

3.What can computers control in flying the aircraft?

2. Read the following terms and phrases, mind their pronunciation:

Vocabulary Focus

3. Match the words and phrases to their translation and make sentences: a.

5. Distinguish nouns and adjectives among these words:

Wing; environmental; particular; surface; unstable; potential; manager; configuration; various; size; equipment.

Text 1

6. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1.What are computers used for in flying the aircraft?

2.What do modern computers permit an autopilot system?

Use of Computers

Since 1960’s aircraft designers have developed computer technology in the sphere of simulating and testing aircraft under various environmental conditions prior

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to construction. As a result, a series of aircraft configurations which were unsuccessfully tested in the past can be used now in aircraft production. These include forward swept wings, canard surfaces, blended body and wings, and the refinement of specialized airfoils (wing, propeller and turbine blade).

Complementing and enhancing the use of computers in design is the use of computers on board the aircraft itself. Computers are used to test and calibrate the aircraft’s equipment in order to anticipate and correct potential problems before and during flight. Unlike the first autopilots which were devices that were simply maintained in straight and level flight, modern computers permit an autopilot system to guide an aircraft from takeoff to landing. The role of the pilot has changed from an individual who controlled the aircraft in every phase of flight to a systems manager who oversees and directs human and mechanical resources in the cockpit.

By using computers that can sense changes in flight conditions and make corrections hundreds of times a second - more accurately than any pilot – aircraft can be deliberately designed to be unstable. Wings can be given a forward sweep, and tail surfaces can be reduced in size to an absolute minimum. Airfoils can be customized not only for a particular wing or propeller but also for particular points on those components.

EXERCISES AFTER READING THE TEXT

7. Translate the following word combinations:

a. To play a key role; computer equipment; to test aircraft; to an absolute minimum; forward sweep; autopilot system; to enhance the results; from takeoff to landing; to oversee and direct human and mechanical resources; refinement of airfoils; under

various environmental conditions.

b. Хвостовая поверхность; проходить испытания; неудачно пройти испытания; реагировать на изменения; вносить исправления, делать поправку; крыло с обратной стреловидностью; вести самолёт; наблюдать и руководить человеческими и механическими ресурсами.

8. Pair work. Discuss the text using the following questions:

1.What technology have aircraft designers developed since 1960’s?

2.What can be used now in aircraft production?

3.What were the functions of the first autopilots?

4.How has the role of the autopilot changed?

5.Why can the aircraft be deliberately designed unstable?

9. Point out which sentence expresses the main idea of the text:

1.The role of the pilot has changed from an individual who controlled the aircraft in every phase of flight to a systems manager who oversees and directs human and mechanical resources in the cockpit.

2.Computers are used to test and calibrate the aircraft’s equipment in order to anticipate and correct potential problems before and during flight.

3.By using computers that can sense changes in flight conditions and make

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corrections hundreds of times a second - more accurately than any pilot – aircraft can be deliberately designed to be unstable.

10.Tell your partner about the use of computers in aircraft design. Get ready to answer your partner’s questions.

11.Write a reflection on the topic “Use of compute rs in production”.

12.Read an article about the use of computers in aircraft design and construction and abstract the article.

13.Prepare a report and a computer presentation of the article.

14.Present your report to the class. Get ready to discuss it answering questions and persisting in your opinion.

Unit 7

Slany Design

1. Read the following terms and phrases, mind their pronunciation:

Vocabulary Focus

2. Match the words and phrases to their translation and make sentences: a.