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HIV and AIDS |
infection rate in high-risk groups but its prophylactic use may accelerate emergence of drug resistance. Tenofovir has been misused as a ‘party’ pill by uninfected individuals who planned to engage in high-risk activity (Sepkowitz, 2006). The prevalence of resistance to tenofovir has increased from about 5 per cent before 1996 to at least 15 per cent between 1996 and 2003 (Masquelier et al., 2005).
For controlling the growing epidemic, some countries may have to adapt the legal and institutional environment to facilitate effective HIV prevention strategies such as condom promotion and discussions on sex-related behaviour and sexual activity. Even in the developed countries many physicians had to overcome a prudish reluctance to discuss sexual behaviour with their patients or inquire about their sexual orientation and specific practices. The AIDS epidemic has tested character, beliefs, and values and many health care personnel have matured into compassionate and caring health professionals (Gottlieb, 2001). Activism by AIDS patients has also influenced advocates for patients with diseases such as breast cancer, Parkinsonism, Alzheimer’s disease, and juvenile diabetes (Sepkowitz, 2001).
In future, an arsenal of effective ARV drugs may be available along with new vaccines and improved prevention measures (Sepkowitz, 2006). Many pharmaceutical companies have reduced the prices of ARV drugs. Unequal access to ARV treatment poses questions of social justice particularly in poor nations where people can not afford to buy drugs even at reduced prices and ultimately, unequal access may also influence adherence to treatment (Whyte et al., 2005). Extending financial support to poor nations might cost several billion dollars a year. But for the world’s wealthiest countries, these costs are not too high. However, international donor support for persons living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has been insignificant. It was about US$110 million per year from 1996 to 1998 – less than US$5 per HIV infected person in 1998 (Attaran & Sachs, 2001). In order to bring the epidemic under control, the rich nations of the world must contribute the billions of dollars needed for HIV prevention and treatment in poor countries. Controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the poor nations is in the long-term interests of the rich nations (Steinbrook & Drazen, 2001).
Efficient international mechanisms should ensure the funds are used for the intended purposes. This will require high level of cooperation among governments, NGOs, and industry (Steinbrook & Drazen, 2001). As the epidemic becomes chronic, international funding must be partly used to strengthen health care delivery systems in low-income nations. The infrastructure developed in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic could be utilised for controlling newly emerging and other neglected diseases in the developing countries (Gottlieb, 2001).
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Epilogue |
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Barlett J.G., 2002, The Johns Hopkins Hospital 2002 Guide to medical care of patients with HIV infection. 10th edn., Baltimore: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins. Cited in Palmer, 2003.
Boston.com, 2006, CDC’s revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health care settings. September 22. www.boston.com/yourlife/health/
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1981a, Pneumocystis pneumonia – Los Angeles. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 30: 250–252.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1981b, Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men – New York City and California. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 30: 305–308.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1982a, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with haemophilia. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 31: 353–354, 360–361.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1982b, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): precautions for clinical and laboratory staffs. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 31: 377–380.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1984, Summary – cases specified notifiable diseases, United States. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 33: 4–5.
Connor E.M., et al., 1994, Reduction of maternal infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 331: 1173–1180.
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Food and Drug Administration, 2006, FDA News. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. www.fda.gov. 12 July.
Glynn M., and Rhodes P., 2005, Estimated HIV prevalence in the United States at the end of 2003. Presented at the National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, 12–15 June. www.aegis.com/con- ferences/nhivpc/2005/T1-B1101.
Gottlieb M.S., 2001, AIDS – Past and future. N Engl J Med 344: 1788–1790.
Gottlieb M.S., et al., 1981, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 305: 1425–1431.
Kaiser Network, 2006, Global HIV/AIDS Timeline. www.kff.org/hivaids/timeline
Leonidas J.R., and Hyppolite N., 1983, Haiti and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Int Med 98: 1020–1021.
Masquelier B., et al., 2005, Prevalence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance and the role of resistance algorithms data from seroconverters in the CASCADE collaboration from 1987 to 2003. J AIDS 40: 505–511.
Masur H., et al., 1981, An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 305: 1431–1438.
Merson M.H., 2006, The HIV-AIDS pandemic at 25 – The global response. N Engl J Med 354: 2421–2417.
New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, 2006, Fact Sheet 158. AIDS myths and misunderstandings. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. www.aidsinfonet.org Revised 18 April 2006.
New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, 2006, Fact Sheet 206. How to spot HIV/AIDS fraud. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. www.aidsinfonet.org Revised 10 August 2006.
Nwokike J.L., 2005, Baseline data and predictors of adherence in patients on anti-retroviral therapy in Maun General Hospital, Botswana. Essential Drugs Monitor 34: 12–13.
Pallela F.J. Jr., et al., 1998, Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 238: 853–860.
Palmer C., 2003, HIV treatments and highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Austr Prescr 26 (3): 59–61.
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Sepkowitz K.A., 2001, AIDS – The first 20 years. N Engl J Med 344: 1764–1772.
Sepkowitz K.A., 2006, One disease, two epidemics – AIDS at 25. N Engl J Med 354: 2411–2414. Shafer R.W., et al., 1989, Successful prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimetho-
prim – sulfamethoxazole in AIDS patients with previous allergic reactions. J AIDS 2: 389–393. Shilts R., 1987, And the band played on – politics, people and the AIDS epidemic. New York:
St. Martin’s Press.
Siegal F.P., et al., 1981, Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 305: 1439–1444.
Steinbrook R., and Drazen J.M., 2001, AIDS – Will the next 20 years be different (Editorial). N Engl J Med 344: 1781–1782.
Stewart G.T., et al., 2000, The Durban Declaration is not accepted by all. Nature 407: 286.
Stover J., et al., 2006, The global impact of scaling up HIV/AIDS prevention programs in lowand middle-income countries. Science 311: 1474–1476.
Swarns R.L., 2001, Drug makers drop South Africa suit over AIDS medicine. New York Times. April 20: A1. Cited in: Steinbrook & Drazen, 2001.
UNAIDS, 2006, 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS. www.unaids.org UNAIDS/WHO, 2005, AIDS epidemic update. Geneva: UNAIDS-WHO, p 5.
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Whyte S.R., et al., 2005, Accessing retroviral drugs: dilemmas for families and health workers. Essent Drugs Monit 34: 14–15.
medwedi.ru
INDEX
A
Abacavir (see ART)
Acupressure (see Alternative medicine) Acupuncture (see Alternative medicine) Acyclovir 70, 172-199, 208, 209, 402 Adherence 33, 113, 190, 194, 195, 211,
212, 214, 215, 219-225, 348, 399, 403, 404
Africa, North 21
Africa, South 5, 23, 223, 340, 349, 400-402
Africa, Southern 5, 44
Africa, Sub-Saharan 3, 5, 6, 25, 59, 184, 279, 319, 324, 404
AIDS activism 395, 397
AIDS Clinical Trials Group 332 AIDS dementia 74, 81, 127, 171 AIDS-defining conditions 126, 289
candidiasis 125-127 cryptococcal meningitis 125, 127
cytomegalovirus retinitis 125, 126 herpes zoster 125
Kaposi’s sarcoma 125, 126
Penicillium marneffei 125 PGL 125
toxoplasmosis 125, 127 Alcoholism 55, 61
Allergy 27, 28, 31, 67, 72, 96, 243, 244, 255
Alternative medicine acupressure 259
acupuncture 252, 253, 258-260, 266 Ayurveda 251, 252, 254, 255, 269 Chinese 252-254, 257-260
herbal medicines 253, 269
holistic treatments 253
Jamu 253
Koryo 253 Moxibustion 259, 260
serotonin syndrome 267, 268 Siddha medicine 252, 255, 256, 269 Unani-Tibb 252, 254, 256, 257
America Latin 19, 25
North 19, 58, 262
Anaphylaxis 37, 72, 267
Anatomical factors (see Predisposing factors)
Anti-retroviral therapy (see ART) Antibody 4, 27-35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51,
67, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79-81, 108, 123, 129-138, 143, 145, 152-154, 156, 157, 162, 165, 166, 168, 175, 205, 208, 214, 218, 245, 249, 281, 282, 327, 328, 333, 362-364, 366, 398
titre 27, 32, 165, 366
Antigen 27-37, 42, 43, 47, 68, 72, 75, 77, 81, 83, 129, 130, 132-138, 140, 154-157, 167, 172, 174, 175, 187, 188, 197, 218, 232, 281, 283, 326-328, 361, 363-367, 370, 400
Antisepsis 85, 97, 98, 100, 103 Apoptosis 67, 68
Armed conflicts 7, 12, 55, 58, 61, 62 ART
Abacavir 171, 195, 211, 228, 233, 234 Anti-retroviral therapy 395 Darunavir 211, 243, 244
Efavirenz 211, 217, 220, 228, 237, 238 Enfuvirtide 211, 244, 245, 403
407
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Index |
ART (Continued )
Fusion inhibitor 211, 213, 244, 245 Indinavir 167, 211, 228, 231, 239, 264 Lamivudine 167, 211, 216, 217, 220,
228, 232, 233, 332 Nelfinavir 167, 228, 239
Nevirapine 72, 169, 171, 217, 220, 228, 236, 319, 333
NNRTI 195, 213, 216, 217, 220, 228, 233, 235, 237-239, 333
Non-nukes 213, 235, 238 NRTI 217
Nukes 213, 228, 235
Protease inhibitors 169, 183, 195, 213, 216, 228, 236, 238, 243, 244, 263, 328, 399
Ritonavir 216, 228, 240, 241 Saquinavir 228, 232, 237, 240-242, 268 Tenofovir 211, 221, 228, 246, 403, 404 Zalcitabine 173, 195, 211, 228, 232 Zidovudine 72, 167, 169, 171-173, 214,
217, 220, 228-234, 236, 237, 239, 242, 247, 384, 398
Asia
Central 17, 18
East 20, 196
South 6, 7, 184, 339 South-East 6, 44, 184, 339
Assessment community 315, 316 operational 313, 316
organisational 313, 316 Australia, HIV situation 22, 23, 44,
58, 280
Autoclave 91-94, 207, 153
Autoimmune disorders 67, 76, 77, 133, 174 Ayurveda (see Alternative medicine)
B
Baltic states 18
Bangladesh, HIV situation 8, 277, 396 Barrier nursing (see Nursing, barrier) BCG vaccine 183, 196, 197
Beach boys 15
Behavioural factors (see Predisposing factors)
Behavioural surveillance 287, 289 Bhutan, HIV situation 8
Biological factors 55, 57
Biomedical waste 85, 90, 96, 110, 115, 116, 282
Blood banking 395, 399, 400
Breast feeding options 308, 368 (see also Infant feeding options)
Brunei, Sultanate of 22
Burnout 177, 180, 311
C
Cambodia, HIV situation 8, 9, 64 Caribbean, HIV situation 5, 6, 25 Caucasus, HIV situation 18
CD system 27, 34 Cells
CD4 35, 49, 58, 67-70, 80, 129-131, 171, 187, 191, 208, 211, 213-220, 229, 232, 233, 242, 245, 248, 249, 259
CD8 68, 77, 130, 131, 187, 191, 249, 256
Natural Killer 27, 32, 72 Null 32, 35
Suppressor 27, 35, 58 China
Aizibing 387, 388 CARES 389
Comprehensive AIDS Response 389 Four Frees and One Care Policy 387,
388
HIV situation 387-393 Chinese medicine (see Alternative
medicine)
Clinical case definitions 123-125 Cluster testing 275, 278
Commercial sex workers 7, 9, 15, 56, 57, 300, 375, 383, 390-392
Complement system 27, 32, 38 Condom
promotion 8, 63, 202, 275, 278, 279, 284, 350, 368, 373, 376, 391, 402, 404
demonstration 279, 376
use 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13-16, 18, 21, 24, 56-58, 217, 247, 276, 277-279, 280, 284, 297, 299, 302, 313, 315, 337, 338, 350, 351, 377, 379, 383-385, 387, 389-392, 403
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Index
Confidentiality 21, 109, 112, 139, 203, 277, 278, 289-291, 297, 299, 301, 302, 304-306, 311, 313, 315, 317, 319, 337-339, 342-347, 349, 355, 356, 375, 376, 403
shared 297, 299, 302, 313, 315, 337, 338
Contact tracing 275, 278, 297, 305 Counseling,
crisis 299 empathy 300 evaluation 310 food safety 304
HIV-related 297, 299 international travel 305 nutrition 303
partner 278, 299, 305-309 personal hygiene 304
post-test counselling 298-302, 308, 314, 315, 317, 318, 356, 380
pre-test 109, 140, 166, 297, 299, 301, 317, 318
recording 310
safer sex 55, 60, 202, 275, 277, 280, 297, 304, 368, 375, 391
special situations 297, 307 vaccination 305
D
D value 85-88 Darunavir (see ART)
Declaration of Helsinki 337, 346, 348, 349
Declaration, Jakarta 55, 64 Decontamination of spills 85, 101, 103,
109, 112, 164
Denial (see Psychological reactions) Depression (see Pychological reactions) Dichotomy (see Psychological reactions) Disinfection 85-88, 93, 96, 97, 100-103,
105, 107, 109, 275, 282 survivor curve 85-87
Doha Agreement 400 Donor support 404 Drugs
generic 222, 384
injecting use 6, 7, 9-12, 14-17, 19, 20, 23, 55, 60, 280, 381, 385, 389, 390
409
interactions 195, 216, 228, 231, 240, 242, 245, 251, 254, 267
use 6, 7, 9-12, 15-17, 19, 20, 23, 55, 60, 72, 280, 329, 381, 385, 389, 390, 395, 396, 400
Dual infection
E
Education, family life 56, 337, 341 Efavirenz (see ART)
Elective caesarean section (see Mode of delivery)
Enfuvirtide (see ART)
Epidemic Projection Package 287, 290 Epidemiological surveillance 287, 288 Estimate
point 16
range 3, 4, 287, 293 Europe, Eastern 17, 25 Euthanasia 337, 346, 347 Exposure code 161, 164, 165
F
Family
life education (see Social factors) of choice 307, 355, 356
planning 61, 62, 281, 283, 302, 308, 313-329, 376
Fiji, HIV situation 22
Food and Drug Administration 70, 221, 243, 244, 246, 395, 398, 401
Frustration (see Psychological reactions)
Fusion inhibitor (see ART)
G
Gays (see also MSM) 177, 178, 281, 384, 391
Ghon focus 183, 187 Global prevalence 3
Global Programme on AIDS 283, 395, 400
Global response 395, 400 Groups
high-risk see high-risk groups mutual aid 355, 358
peer support 357, 359
Guilt (see Psychological reactions)
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Index |
H
Hand washing 85, 99, 107, 109-111, 114, 117, 161
Handling dead bodies 85, 112 Harm reduction 12, 13, 24, 275, 280,
381, 389
Needle exchange programmes 12, 280, 390, 396
Health providers attitudes 355
continuing education 355 Herbal medicine 251, 253, 269 Herd structure 27, 36
High-risk groups 7, 12, 13, 17, 20, 55, 162, 186, 246, 276, 278, 281, 287-289, 292-294, 316, 317, 323, 325, 339, 350, 351, 366, 368, 375, 377-379, 382-385, 389, 390, 397, 402, 404
HIV status code 161, 164, 165
HIV-1 3, 4, 39, 40, 43-45, 50, 51, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 145, 161, 173, 215, 221, 224, 229, 230, 233, 235, 277, 280, 326-328, 330, 361, 364, 365, 367, 368, 370, 376
HIV-2 3, 39-41, 43, 45, 46, 50, 130, 133, 134, 136, 139, 161, 229, 230, 280, 376
HIV-related headache 171, 174 HIV
clades 43, 44
co-receptor 32, 35, 42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 67-69, 363
in women (see Women, HIV) lentivirus 39
origin 3, 50
replication 35, 49, 193, 266, 362, 365 sub-types 43-45, 74, 361, 367, 370 testing policy 140, 292, 293, 370 testing protocols 139, 140
testing strategies 140 variants 43, 281
Home care 307, 309, 398 Homosexuality
female (see WSW) male (see MSM)
Homosexuals, closet 178
Human immuno-deficiency virus (see HIV)
Human rights (see Issues) Hypersensitivity 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 71-74,
187, 188, 235, 266
I
Immune reconstitution syndrome 195, 196, 217
Immunity
active 27-29, 31, 32, 368 cell-mediated 34, 38, 71, 72, 76, 130,
187, 188, 192, 326, 364, 365 herd 36, 37
humoral 27, 36, 38, 72, 367 natural 27, 363
passive 31 Immunodeficiency
acquired 3, 396 congenital 38
Immunoglobulin 27-31, 35, 111, 134, 165-167
India
community response 380 corporate response 373 Devadasi belt 24, 59
high-prevalence states 287, 292, 294 HIV situation 373-382 moderate-prevalence states 294 vaccine trials 370
Indinavir (see ART)
Indonesia, HIV situation 6, 9, 10, 15, 22, 44, 385
Infant feeding options 308, 323, 331 Infections
control 85, 87, 96, 116, 373 opportunistic 38, 47, 67, 69-71, 77,
79-82, 112, 129-131, 179, 180, 184, 193, 212, 217, 219, 229, 249, 256, 275, 283, 303, 307, 357, 377, 378, 381
primary 49, 67, 68, 131, 138, 156, 187, 188, 325
Information
access 58, 191, 356
education and communication 275 Initiative, ‘3 by 5’ 401
Injecting drug use 6, 7, 9-12, 15-17, 19, 20, 23, 55, 280, 381, 385, 389, 390
International funding 404
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Index |
411 |
Iran, HIV situation 10, 222, 341 Isolation (see Psychological reactions) Issues
ethics 339, 340
human rights 3, 109, 337-340 legal 180, 309
J
Jakarta declaration (see Declaration, Jakarta)
Jamu (see Alternative medicine) 251, 253
Japan, HIV situation
K
Korea, HIV situation 20, 21
Koryo (see Alternative medicine) 251, 253
L
Lamivudine (see ART) Langhan’s giant cells 183, 187 Lao PDR, HIV situation 283
Legislation (see Issues) 14, 290, 306, 311, 316, 340, 341, 348, 382
Linked testing 287, 288 Liposomes, stealth 361 Long-term non-progressors 79, 82 Lymphocytes
B- 31, 34, 36, 47, 75, 363
CD4 67, 138, 145, 191-193 CD8 67, 77
T- 33-37, 40, 42, 46, 67, 72, 131, 137, 215, 245, 246, 248, 249, 363
M
Malaysia, HIV situation 10, 11, 222 Maldives, HIV situation 11 Malignancies 38, 40, 47, 67, 74-76, 81,
82, 127, 129, 130, 133, 186, 200, 217-219
Mantoux test 34, 188, 283 Marginalised groups 57, 107, 307, 342,
356, 395
Medical termination of pregnancy 145, 329
Men having sex with men (see MSM) Migrant workers 7, 8, 11, 14, 344, 378,
381, 392
Migration 6, 9, 13, 36, 40, 45, 51, 58, 59, 61, 72, 76, 185, 186
Mode of delivery 330 Mongolia, HIV situation 11 Mononeuritis multiplex 174
Moxibustion (see Alternative medicine) 259, 260
MSM 10, 19, 14, 23, 57, 58, 60, 166, 178, 277, 283, 287, 293, 294, 300, 350, 368, 378, 385, 391
MTCT 8, 18, 49, 282, 290, 303, 308, 314, 325-330, 348, 349, 352, 368, 379, 384, 388, 392
estimation 323
Myanmar, HIV situation 3, 6, 12, 44, 184 Myopathy 173, 230
Myths (see Social factors) 55, 278, 301
N
Named case reporting 287, 289, 291, 345 Natural calamities 7, 61
Needle exchange programmes (see Harm reduction)
Needle stick injuries 48, 111, 132, 153, 162, 338
Nelfinavir (see ART)
Nepal, HIV situation 8, 13, 280 Nevirapine (see ART)
NNRTI (see ART) Non-nukes (see ART) NRTI (see ART) Nukes (see ART) Nursing
barrier 85, 107 cohort 107 task 107
O
Oceania, HIV situation 22 Oncogenic viruses 75, 76 Opportunisitic infections
Candidiasis 69, 71, 72, 125-127, 147, 148, 199, 202, 215, 218, 219, 263 Herpes zoster 69, 70, 80, 81, 125, 127
Kaposi’s sarcoma 41, 74-76, 81, 125-127, 396
Molluscum contagiosum 71, 127, 200
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Index |
Opportunisitic infections (Continued ) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 40, 74,
75, 81
Pneumocystis pneumonia 41, 70, 126, 266, 283, 395, 396, 399
Oral hairy leukoplakia 79, 80, 126, 127 Organisations
online 358
patient support 355, 358-360, 380 peer support 300, 358, 359
Out-of-school youth (see Youth) 185, 284, 313, 320, 377, 392
P
Pakistan, HIV situation 6, 13, 14
Papua New Guinea 6, 22 Participation bias 287, 288, 293 Partner management 203, 275, 278 Peer pressure 57, 61, 392 PEPFAR 282, 401
Peripheral neuropathy 74, 127, 173, 195, 231, 232, 234, 247, 261
Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy 80, 81, 123
Personal protective equipment 85, 113 Philippines, HIV situation 6, 15, 184 Physician-assisted suicide 237 Pneumocystis pneumonia 41, 70, 126, 266,
283, 395, 396, 399 Point estimate 4, 287, 293
Post-exposure prophylaxis 161, 166, 211 Predisposing factors
anatomical 191 behavioural 191
Prevalence, region-wise 3 Progressors
rapid 79 typical 79, 162
Protease inhibitors (see ART) Providers, impact 180 Psychological reactions
anger 178, 179 denial 178, 179 depression 178-180 dichotomy 178 frustration 178 guilt 178
isolation 178, 181
secrecy 179 withdrawal 178
R
Range estimate 4, 287, 293 Red ribbon 398
Referral 214, 281, 301, 302, 307, 309, 310, 315, 318, 319, 355, 356, 360
Reproductive tract infections 143, 146, 200
Retrovirus 39-42, 396
Ritonavir (see ART)
Russia, HIV situation 11, 17, 18, 44, 370, 396, 401
S
Safer sex (see Counselling) Saquinavir (see ART)
Second generation surveillance 289 Secrecy (see also Psychological reactions)
338, 345
Seizures 74, 171, 174, 175 Sensory neuropathy 173
Seroconversion illness 67, 79-81, 162, 166, 171, 174, 205
Serotonin syndrome (see Alternative medicine) 267, 268
Sex
brothel-based 7, 8, 10, 15, 24, 284, 385
commercial 5-10, 12, 13, 15-17, 20, 24, 56-59, 283, 300, 316, 375, 383-385, 390-392
education 55, 56, 337, 402 non-brothel based 8, 15, 385 receptive 48
safer 55, 60, 202, 275, 277, 280, 304, 375, 391
workers 7-16, 20, 23, 24, 56, 57, 277, 281, 283, 284, 292, 294, 300, 314, 323, 339, 341, 368, 375, 377, 378, 380, 383, 385, 390-392
Sexually transmitted infections (see STIs)
Siddha medicine (see Alternative medicine) 252, 255, 256, 269
Slim disease 79, 81, 126 Social discrimination 178
medwedi.ru
Index
Social factors 36, 55
Social precursors 5, 55, 395, 400 Social stigma 3, 7, 177, 179, 186, 338,
339, 342, 345, 355, 381, 402 Social support 62, 177, 178, 180, 291,
298-300, 302, 307, 324,
355-357, 380
Socio-political environment 55, 290 Source client 278, 305, 306, 309, 310 Sri Lanka, HIV situation 6, 15 Statistics, global 11
Sterilisation 85-88, 91-98, 100, 105, 109, 375
STIs
aetiological approach 199 Chancre 152, 204 Chancroid 60, 199, 205-207 clinical approach 201
Genital warts 199, 200, 203, 209 Gonorrhoea 12, 58, 60, 145, 146, 149,
199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 278, 304, 305
Granuloma inguinale 199, 207 Herpes genitalis 60, 199, 203, 208 Lymphogranuloma venereum 199, 207 syndromic approach 199, 201-203 Syphilis 7, 12, 60, 123, 133, 143,
152-157, 172, 175, 199, 200,
203-206, 278, 280, 305, 324, 376, 397, 400
Surveillance behavioural 289
case definitions 123-125, 291 definition
Bangui 124
Caracas 124 epidemiological 288 second generation 289
sentinel 8, 23, 125, 184, 223, 288, 290, 292, 293, 376, 377, 379
T
Targeted interventions 24, 275, 283, 284, 375, 377-379
Tenofovir (see ART)
Tests, E/R/S 123, 125, 129-132, 135, 140, 287, 292
Thailand
413
100% condom programme 383-385 HIV situation 9, 16, 24, 44, 63, 64,
184, 222 Tipping point 3, 12 Transmission
blood-borne 16, 280, 281, 379, 390 intrapartum (see also MTCT) 323,
326-328, 330
intrauterine (see also MTCT) 323, 326
mother-to-child (see MTCT) percutaneous 44, 108, 152, 162 perinatal 348, 351, 384, 392 postnatal (see also MTCT) 327, 348,
351, 384, 392
sexual 6, 14, 21, 48, 144, 199, 200, 277, 389, 390, 396
transplacental (see also MTCT) 31, 139, 205, 229, 323
vertical (see also MTCT) 325 Treatment
adherence (see Adherence) anti-retroviral 395 HAART 395, 398, 399, 403
Truck drivers 24, 283, 377 Tubercle 185, 187-189, 197 Tuberculosis
adult 188 ART in 212
childhood 188, 196
DOTS 183, 189-191, 194, 195, 307 granuloma 37, 187, 188 multi-drug resistant 183, 190, 197,
194, 195
post-primary infection 188, 189, 193 primary infection 187, 188
RNTCP 183, 190, 194, 307
U
Ukraine, HIV situation 17, 18, 398 UNAIDS, role 305, 332, 385, 387, 400 Unani-Tibb (see Alternative medicine) Universal biosafety precautions 85, 107,
112, 163, 275, 281, 282, 357 Unlinked anonymous testing 139, 287,
288, 292
Unnamed case reporting 287, 289, 291, 345