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Generation of Discourse

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Generation of Discourse:

NECESSARY CONDITIONS [Y.A. Levitsky]

Conditions

Condition (parameter) is a indicator that may be a part of different type of speech and take any “value”, but remains unchanged within one and same type of speech.

Speaker is the main parameter

2

the communication partners the situation of communication the subject of the speech

the purpose of communication

the form of communication

the lack of time

3

The Communication Partners

It is a very general parameter → must be divided into parameters:

the speaker the partners

the number of partners

• two (dialogue) / more than two (polylogue)

the presence of partners

• presence / absence

general characteristics representation type

sub-

not quantitative, but functional

gender, age, nationality, marital status, place of residence, health, physical limitations, social status, profession, post, education, character traits, temper, manner of speech

General Characteristics of the

4

 

Speaker

 

focus on himself/herself — how the speakers represent themselves to themselves, the recipient or the listener;

focus on the recipient — how the speaker adjusts to the recipient;

focus on the listener — how the speaker takes into account the presence of other persons;

focus of the third party — those who is absent in the situation, but can be in the sphere of interests of the speaker or the listener;

focus on reality — reference

focus on propositional content — differs from the previous one, because propositions are not the fact of reality, but reflect it with the help of language

focus on linguistic means — the choice of the most appropriate means

5

Representation Type of the Speaker

The speaker may represent himself/herself, any collective, or an administrative formation (country).

The main characteristic of the speaker is the focus on the listener.

The listener:

the degree of activity: active / passive.

The relationships between the communication partners:

partners’ ranks: equal / not equal;

the degree of intimacy: informal / formal.

6

The Situation of Communication

General character (normal / not normal).

natural spoken dialogue

indirect communication

and monologue

(phone talking)

Feedback (presence: full, partial / absence).

spoken dialogue

spoken monologue

7

The Subject of Speech

The subject somehow influences the character of chosen linguistic means, but the close examination of it is unnecessary, because it is quite hard to evaluate different subjects quantitatively.

In general: absence / presence of the subject (casual everyday conversation).

8

The Purpose of Communication

practical communication

appeal, persuasion

special presentation

official

scientific

utilitarian

informative

stimulating

instructing

didactic [B. Havránek, Л. Гобин]

9

The Form of Communication

imaginative (belles-letters): lyric / dramatic / epic;

not imaginative: unregulated / regulated (strictly / not strictly).

natural dialogue

interview

interrogation

 

 

 

10

The Lack of Time

It characterizes only spontaneous natural everyday dialogue.

The spontaneous dialogue is mainly conducted with the help of usual clichés.

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