Chaudhri - Oil Well Testing Handbook
.pdfContents ix
4.4Late Transient Analysis – Bounded (Developed)
Reservoirs .............................................................. |
111 |
4.5Semi-steady-state Analysis – Reservoir Limit
|
Test ........................................................................ |
115 |
4.6 |
Two-rate Flow Test Analysis ................................. |
121 |
4.7 |
Variable-rate Flow Tests ....................................... |
129 |
4.8 |
Multi-rate Flow Test Analysis ................................ |
137 |
4.9 |
Drawdown Rate Normalization Methods .............. |
146 |
4.10 |
Summary ............................................................... |
150 |
References ......................................................................... |
151 |
|
Additional Reading ............................................................. |
151 |
5.Pressure Buildup Analysis Techniques for Oil
Wells |
....................................................................... |
153 |
5.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
153 |
5.2 |
Ideal Pressure Buildup Test .................................. |
153 |
5.3 |
Actual Buildup Tests – Infinite Reservoir .............. |
156 |
5.4Pressure Buildup Test Analysis in Infinite-acting
Reservoir ............................................................... |
157 |
5.5Pressure Buildup Testing Methods for Finite
|
(Bounded) Reservoir ............................................. |
176 |
5.6 |
Multiphase Buildup Test Analysis ......................... |
194 |
5.7 |
Afterflow Analysis Using Russel’s Technique ....... |
199 |
5.8Pressure Buildup Tests Preceded by Two
|
Different Flow Rates .............................................. |
201 |
5.9 |
Variable-rate Pressure Buildup Analysis ............... |
206 |
5.10 |
Multi-phase, Multi-rate Buildup Analysis ............... |
210 |
5.11Rate Normalization Techniques and Procedures
(Pressure Buildup Data) ........................................ |
214 |
5.12 Summary ............................................................... |
231 |
References and Additional Reading .................................. |
232 |
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6.Original and Average Reservoir Pressure
Estimation Methods .............................................. |
234 |
6.1 Introduction ............................................................ |
234 |
6.2Original Reservoir Pressure in Infinite
Reservoirs .............................................................. |
234 |
6.3Estimating Average and Initial Reservoir
Pressure ................................................................ |
235 |
6.4Estimating Constant Pressure at Aquifer in
|
Water-drive Reservoirs .......................................... |
244 |
6.5 |
Summary ............................................................... |
252 |
References and Additional Reading .................................. |
252 |
7.Well Testing Methods for Naturally Fractured
Reservoirs .............................................................. |
254 |
|
7.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
254 |
7.2 |
Identification of Natural Fractures ......................... |
254 |
7.3Characteristics of Naturally Fractured
Reservoirs .............................................................. |
255 |
7.4Typical Pressure Drawdown Behavior Curve
|
Shapes ................................................................... |
255 |
7.5 |
Pressure Buildup Behavior Characteristics .......... |
256 |
7.6Well Test Interpretation Methods, Uses, and
Limitations .............................................................. |
257 |
7.7Buildup Analysis Techniques for Tight Reservoir
Matrix ..................................................................... |
270 |
7.8Interpretation of Interference Tests in Matrix and
Fractured Reservoirs ............................................. |
275 |
7.9Horizontal Well Pressure Behavior Curve
Shapes ................................................................... |
278 |
7.10Horizontal Well Production Forecasting – Dual-
porosity Reservoir .................................................. |
284 |
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xi |
7.11 Summary ............................................................... |
285 |
References and Additional Reading .................................. |
285 |
8.Fundamentals of Type Curve Matching
Methods for Oil Wells ............................................ |
287 |
|
8.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
287 |
8.2 |
Application to Conventional Tests ......................... |
287 |
8.3 |
Fracture Type Curve Matching Techniques .......... |
313 |
8.4 |
Type Curves – Horizontal Fractured Oil Wells ...... |
329 |
8.5 |
Summary ............................................................... |
337 |
References and Additional Reading .................................. |
338 |
9.Flow Regime Identification and Analysis Using
Special Methods .................................................... |
339 |
|
9.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
339 |
9.2 |
Fracture Linear Flow Period .................................. |
339 |
9.3 |
Bilinear Flow .......................................................... |
341 |
9.4 |
Formation Linear Flow ........................................... |
345 |
9.5 |
Pseudo-radial Flow ................................................ |
346 |
9.6 |
Type Curve Matching Methods ............................. |
346 |
9.7 |
Summary ............................................................... |
356 |
References ......................................................................... |
357 |
|
Additional Reading ............................................................. |
357 |
|
10. Application of Pressure Derivative in Oil Well |
|
|
Test Analysis ......................................................... |
359 |
|
10.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
359 |
10.2Pressure Derivative Applications in Well Test
|
Analysis .................................................................. |
359 |
10.3 |
Pressure Derivative Analysis Methods ................. |
359 |
10.4 |
Fractured Reservoir Systems ................................ |
365 |
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xiiContents
10.5Pressure Derivative Trends for Other Common
|
Flow Regimes ........................................................ |
370 |
10.6 |
Summary ............................................................... |
371 |
References ......................................................................... |
371 |
|
Additional Reading ............................................................. |
371 |
|
11. Massive Hydraulic-fractured Oil Well Behavior |
|
|
Analysis .................................................................. |
372 |
|
11.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
372 |
11.2 |
Methods of Evaluating MHF Oil Wells .................. |
372 |
11.3 |
Analyzing Infinite Flow Capacity Fractures ........... |
372 |
11.4 |
Analyzing Finite Flow Capacity Fractures ............. |
373 |
11.5Estimating Formation Characteristics of Finite
Conductivity Fractures ........................................... |
378 |
11.6Pretreatment Testing of Hydraulically Fractured
|
Candidate .............................................................. |
384 |
11.7 |
Summary ............................................................... |
385 |
References ......................................................................... |
386 |
|
Additional Reading ............................................................. |
386 |
|
12. Drill-stem Testing Methods .................................. |
387 |
|
12.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
387 |
12.2 |
DST Equipment and Operational Procedures ...... |
388 |
12.3Recommended Flow and Shut-in Time for Drill-
stem Tests ............................................................. |
389 |
12.4 Troubleshooting DST Pressure Charts ................. |
390 |
12.5Checking Validity and Consistency of Reporting
DST Data ............................................................... |
391 |
12.6 Estimation of Average Flow Rate .......................... |
392 |
12.7DST Analysis Methods, Uses, and Limitations ..... 396
12.8 Wireline Formation Test Data Evaluation ............. |
414 |
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Contents |
xiii |
12.9 |
Summary ............................................................... |
427 |
References and Additional Reading .................................. |
427 |
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13. Interference and Pulse Test Analysis Methods .... |
429 |
|
13.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
429 |
13.2 |
Interference Test Analysis Techniques ................. |
429 |
13.3 |
Analysis of Pulse Test Pressure Response .......... |
434 |
13.4Vertical Pulse Test Design and Analysis
|
Methods ................................................................. |
445 |
13.5 |
Design and Analysis of Unequal Pulses ............... |
448 |
13.6 |
Summary ............................................................... |
462 |
References ......................................................................... |
462 |
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Additional Reading ............................................................. |
462 |
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14. Injection Well Transient Testing and Analysis |
... 463 |
|
14.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
463 |
14.2 |
Injectivity Test Analysis Methods .......................... |
463 |
14.3 |
Pressure Fall-off Test Analysis Methods .............. |
475 |
14.4 |
Two-rate Injectivity Test Analysis .......................... |
492 |
14.5 |
Step-rate Injectivity Testing Technique ................. |
496 |
14.6 |
Summary ............................................................... |
502 |
References ......................................................................... |
502 |
|
Additional Reading ............................................................. |
503 |
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15. Well Testing Methods in Multilayered Oil |
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|
Reservoir Systems ................................................ |
504 |
|
15.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
504 |
15.2Identification of Layered Oil Reservoir Systems ... 504
15.3Analyzing Pressure Behavior in Multilayered
Systems ................................................................. |
505 |
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xivContents
15.4Concept of Reservoir Layer Fracture
Conductivity ........................................................... |
509 |
15.5Pressure Production Performance Response
Equations ............................................................... |
510 |
15.6Investigating Degree of Communication and
Type of Crossflow .................................................. |
512 |
15.7Pressure Buildup Characteristics in Layered
Reservoir Systems ................................................ |
512 |
15.8Pressure Analysis Methods for Oil Wells
Producing Commingled Zones .............................. |
514 |
15.9Factors Affecting Multilayered Reservoir
|
Performance .......................................................... |
520 |
15.10 |
Economic Aspects of Interlayer Crossflow ............ |
521 |
15.11 |
Summary ............................................................... |
521 |
References and Additional Reading .................................. |
521 |
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16. Pressure Analysis Methods in Heterogeneous |
|
|
Oil Reservoir Systems .......................................... |
523 |
|
16.1 |
Introduction ............................................................ |
523 |
16.2 |
Effect of Pressure on Rock Properties .................. |
523 |
16.3 |
Major Causes of Heterogeneities .......................... |
524 |
16.4Pressure Responses near No Flow Boundaries ... 524
16.5Effect of Hydraulic Diffusivity on Reservoir
Behavior ................................................................. |
534 |
16.6Simple Procedures and Guidelines to Estimate
Reservoir Heterogeneity Properties ...................... |
536 |
16.7General Approach to Estimate Fracture Trends
or Heterogeneity .................................................... |
536 |
16.8Determination of Reservoir Parameters and
Fracture Orientations ............................................. |
536 |
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Contents xv
16.9Defining Reservoir Heterogeneity by Multiple-
well Tests ............................................................... |
539 |
|
16.10 Method for Calculating Fracture Orientation ......... |
555 |
|
16.11 Estimating Two-dimensional Permeability with |
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|
Vertical Interference Testing ................................. |
556 |
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16.12 Application of Pulse Tests to Describe Reservoir |
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|
Heterogeneity ........................................................ |
561 |
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16.13 Validity of Various Models and Steps Used to |
|
|
Obtain Reservoir Description ................................ |
573 |
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16.14 Summary ............................................................... |
574 |
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References and Additional Reading .................................. |
574 |
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Appendices |
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Appendix A: Conversion Factors between Unit Systems ........ |
577 |
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Appendix B: Correlation Tables and Dimensionless |
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Functions .............................................................. |
585 |
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References and Additional Reading ................ |
594 |
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Appendix C: Pressure Drop through Vertical, Inclined, and |
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Horizontal Oil Wells .............................................. |
595 |
|
C.1 |
Hagedorn and Brown Method ................. |
596 |
C.2 |
Beggs and Brill Method ........................... |
602 |
References and Additional Reading ................ |
606 |
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Appendix D: Oil and Water PVT Properties and Correlation |
|
|
Equations ............................................................. |
607 |
|
D.1 |
Oil PVT Properties and Correlations ....... |
608 |
D.2 |
Solution Gas-oil Ratio ............................. |
612 |
D.3 |
Oil Formation Volume Factor .................. |
613 |
D.4 |
Total Formation Volume Factor ............... |
616 |
D.5 |
Oil Density .............................................. |
616 |
D.6 |
Oil Viscosity ............................................ |
618 |
D.7 |
Oil Compressibility .................................. |
622 |
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xvi Contents |
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D.8 Reservoir Rock Properties ...................... |
623 |
D.9 Reservoir PVT Water Properties ............. |
624 |
References and Additional Reading ................ |
639 |
Nomenclature ................................................................ |
640 |
Bibliography .................................................................. |
645 |
Index ............................................................................... |
661 |
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