XIII. Find the description of hypertext operation.

XIV. Find the information about the connection between the number of users and the Internet transmission rate.

XV. Translate passage 2 into Russian.

3.3. Многофункциональные слова

Multifunctional Words

3.3.1. Признаки распознавания функций и значений that (this, these, those)

1 союз

that + придаточное предложение (C+CК) = что

The research has shown that Web user should be informed of the security measures used by the site.

2 союзное слово

that + сказуемое (СК) = который

A device that functions as both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver.

3 слово-заместитель

that/those + of/причастие (Participle II)/прилагательное = переводится

существительным, которое заменяет

This is new measuring equipment, its accuracy is much higher than that of the old one.

4 указательное местоимение

that (this, these, those) + существительное = тот, та, то (этот, эти, те)

At that time, computers were also becoming an increasingly important scientific tool.

I. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word “that”. Give its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences.

1.That x is more x than that xed in our x.

2.The xs have been xing to x x that are ever xer to x.

3.Xs that have x x of xed xx are xing to x their x into xs.

4.The x has xed that x x should be xed of the x xs xed by the x.

II.Define the functions and meanings of the words in bold. Give their Russian equivalents.

1.Security is a critical issue that almost everyone of us deals with. 2. To prove this law experimentally is very difficult. 3. The television audio signals are received by equipment similar to that used in other forms of radio. 4. These projects have not been put into effect yet. 5. The word semiconductor means rather generally a material which has electrical conductivity half-way between that of a metallic conductor, and that of an insulator. 6. The transistor consists of an emitter that supplies electrons, a collector that collects the electrons, and a base that controls the flow of electrons. 7. Research in these fields has led to the development of transistors, ICs, lasers and optical fibres. 8. These

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objects, called applets, follow a set of instructions written by the person that programmed the applet.

III. Compare the functions and the meanings of the words in bold. Give the Russian equivalents of the sentences.

1.а) On that day the radiotelegraphy was converted from abstract theoretical problem into a real fact. b) Computers are devices that are capable of very rapid and accurate calculations.

2.a) Those transceivers relay information to each other via radio signals.

b)The first solar battery operated with semiconductor crystals similar to those used in transistors.

3.a) We know that light waves pass through glass more easily than heat waves. b) The antenna for the receiver is constructed in the same manner as that for the transmitter.

4.a) Since that time Maxwell wrote a great number of works which were the results of his experiments and calculations. b) The atoms and molecules that make up all forms of matter are in constant thermal motion.

IV. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

1. These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory. 2. A wide area network (WAN) is a network that connects computers over a large geographical area. 3. The robots became so intelligent that they revolted. 4. Natural rubber is of higher quality than that produced artificially. 5. These factors taken together ensure high production efficiency. 6. This scientific discovery was the result of six years research. 7. Current research in information processing deals with programs that enable a computer to understand written or spoken information. 8. Organizations that have large amounts of printed information are working to transfer their information into databases.

3.3.2. Признаки распознавания функций и значений after

1 подчинительный coюз

after + придаточное предложение (C+CК) = после того, как

After the new device had been tested it was installed in our laboratory. I found the message after he had left.

2 предлог

after + существительное/местоимение/герундий = после

They left the laboratory after finishing the experiment.

3 наречие

after . (конец предложения) = потом, затем

In 1948 Bardeen and Brattain invented the point-contact transistor and Shockley invented the junction transistor shortly after.

I. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word after. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences.

1. After the x the x xed in the x for a x.

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2.After the x x did the x the x xed the x in the x.

3.The x xed the x after the x had done the x of x.

4.The x x did the x after seven.

II.Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word after. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence.

1.A year after the failure of the experiment they were ready to repeat it. 2. After the positive charge reached a certain value, placing a greater positive charge on the plate had no further effect. 3. After another stage of amplification the current is strong enough to operate the powerful loud speaker. 4. Users can access and search the information using the Web, either for free or after paying a fee. 5. In 1968

Niklaus Wirth, a professor in Zürich, Switzerland, created Pascal, which he named after 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. 6. But after the programs are completed, they are stored on relatively inexpensive media such as CD-ROMs that can be easily copied. 7. Release the product for use or for sale after it has passed all its tests and has been verified to meet all its requirements.

III.Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

1.On-demand scanners usually detect a virus only after the infection has occurred and that is why they are considered reactive. 2. Checksumming uses mathematical calculations to compare the state of executable programs before and after they are run. 3. External memory consists of storage on peripheral devices that are slower than internal memories but offer lower cost and the ability to hold data after the computer’s power has been turned off. 4. After a user makes a request, the user waits for the information to be displayed. 5. For this reason, cache entries need to be deleted after some period of time. 6. After all, switched networks can be cabled together and then configured into many logical topologies.

3.3.3.Признаки распознавания функций и значений as

1 подчинительный coюз

As + придаточное предложение (C+CК) = 1) так как; поскольку;

2) когда; пока; в то время как

3) как; также как и; аналогично

1)As this question is of utmost importance, we will discuss it at once.

2)As you walk round a hologram, it changes, as if it were real.

3)Satellite systems do not require the construction of intermediate repeater stations, as do ground-based microwave systems.

2 предлог

As + существительное/местоимение = как, в качестве

In a digital signal the information is encoded as a set of discrete values.

This gifted scientist works as director of the newly established research institute.

As входит в состав некоторых составных союзов и наречий: as if – как будто, as to – что касается, относительно, as though – как будто, as for – что касается, as long as – пока, as soon as – как только, as well – тоже, также, as well as – также как и.

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I. Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word as. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction. Model these sentences.

1.My xs x as x.

2.The x xs in the x as the x is xed by x.

3.As the x is the x the xs x for x.

4.In x the x is xed as a x.

5.His x xs in the x as well.

II.Define the functions and meanings of the multifunctional word as. Name its features as a subordinating conjunction of the complex sentence.

1.We tap into the electromagnetic spectrum with our communications devices and use the electromagnetic energy as a communications tool. 2. As the knowledge about nanomaterials accumulated, they find more and more application in different spheres of our life. 3. As bridges are protocol-independent, they are faster because they do not have to deal with protocol reading. 4. Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology in use today as it offers a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation. 5. The amount of information on the Web continues to grow rapidly, as does the number of users around the world and the amount of online commerce. 6. As personal computers became faster and more powerful in the late 1980s, software developers discovered that they were able to write programs as large and as sophisticated as those previously run only on mainframes. 7. As computers become more efficient and artificial intelligence programs become more sophisticated, robots will be able to perform more difficult and more humanlike tasks.

III. Compare the compound conjunctions and adverbs by their form and meaning. Define the similarities and differences between them.

1. As long as this link is in place, the cell has a value of 1. 2. In order for the alternate reality to be effective, people must feel immersed in it, not merely as if they are viewing it on a screen. 3. As to the question of how a node detects a failure, there are a couple of different answers. 4. By the early 21st century, sending text messages was almost as popular as voice connections. 5. Applications programmers write commercial programs to be used by businesses and other organizations as well as in the home. 6. This phenomenon was the result of several other factors as well. 7. The Checksum field is used in exactly the same way as for UDP. 8. As soon as the difference becomes too large, a new reference symbol is selected.

IV. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

1. Meanwhile, mobile communications became the growth driver in telecommunications as millions of people took up the use of portable phones. 2. As more users sought broadband interconnections to enable shifting audio and video files, Internet service providers (ISPs) came under pressure to limit network access and transmission speeds so as to help keep communications moving. 3. Because ROM is actually a combination of hardware (microchips) and software (programs), it is often referred to as firmware. 4. The Internet flourished in the late 1980s as most

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