- •Parts of speech Speak on the problem Notional and functional parts
- •Categor. Of Verb Speak on grammatical categories of tense, voice and aspect.
- •3. Noun, its grammatical categories
- •4. Levels and units of language.
- •5. Style, norm context expressive means stylistic device. Types of context
- •6. Hyperbole хайпЁбели, meiosis, litotes figures of quantity
- •7. Epithet, antonomasia, irony Speak on figures of quality
- •8. Allegory, personification
- •9 Types of word formation in English and Ukrainian
- •10 Classif synonyms antonyms
- •11. Typology of phraseology.
- •12. Borrowed elements
- •13 Communicative models
- •14. Abridged translation
- •15. Free translation
- •16. The kyivan Rus' sacral text
- •17 Elegant translation
- •18 Translators of the 19th-21th
- •19 Theories translation modern
- •20 Translation and interpretation
- •21 Contexts and contextual relationships
- •22. Semantic aspects of interpretation
- •23. “Text” and “discourse”
- •24. Cohesion of texts
- •25. Transformations
4. Levels and units of language.
The
1 level is Phonetic and Phonology (all
sounds, phonemes).
Phonetics is the study of individual speech sounds; phonology is the
study of phonemes, which are the speech sounds of an individual
language. These two heavily subfields cover all the sounds that
humans can make. The 2
level is morphological Morphology
is the study of words and other meaningful units of language like
suffixes and prefixes. The
3 level is syntactical Syntax
studies
phrases and sentences. The
next level is semantical.
Semantics is
the study of the
meaning of sentences.
The
basic units of language are the phoneme, the morpheme, the word and
the sentence. The
phoneme
is the smallest phonetic distinctive unit in a language which is
realized in speech as different segments in different positions. The
morpheme,
the basic unit of morphology, is the smallest meaningful linguistic
unit that has semantic meaning. It is expressed in some sequence of
the phonemes of a language. Un-fail-ing-ly,
for instance, contains four meaningful parts, that is four morphemes.
The
word is
the smallest naming unit. Sentences
consist of phrases, and phrases consist of words. Every word consists
of at least one morpheme, a minimal unit that contributes in some way
to the meaning of the word. The mentioned units (the phoneme, the
morpheme, the word and the sentence) are units of different levels of
language structure. The phoneme is a unit of the lowest level, the
sentence is a unit of the highest one. A unit of a higher level
usually contains one or more units of the preceding level. Thus,
the units of LANGUAGE from largest to smallest are:
TEXT→SENTENCE→PHRASE→WORD→MORPHEME→PHONEME
5. Style, norm context expressive means stylistic device. Types of context
Style
is a subsystem of the principles, extralinguistic circumstances, and
the effect of the usage of phonetic, morphological, lexical, and
syntactic language means of expressing human thoughts and
emotions; The most traditional styles are: the newspaper style,
the conversational style, the publicistic style, the style of
official communication. Norm
is a set of certain rules which in a certain epoch and in a certain
society is considered to be most correct and standard for a definite
functional style; It is almost impossible to work out language
norms because each functional style has its own regularities. For
example, such sentence as «I ain`t got no news from nobody» is not
grammatical from the point of literary grammar, but it is correct so
to say according colloquial grammar rules. Expressive
means
are phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic units and forms
which are used to intensify the meaning of the utterance; for
instance stresses, pauses, melody, coloured suffix (–ie) girlie;
-иця,
-ичка
водичка
водиця,
epithets and слЭни
slangy words. Stylistic
devices
is phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic figure of speech
formed on the basis of language units and forms;
Context
is linguistic or situational encirclement of a language unit that
makes the meaning of the unit clear. There
are 4 types of context
a) microcontext is a context of a single utterance (sentence);
b) macrocontext is a context of a paragraph in a text.
c) megacontext is a context of a chapter, a story, or the whole book;
d) stylistic context is a context which contains unpredictable, untypical of a certain style language unit(s);