Упражнения

1. Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на произношение выделенных букв:

[ai] – mine, nine, five, pine, survive, Ireland, tire, icon, time, dimension, site

[i] – pin, kiln, which, instrument, building, kingdom, distinct, description

[ә:] – first, firm, sir, girl, circle

[aiә] – tire, tied, desire, entire, simplifier.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:

process, Earth, element, land, position, necessary, sea, lake, river, mountain, distance, need, horizontal, vertical, project, history, discovery, world, type, same

3. Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова:

1. dimensions [daɪmɛn(t)ʃ(ə)n] - измерения

2. essential [ ə`senʃəl] – важный

3. development [d`veləpmənt] – развитие, разработка

4. settlement – [setlmənt] - поселение

5. ownership of property [əʊnəʃɪp әv prɒpəti] - собственность на имущество

6. measuring [meʒərɪŋ] - измерение

7. mapping [mæpɪŋ]- топографическая съёмка

8. applied mathematics [ə1plaɪd mæθə`mætɪks] - прикладная математика

9. specialized equipment [speʃəlaɪzd ɪ`kwɪpmənt] – специализированное оборудование

10. bottom [`bɒtəm] - дно

11. bay [beɪ] - бухта, залив

12. cavern [kævən] – пещера, каверна

13. desert [dezət] - пустыня

14. angle [æŋɡəl] - угол

15. elevation differences [elɪ`veɪʃən dɪfrənsiz] – разницы высот

16. horizontal and vertical control points [hɒrɪ`zɒntəl ænd vɜ`tɪkəl ] - пункты планово-высотного обоснования

17. chart [tʃɑ`t] - карта

18. dam [dæm] - дамба, плотина

19. assignment [ə`saɪnmənt] - задание

20. infinite patience [ɪnfɪnət peɪʃns] - бесконечное, неистощимое терпение

21. at the dawn [dɔ:n] of history – на заре истории

22. If it not for… - если бы не …

23. contribution [kɒntrɪ`bju`ʃən] - вклад

24. implement [ɪmplɪment] - выполнять, осуществлять

25. throughout [θru:` aʊt|] the world – по всему миру

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Construction Surveying

Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures dimensions that occur on the surface of the Earth. It has been an essential element in the development of man`s environment for many centuries from the time of the first settlements when it became necessary to establish ownership of property.

The term “earth`s surface” means all of the earth that can be explored – the bottom of seas, bays, lakes and rivers, the interior of caverns, mountains and deserts. Basically, surveying determines horizontal distances and angles, directions and elevation differences.

There are several types of surveys made for variety of purposes. The geodesists may need to establish of horizontal and vertical control points, to produce maps and charts showing relief, hydrography, the measurement of land areas, the location of road, bridge, dam and other civil engineering projects.

The purposes of land surveying are to subdivide large parcels of land into smaller ones, to determine the size and shape of existing parcels so that the deep descriptions can be written. Construction surveying is also needed for restoration of original corners of tops of ridges or bottom of valleys. It is often a difficult assignment, calling for considerable skill and infinite patience in the search for possible remains of the original corners.

Surveying was essential at the dawn of history. If it not for the contribution of surveying some of the most significant scientific discoveries could never have been implemented. Except for minor details of techniques and the use of some hand-held instruments surveying is much the same throughout the world.

[Источник: Wiki. Gis. Com, URL: http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Construction_surveying (время обращения - 21.06.2015)].