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ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

ɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɟɪɦ. ɧɚɰ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. – 2012. – ɋ. 64–80.

2.Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱦ.Ⱥ., Ʉɥɟɜɟɤɨ ȼ.ɂ., ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɟɪɦ. ɧɚɰ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ.

ɍɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ. – 2012. – ʋ 4. – C. 92–103.

3.ɋɚɥɢɦɝɚɪɢɟɜɚ ɇ.ɂ., Ʉɚɥɨɲɢɧɚ ɋ.ȼ. ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɟɪɦ. ɧɚɰ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬ-

ɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. – 2012. – ɋ. 95–100.

4.ȽɈɋɌ 12248–96. Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ. – Ɇ., 1996.

5.ȽɈɋɌ 28622–90. Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ. – Ɇ., 2002.

6.Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚɪɦɨɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ: ɭɱɟɛ.- ɦɟɬɨɞ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ȼ.Ƚ. Ɉɮɪɢɯɬɟɪ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ, Ʉ.ȼ. Ɋɟɲɟɬɧɢɤɨɜɚ, ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɥɟɜɟɤɨ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɋȼ, 2012. – 152 ɫ.

A.V. Mashchenko, A.B. Ponomarev

EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE IMPROVING OF HEAVING PROPERTIES OF SEASONAL FREEZING SOILS

BY GEOSYNTHETICS

Results of research of soil are presented in article. The plan and technique of researches of mechanical and heaving properties of seasonal freezing soils are composed. Ways of reinforcing of soil by geosynthetic materials are also reviewed.

Keywords: seasonal freezing, frost heave, reinforcement, geosynthetics, experiments.

ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ

Ɇɚɳɟɧɤɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȼɢɬɚɥɶɟɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɚɫɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ȼɭɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ.

ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

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А.В. Мащенко, А.Б. Пономарев

About the authors

Mashchenko Aleksandra Vitalievna (Perm, Russia) – Assistant Lecturer, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

Ponomarev Andrey Budimirovich (Perm, Russia) – Doctor of Technics, Professor, Head of Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 20.03.2013

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ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013

ɍȾɄ 628.2 (075.8)

Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, Ʌ.ȼ. Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɇɚɞɶ

ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

ɈɌȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɍɌɂɅɂɁȺɐɂə ɎȿɄȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɋɌɈɄȺ ɇȺ ȾȺɑɇɈɆ ɍɑȺɋɌɄȿ

ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɵɯ ɞɚɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ, ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɵɜ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ.

ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 70 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ: ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 1 ɦɟɫɹɰ) ɢ ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ (2 ɞɧɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ, ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɢɬɶɟɜɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

ȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ («ɫɟɪɨɝɨ») ɫɬɨɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɛɚɧɢ, ɞɭɲɚ ɢ ɤɭɯɧɢ ɫ ɦɨɣɤɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ «ɫɟɪɵɯ» ɜɨɞ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25–30 ɥ/ɫɭɬ·ɱɟɥ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ. Ⱦɚɱɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ: ɩɟɫɤɚɯ, ɫɭɩɟɫɹɯ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɵ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ («ɱɟɪɧɵɣ») ɫɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɱɧɵɣ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɞɨɦɚ. ɋɛɨɪ

ɢɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦ. ȼ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɣ ɭɧɢɬɚɡ (ɛɟɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ), ɜɨɞɚ ɤ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɦ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɝɪɟɛ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɧɟɱɢɫ-

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Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, Ʌ.ȼ. Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɇɚɞɶ

ɬɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɜɵɜɨɡɹɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ ɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɞɪɨ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɥ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɯɨɡɹɟɜɚ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɭɱɭ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚ- ɞɨɜɨ-ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. ɉɨ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 2 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɬɭɚɥɟɬɵ, ɝɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ. ɇɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 15–20 ɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɲɟɣ – ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɦ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ. ȼ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɚɭɧɵ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ.

Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ – ɪɟɡɤɢɣ, ɡɚɩɚɯ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɹɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɜɟɪɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɜ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɛɢɧɤɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɣ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɝɪɟɛɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɡɨɦ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɜɵɜɨɡɹ ɫɬɨɤɢ, ɞɚɱɧɢɤ ɥɢɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢɢɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ: ɠɢɥɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ, ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [1, 2].

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elib.pstu.ru

Ɉɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ

Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ – ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɛɨɪ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɭɫɚɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «Ɍɨɩɚɫ»; ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ «Ȼɢɨɤɫɢ». Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɟɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɬɟɧɤ-ɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ- ɞɟɧɢɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɢɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɚɦɨɬɟɤɨɦ, ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɨɜ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ) ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ. Ɏɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɝɪɟɛɧɨɣ ɹɦɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɤɭɯɨɧɶ ɢ ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɧɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ, ɩɪɨɳɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ; ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ– ɦɚɲɢɧɭɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɨɞɢɧɪɚɡɜɧɟɞɟɥɸ[3].

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elib.pstu.ru

Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, Ʌ.ȼ. Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɇɚɞɶ

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ; ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ. Ɉɛɳɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ, ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ, ɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. ȼ ɭɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɬɚɡ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɚɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɱɨɤ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɱɧɢɤ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɦ, ɨɧ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɢ ɤ ɫɦɵɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. ɋɦɵɜ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɦ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɟ. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 100 ɦɦ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɫɬɨɤ, ɧɟ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɚ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɨ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ, ɫ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ 0,01–0,02. ɉɨ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɭɱɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 2–3 ɦ ɨɬ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɨɛ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɣ (ɜɵɪɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɚɦɢ), ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ, ɤɨɪɨɣ, ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɨɩɢɥɨɦ. ȿɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɢ ɭɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ. ɋɥɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ, ɜɫɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɭɱɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɬɪɚɜɵ. ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɢɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ; ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ, ɞɟɝɟɥɶɦɢɧɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2 ɦ2, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ (ɫɦɟɫɢ ɬɪɚɜɵ ɫ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɹɦɢ) – 1 ɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɨ-

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elib.pstu.ru

Ɉɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬ «Ʉɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɧ», ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ – ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɚɭɧɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞ- ɤɢ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɢ, ɝɞɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɭɱɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ; ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɡɤɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɱɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɭɱɟɣ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɢɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ. Ɂɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ: ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɭɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ; ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɞɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɞɚɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɜ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɟ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɭɱɭ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɝɪɟɛɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɵɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɭɱɭ (ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶ-

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Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, Ʌ.ȼ. Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɇɚɞɶ

ɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ: ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ.

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ

1.ɋɇɢɉ 2.04.03–85. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ɇ.: ɐɂɌɉ, 1986. – 72 ɫ.

2.ȼɨɪɨɧɨɜ ɘ.ȼ. ȼɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ. –

Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɋȼ, 2009. – 760 ɫ.

3.Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɚ Ʌ.ȼ. ȼɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ: ɭɱɟɛ.- ɦɟɬɨɞ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɉɟɪɦɶ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɉɟɪɦ. ɧɚɰ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 2012. – 257 ɫ.

A.G. Melekhin, L.V. Bartova, D. Nad

REMOVAL AND UTILIZATION DOMESTIC WASTE WATER AT THEIR SUMMER COTTAGE

A method and device for the removal and utilization domestic waste water at their summer cottage. The proposed system will make the stay more comfortable and gardeners to use domestic waste water as fertilizer.

Keywords: cottage toilet, domestic waste water, slurry discharge, ground composting, recycling, organic fertilizer.

ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ

Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ.

ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «Ɍɟɩɥɨɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ

(vvstf@pstu.ru).

Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɚ Ʌɸɞɦɢɥɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚ-

ɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «Ɍɟɩɥɨɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (lbartova@mail.ru).

ɇɚɞɶ Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɶ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «Ɍɟɩɥɨɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (daniel_nad@mail.ru).

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Ɉɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ

About the authors

Melekhin Alexander Germanovich (Perm, Russia) – Doctor of Technics, Professor, Head of Department of Heating, ventilation and water supply, sewerage, Perm National Research Polytechic University (vvstf@pstu.ru).

Bartova Ludmila Vasilyevna (Perm, Russia) – Candidate of Technics, Assistant Professor, Department of Heating, ventilation and water supply, sewerage, Perm National Research Polytechic University (lbartova@mail.ru).

Nad Daniel (Perm, Russia) – postgraduate student, Department of Heating, ventilation and water supply, sewerage, Perm National Research Polytechic University (daniel_nad@mail.ru).

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 12.03.2013

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ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013

ɍȾɄ 628.35

Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ

ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɍɘɓɂɏ ȻɂɈɂɇɀȿɇȿɊɇɕɏ ɋɈɈɊɍɀȿɇɂɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɉɈȼȿɊɏɇɈɋɌɇɈȽɈ ɋɌɈɄȺ ɂ ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌɂ ɂɏ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɁȺɉȺȾɇɈȽɈ ɍɊȺɅȺ

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ: ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ, ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.

Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɍɪɚɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɭɸ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ 2012 ɝ. [1], ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ.

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ƚɍ Ɇɑɋ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ [2], ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 450 ɦɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 70 % ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 30 % – ɧɚ ɧɨɹɛɪɶ–ɦɚɪɬ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ (75 ɦɦ), ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ – ɜ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ ɢ ɦɚɪɬɟ

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