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INDEX

Abortion,

Absurdism,

Adoption,

Adultery,

Aesthetic experience,

Affection, communal,

Anaximander of Miletus,

Anaximenes of Miletus,

Ancient Greece, influence on early

modern England, influence on Islamic world, influence on

medieval Europe,

Aquinas, Thomas,

Commentary on the Ethics, On Princely Government, Summa Contra Gentiles, Summa Theologica,

Arendt, Hannah,

Eichmann,

The Human Condition,

The Life of the Mind,

On Revolution,

The Origins of Totalitarianism, Thoughts on Politics

and Revolution,

Aristocracy, Aristotle on,

Aristotle,

communitarianism and,

influence on early modern Europe,

influence on Islamic world, influence on

medieval Europe,

The Ethics,

51

The Politics,

 

10–11,

165–74

 

 

55, 56

 

 

 

131–32

Augustine of Hippo, Saint,

 

12

 

 

 

9

Austin, John,

 

101

The Province of Jurisprudence

 

 

35

 

 

Determined,

 

101–03

56

 

Averroes,

 

13

2

 

Avicenna,

 

13

2

 

 

 

 

1–12

Bacon, Francis

 

 

 

 

 

20, 21

The Advancement of Learning,

58

New Atlantis,

 

58, 59

12–13

 

Bartlett, Kathleen,

 

163

 

 

13, 14,

Baxter, Richard

 

 

15, 16–17

A Holy Commonwealth,

 

20–22

1, 12,

Becker, Gary

 

 

13, 19

The Economic Approach

 

 

17

to Human Behaviour,

 

128

17–18

Bentham, Jeremy,

 

95–98,

13, 14, 18

 

 

 

101, 152

13–16, 18

 

 

An Introduction to the Principles

 

63–64,

of Morals and Legislation,

 

95, 96

69–70, 172

Black Act 1723,

 

154

66–67

Burke, Edmund

 

 

67, 68

 

 

Reflections,

 

22

64–65,

 

Butler, Judith,

 

162–63

67–68

 

 

 

 

69

 

 

 

65–66, 68

Calabresi, Guido,

 

131

69

Camus, Albert,

 

172

The Myth of Sisyphus,

 

172–73

8, 10–11

 

The Outsider,

172, 173–74

1, 6–7,

Cassirer, Ernst,

 

40

39, 82, 105

Language and Myth,

 

40–41

55–57,

The Myth of the State,

 

40

62–63

Categorical imperative,

 

34, 37–38

20, 21,

Charles I, King,

 

21, 79,

 

 

80, 86, 89

57–59

 

 

Charles II, King,

 

80, 86, 88

12–13

 

13, 14,

Christianity,

 

25

natural law and,

 

12, 13–22

15, 16–17

Protestant,

 

31–32

7–10,

Cicero,

 

26

55–57

 

Classical tradition,

 

1–12

 

 

205

An Introduction to Critical Legal Theory

Aristotle and,

6–12, 55–57

Decisionism,

 

137–39

communitarianism in,

 

55–59

Deconstructionism

175–83, 189–93

Plato and,

 

3–6

 

Democracy

 

 

return to,

 

27–29

 

 

 

ancient concepts of,

 

2, 5, 6, 11

search for meaning,

 

1–3

 

 

attacks on,

 

138

Coase, Ronald

 

 

 

 

 

communitarianism and,

 

59–63

‘The problem of social Cost’,

128–29

 

consensus and,

 

46

 

 

 

 

Codes of law,

 

1

institutional,

 

69–72

Cohen, Felix,

 

141–42

radicalism and,

 

63–69, 78

 

 

 

 

Cohen, Jane Maslow,

 

132

Derrida, Jacques,

 

177–81,

 

 

 

 

Commerce,

 

93, 108–09

 

 

183, 187–88

 

‘The force of love’,

 

180

Communitarianism,

 

55–78

 

 

Descartes, René,

 

32

Aristotle on,

55–57, 62–63

 

 

 

 

democracy and,

 

59–63

Determinism,

 

118–21

in early modern England,

20–21

Devlin, Lord,

 

22, 24–26

modern views of,

 

28–29

 

 

Dewey, John,

 

139–41, 183

neo-Kantianism and,

 

41

 

 

Logical Method

 

 

radical,

 

63–69

 

 

 

and the Law,

 

140

solidarity and,

 

69–78

 

 

Distributive justice,

 

9–10

Comparative legal studies,

 

142–43

 

 

Divine law,

 

16

Connolly, William,

145, 171–72

 

Dracon,

 

1

Consensus,

 

46

 

 

Dreyfus case,

 

65

Constitution(s)

 

 

 

 

 

Duties, rights and,

 

37–38

Aristotle on,

 

10–11, 56

 

English,

19–22, 79–80

Dworkin, Ronald,

 

31, 41, 135

gender and,

 

71–72

Freedom's Law,

 

51, 53–54

interpretation of,

 

52–53

Law's Empire,

 

48, 49–51, 52

United States,

51, 52–53, 68

Life's Dominion,

 

26–27, 51–52

Constructivism,

 

35–36,

Taking Rights Seriously,

 

47–48

 

44–48, 49, 53

 

 

 

Contracts,

 

34

Economics

 

 

social contract,

21, 38, 44–45,

economic analysis of law,

127–30

 

84–86, 89–90

political economy,

 

105–36

Cornell, Drucilla,

163, 181–83

Marxism and,

 

116–23

neo-liberalism and,

 

124–36

Cowling, Maurice,

 

113–14

 

 

origins of,

 

105–16

 

 

 

 

Crime,

 

152–53

Education

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Critical Legal Studies

 

 

Aristotle on,

 

7, 56

movement,

72, 74–75, 135,

democracy and,

 

61

 

156–63, 181–83

legal,

 

141, 158–61

Cromwell, Oliver,

 

80, 83–84

Plato on,

 

4–5

 

positivism and,

 

91, 92, 98

Cudworth, Damaris,

 

88

 

 

pragmatism and,

 

140, 141

 

 

 

 

Decentralisation,

 

21, 125

Eichmann, Adolf,

 

66–67

 

Elyot, Thomas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

206

Index

Book of the Governor,

 

58

Principles of Social Order,

24

English Constitution,

19–22, 79–80

‘Positivism and fidelity to law’, 23–24

 

 

Enlightenment,

31–33, 36–37

Functionalism,

142

 

 

Equality,

9–10, 162

 

 

Equity,

 

10

Gabel, Peter,

158–60

 

 

 

Erasmus of Rotterdam

 

 

Gadamer, Hans-Georg

 

 

 

Truth and Method,

48–49

The Education of a Christian Prince,

59

 

 

Manners for Children,

 

58

Galbraith, John Kenneth,

114–16,

Eternal law,

 

15

 

120–21, 150

Etzioni, Amitai,

 

63

Galileo Galilei,

81

Euclid

 

 

Gender,

64, 71–72

Elements,

 

81

feminism,

132, 135,

Euthanasia,

 

51

 

161–63,

 

 

181–83

Existentialism,

 

172

 

 

Germany, Nazi regime in,

23–24, 40,

 

 

 

Fairness,

 

10

 

43,138–39,

 

 

175–77

Feminism,

132, 135,

 

Getman, Jules,

161

 

161–63, 181–83

 

Gilligan, Carol,

161

Filmer, Robert

 

 

 

 

Godly commonwealth,

20–22

Patriarchia,

 

89

 

 

 

Finnis, John,

 

24

Goodrich, Peter,

181

 

 

 

Natural Law and

 

 

Government and politics

 

Natural Rights,

 

27–29

Aquinas on,

16–19

Fish, Stanley,

189, 190–91

Aristotle on,

10–11, 55–57

communitarian,

20–21, 28–29,

Fiss, Owen,

189–90

 

41, 55–78

Formalism, neo-Kantian,

 

41–42

 

 

democratic,

2, 5, 6, 11,

Foucault, Michel,

110, 144–53,

 

46, 59–72

 

155,165,

in early modern England,

19–22

 

Foucault on,

150–51

 

 

187

 

 

integrity in,

50–51

The Archaeology of Knowledge,

148

Kant on,

35, 36–37

Discipline and Punish,

151–53

morality and,

25–26, 27

The History of Sexuality,

 

149

 

natural law and,

10, 12–22

Madness and Civilisation,

 

148

 

neo-Kantianism and,

40–41, 46–47

‘Politics and the

 

 

 

 

Plato on,

3–6

study of discourse’,

 

150

 

political economy,

105–36

Truth and Power,

 

149

 

Marxism and,

116–23

Foundationalism,

184–85

neo-liberalism and,

124–36

France, French Revolution,

 

36

origins of,

105–16

Frug, Gerry,

 

158

positivism and,

82, 86–92,

 

 

94–95, 98–101

Frug, Mary Jo,

 

163

 

 

postmodernism and,

168–71

Fuller, Lon

 

 

 

 

solidarity and,

69–78

The Morality of Law,

 

 

Gray, John,

114

 

 

 

207

An Introduction to Critical Legal Theory

Greece

 

 

Human law,

 

16

See ancient Greece

 

 

Humanism,

58–59, 178

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hume, David,

 

22, 32,,

Habermas, Jürgen,

 

171

 

 

33, 92–95

Between Facts and Norms,

 

70–72

 

 

 

Enquiry Concerning

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hammurabi of Babylon,

 

1

the Principles of Morals,

 

92–93

Harm principle,

 

26

Treatise,

 

92

 

 

 

 

Harrington, James

 

 

Hunt, Alan,

 

158, 181

 

 

 

 

 

The Commonwealth of Oceana,

59

Hutchinson, Allan,

157–58, 191

Hart, Herbert,

 

22, 26, 27

 

 

 

The Concept of Law,

 

103–04

Inclusivity,

 

63–67

‘Positivism and the separation

 

Integrity,

49–51, 53–54

of law and morals’,

 

22–23

 

Interpretive community

 

 

Hayek, Friedrich,

 

97,

 

 

 

rights and,

 

47–49

 

124–26, 135

 

 

Irony,

 

159, 186

Law, Legislation and Liberty,

 

125

 

 

Isidore, Saint,

 

18

The Road to Serfdom,

 

124–25

 

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,

119–20,

Islam,

 

12–13

 

 

124, 178

 

 

 

Phenomenology of Spirit,

 

116

James I, King,

 

79, 89

Heidegger, Martin,

 

175–77,

James II, King,

 

87

 

 

178, 183

James, William,

 

139

Being and Time,

176, 177, 178

Justice

 

 

Heraclitus of Ephesus,

 

2, 179

 

 

 

ancient concepts of,

 

2, 3–4, 6,

Hermeneutic theory,

48–49, 185

medieval concepts of,

 

8, 9–10

Hill, Christopher,

 

153

 

18

 

neo-Kantianism and,

41–42, 44–45

Historical determinism,

 

118–21

 

positivism and,

86, 89, 92–95,

 

 

 

Hitler, Adolf,

 

23, 139

 

 

99–100

Hobbes, Thomas,

 

79, 137,

postmodernism and,

 

179–80

 

scepticism and,

 

92–95

 

138, 147, 165

 

 

totalitarianism and,

 

65–66

Behemoth,

 

79, 80–81

 

 

 

 

 

De Cive,

 

80, 81, 85

 

 

 

A Dialogue between a

 

 

Kaldor-Hicks efficiency,

 

129

Philosopher and a Student

 

 

Kant, Immanuel,

23, 31, 32–33,

of the Common Laws

 

 

 

 

 

37, 40, 65,

of England,

 

79–80

 

 

 

 

146, 147

Leviathan

 

21, 79, 80,

 

 

 

81–86, 145

The Critique of Judgment,

33, 35–36, 67

Holmes, Oliver Wendell,

 

128, 141

The Critique of Practical Reason,

33, 34

 

The Critique of Pure Reason,

33

The Common Law,

 

140

 

Groundwork to the

 

 

Hooker, Richard,

 

59

 

 

 

Metaphysics of Morals,

 

33–34

Of the Laws of

 

 

 

 

 

The Metaphysics of Morals,

 

35, 37–39

Ecclesiastical Polity

 

19–20, 21

 

 

neo-Kantianism and,

 

40–47

 

 

 

 

208

Index

Religion within the

 

MacKinnon, Catherine,

161–62

Limits of Reason Alone,

31–32

Madness,

148

 

 

Kelman, Mark,

135–36,

Maimonides,

13, 14, 15, 16

 

 

 

156, 160

Majury, Diane,

161

 

 

Kennedy, Duncan,

158–61

Malloy, Robin,

135

 

 

Keynes, John Maynard,

124

Malthus, Thomas

 

 

 

 

Klare, Karl,

157

Essay on the

 

Knowledge, Plato on,

3

Principle of Population,

110

 

 

 

 

Marcuse, Herbert,

31–32

Labour,

 

106–07

division of,

 

109–10

Landes, Elisabeth

 

 

‘The economics of

 

 

the baby shortage’,

 

131–32

Language theories,

103, 157–58,

 

 

177, 184

Liberalism,

26, 32, 46–47,

 

 

52, 72, 74,

 

 

154–55

liberal constitutions,

 

89–92

neo-liberalism,

 

124–36

postmodernist,

 

183–89

Literature, law and,

 

174

Llewellyn, Karl,

 

142

The Bramble Bush,

 

142, 144

The Cheyenne Way,

 

142–43

The Common Law Tradition,

143–44

Locke, John,

 

22, 87–88

Constitution for the

 

 

Government of Carolina,

 

88

Essay Concerning

 

 

Human Understanding,

 

87, 88–89

Essay Concerning Toleration,

88

Two Treatises of Government,

89–92,

 

 

105–08

Value of Money,

 

107

Lyotard, Jean-François,

 

175, 177

The Postmodern Condition,

 

175

Macchiavelli, Niccolò

 

 

The Discourses,

 

57, 80

The Prince,

 

57, 80

MacIntyre, Alistair,

 

62

Marshall, Alfred,

 

105

Marx, Karl,

 

116–18, 124

Capital,

 

118, 122–23

The Class Struggles

 

 

in France,

 

122

The Communist Manifesto,

117, 118–21

Critique of Political Economy,

123

The German Ideology,

 

120

On the Jewish Question,

 

121

Theses on Feuerbach,

 

117

Meaning, search for,

 

1–3

Mill, James,

 

98

Mill, John Stuart,

26, 98, 113–14,

 

 

117, 124

Autobiography,

 

98, 112

Chapters on Socialism,

 

110, 113

Essay on Coleridge,

 

99

On Liberty,

98, 100–01, 110

Principles of

 

 

Political Economy,

 

110–13

Utilitarianism,

 

98, 99–100

Modernism

 

 

classical tradition and,

 

1–12

critique of,

 

31–54

culture of,

 

144–46

Foucault on,

 

144–46, 150

identification of,

 

1–29

natural law and,

 

10, 12–29

postmodernism,

 

41, 146,

 

 

158, 165–92

Monarchy

 

 

Aquinas on,

 

17–18

Aristotle on,

 

10–11

in early modern England,

19–20, 89

Plato on,

 

5, 6

Morality and ethics

 

 

209

An Introduction to Critical Legal Theory

Aristotle on,

 

7–9

Orphic religion,

 

1

communitarianism and,

72–73

Owen, Robert,

 

112–13

critique of modernity and,

31–39

 

 

 

 

Dworkin on,

 

52–54

Paine, Thomas

 

 

Foucault on,

 

149

 

 

law and,

 

22–27

Rights of Man,

 

59–60, 155

More, Thomas

 

 

Panopticon,

 

96, 152

Utopia,

 

59

Pareto efficiency,

 

129

Mosaic Law,

 

12, 13, 15

Parmenides,

 

2

Multiculturalism,

 

6

Paul of Tarsus, Saint,

 

12, 15

Murdoch, Iris,

 

166

Pericles of Athens,

 

2

 

 

 

Philosophy

 

 

Nationalism,

 

166–67

Aristotle and,

 

1, 6–11

Natural law,

 

10, 12–29

law and,

 

1

 

Plato and,

 

1, 3–6

Christianity and,

 

12, 13–22

 

 

pre-Socratic,

 

2

Natural rights,

 

60, 93, 95

 

 

Pigou, A,

 

128

Nazi regime,

23–24, 40, 43,

 

Plato,

1, 2–3, 7, 15

 

138–39, 175–77

 

The Laws,

 

2, 5–6

 

 

 

 

Neo-Kantianism,

 

40–47

Republic,

 

2, 3–5

Neo-liberalism,

 

124–36

Pluralism, neo-Kantian,

 

40, 47

Newton, Isaac,

 

81

Political economy

 

 

Nietzsche, Friedrich,

 

95, 159,

law and,

 

105–36

 

Marxism and,

 

116–23

 

166–71, 172–73

 

 

neo-liberalism and,

 

124–36

Beyond Good and Evil,

 

166–67

 

 

origins of,

 

105–16

The Birth of Tragedy,

167–68, 169, 173

 

Political justice,

 

10

Ecce Homo,

 

166

 

 

 

 

 

The Gay Science,

 

170

Politics

 

 

Thus Spoke Zarathustra,

 

169–71

See government and politics

 

The Will to Power,

 

171

Popper, Karl,

 

73, 124

 

 

 

 

Normative economics,

 

130

Popular soveriegnty,

 

23

 

 

 

 

Nozick, Robert

 

 

Positive economics,

 

130

Anarchy, State and Utopia,

126–27

 

Positivism,

22, 47, 79–104

Nussbaum, Martha

 

 

 

 

evolution of,

 

95–04

Cultivating Humanity,

 

61–62

 

 

origins of,

 

79–86

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posner, Richard,

 

128, 133

Oligarchy,

 

11

Economic Analysis of Law,

 

129–30

Order

 

 

‘The economics of

 

 

 

 

the baby shortage’,

 

131–32

Aristotle on,

 

9–11

 

 

The Problems of Jurisprudence,

133

Kantianism and,

 

31–32

 

Sex and Reason,

 

133–35

medieval theology and,

12, 13–19

 

 

 

 

Plato on,

 

3–6, 55

Postmodernism,

 

41, 146,

Oresme, Nicole,

 

105

 

158, 165–92

Original intent,

 

52–53

absurdism,

 

165–74

 

 

 

 

210

Index

deconstructionism,

175–83, 189–93

pragmatism and,

 

183–92

Post-structuralism,

 

148

Poverty,

 

153

Pragmatism,

 

133–36,

 

 

139–41

postmodernism and,

 

183–92

Pre-Socratic philosophy,

 

2

Prisons,

 

96, 151–52

Property rights,

 

39, 57, 93–94,

105–08, 111, 155

Protestantism,

 

31–32

Prussia,

 

36

Puritanism,

 

8, 31

Radbruch, Gustav,

 

23, 24, 165

Philosophy of Law,

 

42–44

Radicalism, democracy and,

63–69, 78

Rawls, John,

 

31, 41, 46–47

‘Kantian constructivism

 

 

in moral theory’,

 

45–46

A Theory of Justice,

 

44–45

Realism,

 

139, 141–42

Reason/rationality

 

 

communitarianism and,

 

75–76

constructivism and,

 

35–36, 44–48,

 

 

49, 53

critique of,

 

33–36

in early modern England,

20

Enlightnement,

 

31–32

medieval theology and,

 

13, 14–15, 16

modern views of,

 

28

neo-Kantian,

 

40–41, 44–47

Rectificatory justice,

 

9, 10

Relativism, neo-Kantian,

 

42–44

Religion

 

 

Christianity,

 

12, 13–22, 25

origins of,

 

1

Plato on,

 

5

Protestantism,

 

31–32

theology,

 

12, 13–22, 83

Revelation, medieval

 

 

theology and,

 

13, 14–15

Rhode, Deborah,

 

161, 163

Ricardo, David,

 

110

Rights,

 

24

critical legal studies on,

 

157

duties and,

 

37–38

inadequacies of,

 

72

interpretive community and,

47–49

Kant on,

 

37–39

natural,

 

60, 93, 95

property rights

39, 57, 93–94,

 

 

105–08,

 

 

111, 155

solidarity and,

 

74, 75

Rorty, Richard,

41, 45, 140,

 

 

171, 183

Contingency, Irony

 

 

and Solidarity,

 

186–89

Philosophy and the

 

 

Mirror of Nature,

 

184–85

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,

 

23, 32, 36

Discourse on Equality,

 

32

Russell, Bertrand,

 

91

Sade, Marquis de,

 

145

Sandel, Michael,

 

61

Sartre, Jean-Paul

 

 

Being and Nothingness,

 

146

What is Literature?,

 

174

Saussure, Ferdinand de,

 

183

Scepticism,

32, 80, 87–95,

 

 

92–95, 168

Schmitt, Carl,

 

137

The Crisis of Parliamentary

 

 

Democracy,

 

138

Political Romanticism,

 

137–38

State, Movement, People,

 

138–39

Selden, John,

 

20

Self-interest,

 

93, 96, 99,

 

 

108–09

Sen, Amartya,

 

114

Sexuality

 

 

Aristotle on,

 

8, 56, 57

cult of,

 

1

economic theory of,

 

133–35

211

An Introduction to Critical Legal Theory

Foucault on,

 

149

Totalitarianism,

 

65–66

modern law and,

 

24–25, 27

Transaction costs,

 

128–29

Plato on,

 

4, 5–6

 

 

Turkey trot,

 

165

privacy of,

 

24–25

 

 

Tushnet, Mark,

 

157

Shaftesbury, Earl of,

 

87, 88, 89

 

 

 

 

 

Sidney, Philip,

 

58

Unger, Roberto,

 

72, 77–78,

Singer, Joseph,

 

157

 

 

 

 

157, 159

Slavery,

 

56–57, 106

 

 

 

The Critical Legal

 

 

Smart, Carol,

 

163

 

 

 

Studies Movement,

 

74–75

 

 

 

 

Smith, Adam,

 

96, 114, 135

Knowledge and Politics,

 

72–74

Theory of Moral Sentiment,

108

Law in Modern Society,

 

74

The Wealth of Nations,

 

108, 109–10

Passion,

 

75–76

Social contract,

 

21, 38, 44–45,

Politics,

 

75, 76–77

 

 

 

 

 

 

84–86, 89–90

United States of America

 

 

 

 

American Revolution,

 

36, 108

Socialism,

112–13, 114, 124

 

Constitution,

51, 52–53, 68

Society

 

 

 

 

democracy in,

60–61, 68–69

See government and politics

Utilitarianism,

 

81, 83, 91,

Socinianism,

 

88

 

 

 

 

95–101,102,

Socrates,

 

2–3, 4, 167

 

 

 

 

 

112–15

Solidarity,

 

69–78

 

 

 

 

 

 

Solon,

 

1

Varnhagen, Rahel,

 

64

Steiner, George,

 

175

 

 

Virtue

 

 

Strauss, Leo,

 

137

 

 

 

Aristotle on,

 

7–9, 39

Stravinsky, Igor,

 

165

 

 

Kant on,

 

39

Structuralism,

 

148

 

 

 

Suicide,

 

9, 34, 172–73

Wagner, Richard,

 

167

 

 

 

Weber, Max,

 

153

Tawney, RH,

 

153

Weinrib, Ernest,

 

41–42

Taxation,

 

111–12

Weisberg, Richard,

 

174

Taylor, Charles,

 

61

West, Robin,

 

161

Thales of Miletus,

 

2

Williams, Patricia,

 

162

Theology,

 

12, 13–22, 83

Wittgenstein, Ludwig,

 

103, 104

Theory of forms,

 

3, 7

Philosophical Investigations,

 

184

Thompson, Edward,

 

153–56

Tractatus,

 

183–84

 

Wolfenden Committee Report,

24–25

The Making of the

 

 

English Working Class,

154–55

 

 

 

Whigs and Hunters,

 

154

 

 

 

Thucydides,

 

80

 

 

 

Tocqueville, Alexis de

 

 

 

 

 

Democracy in America,

 

60–61

 

 

 

Tonnies, Ferdinand,

 

137

 

 

 

212

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