- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Contributors
- •01 Neuroanatomy
- •03 Seizures and Epilepsy
- •04 Disorders of Myelination
- •05 Tumors of the Nervous System
- •06 Headache and Pain Disorders
- •I. Episodic Headache
- •A. Episodic Headaches Lasting More than Four Hours
- •07 Behavioral Neurology
- •08 Movement Disorders
- •09 Diseases of the Nerves
- •10 Diseases of the Muscles
- •I. Bacteria
- •I. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- •Index
Index
Page numbers followed by b, f, or t indicate entries in boxes, figures, or tables, respectively.
A |
Acetazolamide |
Abdominal migraine, 138 |
for absence seizures, 95 |
Abducens nucleus, 23, 44, 44b |
for Canavan’s disease, 115 |
neurons of, 44 |
for episodic ataxia, 201 |
pathophysiology in, 44 |
for myotonic dystrophy, 239 |
Abducent nerve (CN VI), 24f, 32, 43, 43f |
for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 |
disorders/syndromes of, 34t |
Acetylcholine, in aspiny neurons, 11 |
palsy of, 43 |
Acetylcholine receptor, in myasthenia gravis, 235 |
Abductor digiti quinti, 213f |
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
Abductor pollicis brevis, 210f, |
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 |
211, 214f, 229t |
for Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 |
Abductor pollicis longus, 214f, 216f, 229t |
for Lewy body dementia, 163 |
Abetalipoproteinemia, 297t |
for vascular dementia, 160 |
Abilify. See Aripiprazole |
Achromatopsia, 42 |
Abs-and-jolts syndrome, 143 |
Acidemia(s) |
Abscess, brain, 249–251 |
isovaleric, 280–281, 280b |
Absence seizures, 95 |
propionic, 280b, 281 |
childhood and juvenile, 95 |
Aciduria, methylmalonic, 281 |
versus complex partial seizures, 85t |
Acinteobacillus, 69 |
diagnostic testing in, 95 |
Acquired epileptiform aphasia, 95–96 |
EEG findings in, 95, 95f |
Acquired epileptiform opercula syndrome, 96 |
eyelid myoclonus with, 95b |
diagnostic testing in, 96 |
pathophysiology of, 95 |
EEG findings in, 96 |
symptoms of, 95, 95b |
pathophysiology of, 96 |
treatment of, 95 |
symptoms of, 96 |
Absent muscles, diseases of, 248t |
treatment of, 96 |
Abulia, lesions causing, 12 |
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See Human |
Acamprosate, for alcohol dependence, 179 |
immunodeficiency virus |
Acanthamoeba, 264 |
Action potential(s) |
Accessory nerve (CN XI), 26, 26f, 32, 33f |
compound muscle, 204, 206, 215 |
disorders/syndromes of, 34t |
conduction of, 203f |
Accessory ocular motor nuclei, 22, |
Activated protein C resistance, 72 |
44–45 |
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 111–112 |
medullary, 44–45 |
diagnostic testing for, 111–112 |
mesencephalic, 44 |
epidemiology of, 111 |
pathophysiology involving, 45 |
histology of, 111 |
pontine, 44–45 |
versus multiple sclerosis, 110 |
Accessory olivary nucleus, 26f |
neuroimaging of, 112, 112f |
Acephalgic migraine, 138 |
pathophysiology of, 111 |
Aceruloplasminemia, 195b |
prognosis of, 112 |
Acetaminophen |
versus Reye syndrome, 112 |
for migraine, benefit not clear with, 140b |
symptoms of, 112 |
for tension-type headache, 141 |
treatment of, 112 |
Index
303
Index
304
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 221–222
diagnostic testing for, 222 electromyography of, 222
nerve conduction studies of, 222 prognosis of, 222
serology in, 222 symptoms of, 222
Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 221–223 diagnostic testing for, 223
electromyography of, 223
nerve conduction studies of, 223 prognosis of, 223
symptoms of, 222
Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAM), 221, 223 diagnostic testing for, 223
electromyography of, 223
nerve conduction studies of, 223 prognosis of, 223
symptoms of, 223
Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis, 112 diagnostic testing for, 112
histology of, 112 pathophysiology of, 112 prognosis of, 112 symptoms of, 112 treatment of, 112
Acute panautonomic neuropathy, 223 Acyclovir
for Bell’s palsy, 34
for herpes simplex virus, 256 for herpes zoster virus, 257
Adamkiewicz, artery of, 31f Adductor muscles, 229t Adductor pollicis, 213, 213f, 229t Adenoma(s), 132–133
epidemiology of, 133 genetics of, 133 GnRH-secreting, 133 histology of, 132 pathophysiology of, 132 prolactin-secreting, 133 symptoms of, 133 treatment of, 133
Adenoma sebaceum, in tuberous sclerosis, 277, 277f Adenosyl-methionine, for fibromyalgia, 151
Adie’s tonic pupil, 224 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 for infantile spasms, 93
Adrenoleukodystrophy, 116–117, 290 adult-onset, 117
childhood, 116–117 diagnostic testing for, 117 pathophysiology of, 116 symptoms of, 116–117 treatment of, 117
Adrenomyeloneuropathy, 117 Advanced sleep phase syndrome, 169 Affective prosody, 6
Afferent(s) cerebellar, 18–19 cortical, 1 hypothalamic, 18f
reticular formation, 29 subcortical, 4
Age
and Alzheimer’s disease, 157 and electromyography, 233–234 and ischemic stroke, 55
and multiple sclerosis, 104
and nerve conduction studies, 206 Age-related memory loss, 154
Aggrenox (dipyridamole aspirin), for stroke prevention, 60 Aggression
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 lesions causing, 8
Agitation
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157–158 treatment of, 158
Agnosia(s). See also specific types in Alzheimer’s disease, 157b auditory, 51
Agoraphobia, 175 Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, 116
diagnostic testing for, 116 histology of, 116 pathophysiology of, 116 symptoms of, 116
Aicardi’s syndrome, 92b, 271b
AIDS. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS dementia complex, 260–261
Akinesia, global, 3 Akinetopsia, 42 Akisthesia, 169
Albendazole, for cysticercosis, 264 Albumin, in multiple sclerosis, 108
Albuterol, for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 241 Alcohol, 178–179
abuse and dependence, 178–179 neurological complications of, 178 treatment of, 178–179
acute intoxication, 178 biochemical effects of, 178
and central pontine myelinosis, 112, 178 chronic use, 178
and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 and ischemic stroke, 56
and Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 113, 178 in schizophrenia, 171
Alcoholic neuropathy, 178, 178b Alcohol withdrawal, 179
and REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 seizures with, 179, 179b
Alexander’s disease, 114–115, 290 adult form of, 114–115 diagnostic testing for, 115 histology of, 114
infantile form of, 114 juvenile form of, 115 pathophysiology of, 114 prognosis of, 115 symptoms of, 114–115, 114b treatment of, 115
Alexia, lesions causing, 5 Alien hand syndrome, 10, 188 Allocortex, 2
Almotriptan, 140t
Alobar prosencephaly, 270 Alpha frequency, in EEG, 80b
in schizophrenia, 171 Alprazolam, for tinnitus, 51
Alzheimer glia type 1, 194 |
and vasculitis, 77 |
Alzheimer glia type 2, 194, 194b |
withdrawal from, 181 |
Alzheimer’s disease, 155–159 |
Amphotericin, and parkinsonism, 202 |
age and, 157 |
Amplitude asymmetries, in EEG, 80–81 |
behavioral impairment in, 157–158 |
Ampulla, 49 |
CSF analysis in, 158 |
Ampullary crests, 49f |
diagnostic testing for, 158 |
Amusia, 7, 51b |
differential diagnosis of, 159t |
Amygdala, 8 |
EEG findings in, 158 |
functions of, 8 |
epidemiology of, 155f, 157 |
lesions of, 8 |
executive impairment in, 157 |
subdivisions of, 8 |
familial/early-onset, 156–157 |
-Amyloid, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156 |
genetics of, 156–157, 157f, 158 |
Amyloid angiopathy, 65–66, 65b |
Hirano bodies in, 156, 156f |
Dutch-type, 66 |
histology of, 155–156, 155b, 155f–156f |
Icelandic-type, 66, 95b |
language impairment in, 157 |
Amyloidosis, monoclonal gammopathy in, 226 |
memory loss in, 157 |
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 66, 156, 157f |
neurofibrillary tangles in, 155, 155f |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 196–197 |
neuroimaging in, 158, 158f |
adult, 197t |
neurological signs in, focal and nonfocal, |
childhood, 197t |
158, 158b |
dementia in, 196 |
plaques in, 155–156 |
diagnostic testing for, 196–197 |
prevention of, 158 |
familial, 196 |
prognosis of, 159 |
histology of, 196 |
progression of mild cognitive impairment to, 154 |
pathophysiology of, 196 |
risk factors for, 156 |
prognosis of, 197 |
sporadic, 156 |
sporadic, 196 |
subtypes of, 156–157 |
subtypes of, 196 |
symptoms of, 157–158 |
symptoms of, 196, 196b |
treatment of, 158 |
treatment of, 197 |
visuospatial impairment in, 157 |
variants of, 197, 197t |
Amantadine |
Analgesic(s). See also specific types |
for cocaine dependence, 180 |
overuse of, and chronic headache, 144 |
for drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 |
Anaplastic astrocytoma, 121 |
for multiple sclerosis, 109 |
Anaplastic meningioma, 124 |
for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t |
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma, 122–123 |
Ambien. See Zolpidem |
Androgen(s), in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 |
Amebiasis, 264 |
Androgenic steroids, for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 238 |
Amelodia, lesions causing, 6–7 |
Anencephaly, 274b |
Aminoacidopathies, 279–280 |
Anesthesia dolorosa, 15 |
Aminoglycoside(s), and vertigo, 54 |
Anesthetic coma, for status epilepticus, 89t |
Aminopyridine, for multiple sclerosis, 109 |
Aneurysm(s), 77–78 |
Amiodarone, and parkinsonism, 202 |
anterior circulation, 77 |
Amitriptyline, 174t |
conditions associated with, 77 |
for chronic headache, 144–145 |
fusiform, 78 |
for insomnia, 167 |
locations of, 77 |
for migraine prophylaxis, 140 |
oculomotor nerve palsy and, 43 |
for vertigo, 52 |
pathophysiology of, 77 |
Amnesia(s). See also specific types |
posterior circulation, 77 |
anteroand retrograde, 13 |
saccular/berry, 78 |
anterograde, 13, 15, 178 |
serpentine, 78 |
transient global, 7–8 |
shape of, 78 |
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment, 154 |
size of, 77 |
Amoxapine, for insomnia, 167 |
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63–65, 77 |
AMPA receptors, in ALS, 196 |
Angelman’s syndrome, 289b |
Amphetamine(s) |
Angiofibromas, facial, in tuberous sclerosis, 277, 277f |
abuse and dependence, 180–181 |
Angiography |
acute intoxication, 180 |
of arterial dissection, 70, 71f |
biochemical effects of, 180 |
of arteriovenous malformations, 78f |
chronic use of, 180 |
of carotid stenosis, 57 |
and dystonia, 191 |
of fibromuscular dysplasia, 70, 70f |
and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 |
of infectious endocarditis, 69 |
for narcolepsy, 168 |
of Moyamoya disease, 79, 79f |
and restless legs syndrome, 169 |
stroke risk with, 55b |
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 |
of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 |
and tics, 193 |
of tuberous sclerosis, 277 |
Index
305
Index
306
Angioma(s) cavernous, 79, 79f
in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277–278, 278f venous, 79
Angiomatous meningioma, 123 Angiopathy
amyloid, 65–66, 65b, 95b hypertensive, 65
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, for stroke prevention, 62
Anomia
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 lesions causing, 6
Anorexia nervosa, and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Anosognosia
for blindness, 42–43 lesions causing, 5
Ansa lenticularis, 13, 13b
Antabuse (disulfiram), for alcohol dependence, 179 Anterior cerebral artery, 15f, 43f, 57f
Anterior choroidal artery, 15f, 39f, 40, 57f infarction of, 40, 40f
Anterior cingulate gyrus, 7 Anterior cochlear nucleus, 48f Anterior commissure, 10, 10f
Anterior communicating artery (ACA), 39, 39f Anterior cord syndrome, 31
Anterior corticospinal tract, 29, 30f Anterior funiculus, 29
Anterior horn, 31
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, 21f Anterior interosseous nerve, 229t Anterior interosseous syndrome, 211–212
diagnostic testing for, 212 electromyography of, 212 Martin-Gruber anastomosis in, 212, 212f nerve conduction study of, 212 pathophysiology of, 211
symptoms of, 211 treatment of, 212
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), 38–39 arteritic, 38
non-arteritic, 39
Anterior mesencephalic syndromes, 22–23, 22f Anterior nuclei group (ANG), thalamic, 13, 14f
bilateral lesions of, 13 subcortical afferents of, 13
Anterior spinal artery, 21f, 31f Anterior thalamic nucleus, 18f
Anteroand retrograde amnesia (Korsakoff’s syndrome), 13 Anterocollis, 191
Anterograde amnesia alcohol abuse and, 178 lesions causing, 13, 15
Anterograde memory, 154b Anticardiolipin antibody, 73 Anticholinergic agents
and dementia, 155 for dystonia, 192
Anticoagulant(s)
for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for arterial dissection, 71
for brain tumors, 132
for fibromuscular dysplasia, 70
for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 and intracranial hemorrhage, 66–67
for ischemic stroke, 59 mechanism of action, 60f for stroke prevention, 60 for venous infarction, 75
Anticoagulation cascade, 60f Anticonvulsant(s). See Antiepileptic(s) Antidepressants, 174t
benefits of, specific, 174t for conversion disorder, 177 for fibromyalgia, 151
for insomnia, 167
for major depressive disorder, 173 for migraine prophylaxis, 140
in multiple sclerosis, 109
and restless legs syndrome, 169 second generation, 174t
side effects of, 174t for tinnitus, 51 tricyclic
benefits of, specific, 174t for cataplexy, 168
for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 side effects of, 174t
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 17t inappropriate secretion of, 16t
Antiemetics
for Meniere’s disease, 53 for migraine, 140
for vertigo, 52
for vestibular neuronitis, 53
Antiepileptic(s), 101, 101f, 102t–103t. See also specific drugs for bipolar disorder, 174
for brain tumors, 132
for chronic headache, 144–145 discontinuation of, 101
failure of, management of, 101 for febrile seizures, 92
for ischemic stroke, 60
for Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 96 for metastasis, 131
for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for multiple sclerosis, 109 for neuromyotonia, 246
remission achieved with, 101, 101b for schizophrenia, 172
and tics, 193
for tonic-clonic seizures, 88 for trigeminal neuralgia, 148 and vertigo, 54
Antihypertensive(s), 296 for ischemic stroke, 59
for stroke prevention, 61–62
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 and vertigo, 54
Anti-myelin antibodies, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Antiphospholipid antibody(ies), in ischemic stroke risk, 58 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73, 298b
diagnostic testing for, 73 epidemiology of, 73 pathophysiology of, 73 prognosis of, 73 symptoms of, 73 treatment of, 73
Antiplatelet agent(s)
for arterial dissection, 71
for fibromuscular dysplasia, 70
for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 for stroke prevention, 60
Antipsychotic(s), 172t atypical, 172, 172t, 201
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for Lewy body dementia, 163
for major depressive disorder, 173 for autism, 291
benefits of, specific, 172t for bipolar disorder, 174
for cocaine intoxication, 180 and dystonia, 191
for Huntington’s disease, 194 and parkinsonism, 202
for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t for PCP/ketamine dependence, 182 receptor effect of, 172t
for schizophrenia, 172
for schizophreniform disorder, 172 side effects of, 172t
and tardive dyskinesia, 172, 201–202 for tic disorders, 193
typical, 172, 172t, 201
Antiretroviral drugs, for HIV infection, 260 Antithrombin III deficiency, 71–72 Antivert. See Meclizine
Antoni types A and B, of schwannoma, 134, 134f Anton’s syndrome, 42–43
Anxiety disorder(s), 175–176
in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 generalized, 175
genetics of, 175 pathophysiology of, 175 subtypes of, 175–176
Aorta, 31f Aortic arch, 31f
calcifications and atheroma of, and ischemic stroke, 56 Apert’s syndrome, 271
Aphasia(s). See also specific types acquired epileptiform, 95–96 in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Broca’s, 5
conduction, 6, 9
in MASA syndrome, 271 primary progressive, 161
in striatocapsular syndrome, 9 subcortical, 13b
transcortical, 6 Wernicke’s, 6
Aphemia, 6
Apnea. See also Sleep apnea pediatric syndrome of, 99 in Rett’s syndrome, 292
Apoliprotein E
in Alzheimer’s disease, 156
and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 in mild cognitive impairment, 154 in vascular dementia, 159
Apomorphine, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), in cerebral
infarction, 57, 58f
Apraxia(s). See also specific types constructional, 5
dressing, 5 ideomotor, 3
ocular, 43
orolingual, in Huntington’s disease, 194 in Rett’s syndrome, 292
somatotopic ideomotor, 5 Aqueduct stenosis, X-linked, 271 Arboviruses, 251t, 258
Arcade of Frohse, 216, 217f Arcuate bundle, 38f
injury of, 37–38, 38f Arcuate fasciculus, 9, 9f
Arcuate nucleus, 17–18, 18b, 28 Area postrema, 26
Arginase deficiency, 282 Arginine supplementation, 282
Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency, 282 Argininosuccinate synthase deficiency, 282 Argyll-Robinson pupil, 44–45
Aricept. See Donepezil Aripiprazole, 172t Arm pain, 153f
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, 280 Arousing systems, 164
Arrhythmia(s)
in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 241 in myotonic dystrophy, 239
in polymyositis, 245
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 65 Artane. See Trihexyphenidyl Artemether, for malaria, 264 Arterial dissection, 70–71
angiography of, 70, 71f diagnostic testing for, 70–71 epidemiology of, 71 location of, 70
magnetic resonance imaging of, 70, 71f pathophysiology of, 70–71
prognosis of, 71 symptoms of, 71 treatment of, 71
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome, 208b Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), 78–79
angiography of, 78f histology of, 79
magnetic resonance imaging of, 78f pathophysiology of, 78
size of, 79
unruptured, surgical treatment of, 64 Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 38 Arteritis. See also specific types
Takayasu’s, 76 temporal, 75–76
Arthritis, rheumatoid, 297 Arthrogryposis, 289 Arylsulfatase mutations, 117, 117b Ascending cervical artery, 31f
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), 29, 164, 166
Ash-leaf patch, in tuberous sclerosis, 276, 276f Asomatognosia, with seizures, 84
Aspartoacylase deficiency, in Canavan’s disease, 115 Asperger’s syndrome, 291b
Aspergillus, 262f, 263 Aspiny neurons, 11–12
type I, 11 type II, 11 type III, 11
Index
307
Index
308
Aspirin |
Atonic seizures, 89 |
for ischemic stroke, 59 |
diagnostic testing in, 89 |
for stroke prevention, 60 |
symptoms of, 89 |
versus Coumadin, 61, 61t |
Atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke, 55 |
Association area(s). See also specific areas |
Atypical meningioma, 124 |
heteromodal, 2, 4–5 |
Audiometry, in Meniere’s disease, 53 |
monomodal auditory, 48f |
Auditory agnosia, 51 |
monomodal motor, 2 |
Auditory association area, monomodal, 48f |
monomodal sensory, 2 |
Auditory hallucinations, 4b |
unimodal somatosensory, 4 |
in schizophrenia, 171 |
Association fibers, 9–10 |
in temporal lobe seizures, 85 |
long, 9–10, 9f |
Auditory hallucinosis |
short, 9 |
cortical, 51 |
Association nuclei, thalamic, 15 |
pontine, 51b |
Association visual cortex, 42–43 |
Auditory nuclei, 25 |
pathophysiology in, 42–43 |
Auditory system, 48f, 49 |
subdivisions of, 42 |
diagnostic testing of, 49, 49f |
Astereognosis, lesions causing, 4 |
end organs of, 49 |
Astrocytic tumors, 119–121 |
Aura |
Astrocytoma(s), 119–121 |
with migraine, 137–139 |
anaplastic, 121 |
without migraine, 138 |
epidemiology of, 120 |
Autism, 290–291 |
fibrillary, 119–121 |
communication skills in, 291 |
genetics of, 119–120, 120f, 125b |
epidemiology of, 291 |
grading of, 119, 119b, 119t |
genetics of, 290 |
infratentorial, 120 |
pathophysiology of, 290 |
juvenile pilocytic, 121, 121f |
prognosis of, 291 |
location of, 120 |
psychodynamic abnormalities in, 290 |
MIB-1 antibody labeling of, 119, 119b |
social interactions in, 291 |
nuclear atypia in, 119, 120f |
stereotyped or repetitive behaviors in, 291 |
pituitary, 132b |
symptoms of, 291 |
prognosis of, 121 |
treatment of, 291 |
subependymal giant cell, 121, 121f |
Autistic features, diseases with, 290b |
supratentorial, 120 |
Autoimmune disease, 297–299. See also specific types |
treatment of, 121 |
with myopathy, 244b |
uncommon types of, 121 |
Autoimmune hypothesis, of multiple sclerosis, 104 |
Ataxia(s), 198–201. See also specific types |
Automatism |
in Alexander’s disease, 115 |
perseverative, 85 |
autosomal dominant, 198–200 |
reactive, 85 |
autosomal recessive, 199–200 |
Autonomic dysreflexia, syndrome of, 34 |
Bruns’ frontal lobe, 5, 36, 163 |
Autonomic nervous system, 34 |
in celiac disease, 299, 299b |
pathophysiology in, 34 |
childhood, with central nervous system |
in sexual function, 34 |
hypomyelination, 115–116 |
in urination, 34 |
episodic, 200–201 |
Autonomic regulation, by hypothalamus, 16, 16b |
Friedreich’s, 199–200 |
Autonomic testing, in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 |
gait, 19–20 |
Autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features, 98 |
limb, 19 |
genetics of, 98, 98b, 120b |
in Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223 |
symptoms of, 98 |
in multiple sclerosis, 106 |
Aversive movements, in tonic-clonic seizures, 86 |
ocular, 43 |
Axillary nerve, 207f, 227f–228f, 229t |
in paroxysmal choreoathetosis, 190t |
Axonopathic nerve conduction studies, 205b |
spinocerebellar, 198–199 |
Azathioprine |
Ataxia-hemiparesis, 25 |
for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 225 |
Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), 200 |
for dermatomyositis, 245 |
diagnostic testing for, 200 |
for Devic’s disease, 110 |
histology of, 200 |
for myasthenia gravis, 235 |
pathophysiology of, 200 |
|
prognosis of, 200 |
|
B |
|
symptoms of, 200 |
Babinski-Nageotte syndrome, 28 |
treatment of, 200 |
Babinski sign |
Ataxic motor delays, 289 |
in ataxia-telangiectasia, 200 |
Ataxic telangiectasia, dystonia in, 191 |
with primary motor cortex lesions, 2 |
Atherosclerosis, intracranial, and ischemic stroke, 55 |
Back pain |
Ativan. See Lorazepam |
in Devic’s disease, 110 |
Atonia, in REM sleep, 166 |
low, 151–153 |
Baclofen
for dystonia, 192
for multiple sclerosis, 109 for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 for trigeminal neuralgia, 148
Bacterial encephalitis, 251–252
Bacterial infections, 249–252. See also specific types Bacterial meningitis, 249
diagnostic testing for, 249 pathophysiology of, 250t symptoms of, 249 treatment of, 249 vasculitis with, 77t
Bacteroides, and brain abscess, 250
Bactrim, prophylactic, for cancer patients, 132 Baillarger, line of, 2, 2f
Balamuthia, 264
Balint’s syndrome, 43, 43b Ballismus, 12–13
Balo’s concentric sclerosis, 111 diagnostic testing for, 111 histology of, 111 neuroimaging of, 111, 111f prognosis of, 111
symptoms of, 111 treatment of, 111 Band of Gennari, 2
Bands of Bungner, 210 Barbiturate(s)
abuse and dependence, 179–180 biochemical effects of, 179 detoxification, in chronic headache, 146
Barkhof MRI criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 108
Bartonella henselae, 251–252 Basal forebrain, 10f, 11
in arousal/sleep, 164 septal region of, 11 Basal ganglia, 11–13, 11f
circuitry of, 12t, 13, 13b components of, 11–13, 11f lesions of, 11–13
ocular motor circuit of, 45
in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f
Basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, 11, 12t Basilar artery, 15f, 21f, 39f
aneurysm of, 43 Basilar migraine, 138 Basket cell, 19f Basolateral amygdala, 8
Basophilic inclusions, in ALS, 196 Bassen-Kornzweig disease, 297t Becker’s muscular dystrophy, 238
diagnostic testing for, 238 muscle biopsy in, 238 pathophysiology of, 238 symptoms of, 238 treatment of, 238
Behavioral impairment, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157–158 Behavioral neurology, 154–182. See also specific
disorders and therapies
Behçet’s syndrome, pseudotumor cerebri with, 147 Bell’s palsy, 32–34
epidemiology of, 32 prognosis of, 34 symptoms of, 32 treatment of, 34
Benedikt’s syndrome, 22, 22f
Benign familial neonatal convulsions, 98 hemiplegic migraine with, 138
Benign familial neonatal-infantile convulsions, 98–99 Benign myoclonic epilepsy, 93–94
diagnostic testing in, 94 EEG findings in, 94 symptoms of, 93–94 treatment of, 94
Benign occipital epilepsy, 96–97 diagnostic testing in, 97
EEG findings in, 97 pathophysiology of, 96 symptoms of, 96
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), 51–52 diagnostic testing for, 52
pathophysiology of, 51–52 prognosis of, 52 symptoms of, 52 treatment of, 52
Benzoate, for urea metabolism disorders, 282 Benzodiazepine(s)
abuse and dependence, 179–180 for alcohol withdrawal, 179 biochemical effects of, 179
for cocaine intoxication, 180 contraindicated in Alzheimer’s disease, 158 and dementia, 155
detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for generalized anxiety disorder, 175 for insomnia, 167, 167b
for multiple sclerosis, 109
for PCP/ketamine dependence, 182 for phobias, 175
for schizophrenia, 172 for status epilepticus, 89t
for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 for tardive dyskinesia, 202 for vertigo, 52
Benztropine
for drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for dystonia, 192
for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Bergman glia, 18
Beriberi, 299
Berry aneurysm, 78 Beta blockers
for alcohol withdrawal, 179 for chronic headache, 144 for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for phobias, 175
for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176 Beta frequency, in EEG, 80b
in tonic-clonic seizures, 88, 88b Betz cells, 1
Biceps brachialis, 229t Biclonal gammopathy, 225 Binswanger’s disease, 8 Biofeedback
for insomnia, 167 for tinnitus, 51
Biopterin deficiency, 191
Biotin supplementation, for propionic acidemia, 281 Bipolar disorder(s), 173–174
in migraine sufferers, 139 prognosis of, 174
Index
309
Index
310
Bipolar disorder(s) (Continued) rapid cycling in, 174 subtypes of, 173–174 symptoms of, 173 treatment of, 174
type I, 173–174 type II, 174
Birds, as vector of disease, 251t Bjerrum scotoma, 38, 38f Blackouts, alcoholic, 178 Bladder
dysfunction of, 34, 36t
in multiple sclerosis, 106, 109 flaccid, 36t
hypotonic, in multiple sclerosis, 109 motor innervation of, 34, 35f sensory innervation of, 34
sensory paralytic, 36t spastic, 36t
in multiple sclerosis, 109, 109b
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 Bladder areflexia, 36t
Bladder dyssynergy, 36t
Bladder hyperactivity, in Parkinson’s disease, 185
Blepharoplasts, in ependymoma, 127 Blepharospasm, 191–192
Blindness, denial of (Anton’s syndrome), 42–43 Blink reflex, 25t
Blood pressure. See also Hypertension management of
for ischemic stroke, 59
for stroke prevention, 61–62
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Blood transfusion, for sickle cell disease, 74 Body temperature, regulation of, 17, 17b Bone marrow transplantation
for adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 cytomegalovirus with, 257–258 for Krabbe’s disease, 118
for metachromatic leukodystrophy, 117 for sickle cell disease, 74
for sphingolipidoses, 284
Borrelia burgdorferi, 253–254 Botulinum toxin
for chronic headache, 145 for dystonia, 192
for multiple sclerosis, 109
for tension-type headache, 141 Botulism, 267t
Bowel dysfunction, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Brachial plexus, 207–209
anatomy of, 207, 207f birth injury to, 208 lesions of
diagnostic testing for, 209 electromyography of, 209 infraclavicular, 208 internal cord, 209
lower trunk/C8-T1 root injury, 208 middle trunk/C7 root injury, 208 nerve conduction studies of, 209 neuroimaging of, 209
subtypes of, 208 supraclavicular, 208 symptoms of, 207–208 treatment of, 209
versus ulnar nerve entrapment, 214f upper trunk/C5-C6 root injury, 208
traction trauma to, 208 Brachioradialis muscle, 216f, 229t Brachium conjunctivum, 21b
Bradykinesia, in Parkinson’s disease, 185, 186t, 187 Brain abscess, 249–251
causative agents of, 250 contiguous spread and, 249 diagnostic testing for, 250–251 hematogenous spread and, 250
neuroimaging staging system for, 251 pathophysiology of, 249–250 symptoms of, 250
treatment of, 251 Brain metastasis, 130 Brainstem, 21–29
projections from, 1
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAERs), 49, 49f in multiple sclerosis, 108
Brainstem encephalitis, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t
Brainstem malformations, 271–273
Brain tumor(s), 119–132. See also specific types general medical therapies for, 132 intracranial hemorrhage with, 66
Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex, 279
Breath-holding spells, 99, 292 cyanotic, 99
pallid, 99 pathophysiology of, 99 subtypes of, 99
Breathing, periodic, 99 Breech rhythm, in EEG, 80 Brevitoxin, 267t
Broca, nucleus of diagonal band of, 11 Broca’s aphasia
lesions causing, 5 symptoms of, 5
Broca’s area, 5–6 lesions of, 5–6
subcortical connections of, lesions of, 6 Brodmann area(s), 1, 1f
Brodmann area 1, 3–4
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Brodmann area 2, 3–4
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Brodmann area 2v, 50
Brodmann area 3, 3–4
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 somatotopic organization of, 3f, 4
Brodmann area 4 (primary motor cortex), 1–2 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Brodmann area 5, 4 Brodmann area 6, 2, 46
as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Brodmann area 8, 2, 45
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex), 2, 41–42 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Brodmann area 18, 42 Brodmann area 19, 42 Brodmann area 36, 42 Brodmann area 37, 42 Brodmann area 39, 6, 46
Brodmann area 40, 4, 6
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Brodmann area 41, 50
Brodmann area 42, 6, 48f, 50 Brodmann area 43, 4 Brodmann area 44, 5, 5b Brodmann area 45, 5 Bromocriptine
for adenoma, 133
for cocaine dependence, 180 for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Brown-Sequard syndrome, 32
Brueghel syndrome, 191 Bruns’ frontal lobe ataxia
lesions causing, 5
normal pressure hydrocephalus and, 36, 163 Bruns-Garland syndrome, 206, 294
Bruns’ nystagmus, 46f–47f Brushfield spots, 289 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 73 Bulbospinal neuronopathy, 197t Bungarotoxin, 267t
Bungner, bands of, 210 Bunina bodies, in ALS, 196
Buprenorphine, for opioid dependence, 181 Bupropion, 174t
for bipolar disorder, 174 in multiple sclerosis, 109
Burn injury, and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Buspirone
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158
for generalized anxiety disorder, 175 Butterbur extract, for migraine prophylaxis, 141
C
CADASIL syndrome, 67 diagnostic testing for, 67 histology of, 67
magnetic resonance imaging of, 67 pathophysiology of, 67, 67b symptoms of, 67
Café au lait spots, 275, 275f Caffeine
avoidance, for insomnia, 167 for orthostatic hypotension, 185 and restless legs syndrome, 169
for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 for tension-type headache, 141
Caffeine withdrawal, and REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 Cajal, interstitial nucleus of, 44
Calcaneal nerve, 227f Calcarine artery, 41 Calcified tumors, 136t
Calcitonin gene related-peptide (CGRP), in migraine, 139 Calcium, abnormal levels of, 301t
Calcium channel(s), diseases of, 200, 200b, 247–248 Calcium gluconate, for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 247 California-LaCrosse encephalitis, 251t
Calleja, islets of, 11
Callosal alien hand syndrome, 10 Caloric testing
in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, 52 in Meniere’s disease, 53
Calpain-3, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Campylobacter jejuni, 222
Canavan’s disease, 115, 194b diagnostic testing for, 115
pathophysiology of, 115 symptoms of, 115 treatment of, 115
Cannabis. See Marijuana Capgras syndrome, 162b
Capping defect, with spinal tumor, 131 Capsaicin, intranasal, for cluster headache
prophylaxis, 142 Carbamazepine, 102t
for acquired epileptiform opercula syndrome, 96 for bipolar disorder, 174
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 for neuromyotonia, 246
for pediatric seizures, 99 for schizophrenia, 172 for SUNCT syndrome, 143
for trigeminal neuralgia, 148
Carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, 282 Carbatrol. See Carbamazepine
Carboplatin, for juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 121 Carcinomatous meningitis, 131–132
diagnostic testing for, 132 lumbar puncture in, 132
magnetic resonance imaging of, 132 pathophysiology of, 131
prognosis of, 132 symptoms of, 131–132 treatment of, 132
Cardiac valve(s), abnormalities of, and ischemic stroke, 56
Cardiobacterium, 69 Cardiomyopathy
hypertension and, 296
muscular dystrophy and, 237–238 Cardiovascular procedures, stroke risk with, 55b Carnitine
for isovaleric acidemia, 281 for Leigh’s disease, 47
for methylmalonic aciduria, 281 for multiple sclerosis, 109
for propionic acidemia, 281
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency, 243 Carotid artery dissection, 70–71
angiography of, 70, 71f
magnetic resonance imaging of, 70, 71f treatment of, 71
Carotid artery ligation, 71 Carotid endarterectomy
candidates, identification of, 57 for ischemic stroke, 59
for stroke prevention, 62, 62b Carotid stenosis
diagnostic testing for, 57, 59f and ischemic stroke, 55 treatment of, 62, 62b
Carpal ligament release, transverse, 211 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 210–211
anatomical considerations of, 210f diagnostic testing for, 211 electromyography of, 211
nerve conduction studies of, 211 pathophysiology of, 210 preacher’s hand versus, 211f risk factors for, 210
serology of, 211 symptoms of, 210–211 treatment of, 211
Index
311
Index
312
Cataplexy, 167–168 Catatonia, acute lethal, 202t Catatonic schizophrenia, 170b Cat-scratch disease, 251–252
Cauda equina syndrome, 32, 32t Caudal regression syndrome, 274 Caudal vermis syndrome, 20 Caudate, 10f, 11–12, 11f
lesions of, 12 Causalgia, 150
Caveolin-3, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Cavernous angioma/cavernoma/cavernous hemangioma, 79, 79f CD4 cell count, in HIV infection, 260t
CDKN2A mutations
and astrocytoma, 120, 120f
and oligodendroglioma, 120b, 122, 122b Celexa (citalopram), 174t
Celiac disease, 299, 299b Central amygdala, 8 Central cord syndrome, 31 Central core disease, 242
childhood, 242 congenital, 242 diagnostic testing for, 242
muscle biopsy in, 242, 243f pathophysiology of, 242, 247b prognosis of, 242
symptoms of, 242 treatment of, 242
Central disk herniation, 152, 152f
Central nervous system tumors, 119–132. See also specific types Central neurocytoma, 129
diagnostic testing for, 129 histology of, 129
location of, 129 treatment of, 129
Central pontine myelinosis, 112–113, 178 histology of, 112f, 113 pathophysiology of, 112
symptoms of, 113 Central sleep apnea, 168
Centronuclear myopathy, 239–240 Centrotemporal epilepsy, 97
diagnostic testing in, 97 EEG findings in, 97, 97f pathophysiology of, 97 prognosis of, 97 subtypes of, 97 symptoms of, 97 treatment of, 97
Cephalosporin(s)
for brain abscess, 251 for Lyme disease, 254
Cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome, 20
Cerebellar degeneration, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Cerebellar fits, 20
Cerebellar malformations, 271–273 Cerebellar peduncles, 20f, 21b Cerebellar relay nuclei, 18–19 Cerebellar tonsil, 20f
Cerebellum, 18–20 efferents of
from deep cerebellar nuclei, 19 from direct projections, 19
general afferent fibers of, 18–19 granular layer of, 18, 19f
modulatory inputs to, 19 molecular layer of, 18, 19f neuron types of, 18, 19f pathophysiology in, 19–20 sensory inputs to, 19
subdivisions based on function, 19, 20f vascular supply of, 19, 21f
visual motor regulation by, 45 Cerebral artery dissections, idiopathic, 70 Cerebral cortex, 1–8
afferents of, 1 Brodmann areas of, 1, 1f chemoanatomy of, 1 efferents of, 1
gyri and lobes of, 1, 1f language areas of, 5–7 malformations of, 269–271 motor systems of, 2–3 somatosensory systems of, 3–4 subtypes of, 1–2
cytoarchitectonic, 1–2 general functional, 2
visual motor regulation by, 45–46 Cerebral infarction
arterial territories in, 57f computed tomography of, 57, 58f diagnostic testing for, 57 hemorrhagic conversion of, 57
magnetic resonance imaging of, 57, 58f patterns of, 71f
Cerebral palsy, 287–288 choreoathetotic, 288 diagnostic testing for, 288 hemiplegic, 288 paraplegic, 288 pathophysiology of, 288 quadriplegic, 288 subtypes of, 288 symptoms of, 288
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome, 16t Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 35–36
abnormalities of, 271 analysis of
in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 111
in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 222 in acute motor axonal neuropathy, 223
in acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, 223
in acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis, 112 in acute panautonomic neuropathy, 223
in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, 116 in Alzheimer’s disease, 158
in bacterial meningitis, 249
in carcinomatous meningitis, 132 in chronic headache, 146
in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 in Devic’s disease, 110
in febrile seizures, 91 in HIV encephalitis, 261 in Lyme disease, 254
in Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 in multiple sclerosis, 108
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in paraneoplastic syndromes, 135
in pseudotumor cerebri, 147 in sarcoidosis, 299
in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147
in syphilis, 254
in tonic-clonic seizures, 88
in tuberculoid meningitis, 252
in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 266 pathophysiology in, 35–36
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, 297t Cerebrovascular malformations, 77–79 Cerebyx. See Fosphenytoin
Cervical collar, for greater occipital neuralgia, 149 Cervical dystonia, 191–192
Cervical plexus, 207 anatomy of, 207
lesions of, symptoms of, 207 pathophysiology in, 207
Cervical spine disease, versus tension-type headache, 141b Cervical vertigo, 54t
Chancre, in syphilis, 254 Channelopathies, of muscle, 246–248
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 218–220 diagnostic testing for, 218–220
nerve biopsy in, 206, 220, 220f subtypes of, 218, 219t symptoms of, 218, 219f
Charcot’s joints, 293 Chemotherapy
for astrocytoma, 121
for choroid plexus papilloma, 128 for gliomatosis cerebri, 123
for medulloblastoma, 126 for metastasis, 131
for oligodendroglioma, 122 Cherry-red spots, diseases with, 283b Chiari malformations, 271–272, 273f Chickenpox, 111, 257
Chicken wire appearance, in oligodendroglioma, 122 Childhood ataxia with central nervous system
hypomyelination, 115–116 Chiro-oral syndrome, 14
Chlamydia pneumoniae, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Chloramphenicol, for brain abscess, 251
Chloride channel(s), diseases of, 248 Chlorpromazine, 172t
Cholestyramine, for stroke prevention, 62 Choline, in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Chorda tympani, 32f
Chordoid meningioma, 124 Chordoma, 130
histology of, 130 location of, 130 prognosis of, 130 treatment of, 130
Choreoathetosis lesions causing, 12
paroxysmal nonkinesigenic, 190t paroxysmal with spasticity and ataxia, 190t
Choreoathetotic cerebral palsy, 288 Choroid artery, 38
Choroid plexus papilloma, 128 computed tomography of, 128 diagnostic testing for, 128
versus ependymoma, 127–128, 128b, 128t epidemiology of, 128
histology of, 128 location of, 127b, 128
magnetic resonance imaging of, 128 treatment of, 128
Chromatopsia, 42
Chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 diagnostic testing in, 151 epidemiology of, 151 pathophysiology of, 151 prognosis of, 151 psychological factors in, 151 symptoms of, 151 treatment of, 151
Chronic headaches, 143–146 adjunctive therapy for, 146 cluster, 144–146
conditions associated with, 144 definition of, 143
diagnostic testing in, 146 epidemiology of, 144 genetics of, 144
medication detoxification for, 146, 146b medication overuse and, 144
migraine, 143–144, 146 neuroimaging of, 146 pathophysiology of, 143–144 patient education on, 146 primary, 144–145
prognosis of, 146 secondary, 143, 143b tension-type, 144–146 treatment of, 146
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), 224–225
CSF analysis in, 224
diagnostic requirements for, 224, 224b diagnostic testing for, 224 epidemiology of, 224
histology of, 224
nerve biopsy in, 206, 224 nerve conduction study of, 224 neuroimaging of, 224 pathophysiology of, 224 prognosis of, 225
symptoms of, 224 treatment of, 224–225, 224b
Cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus, 258 Cigarette smoking, and ischemic stroke, 56 Ciguatoxin, 267t
Ciliary ganglion, 33t Ciliospinal reflex, 25t
Cingulate cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86
Cingulate gyrus, 10f Cingulum, 9, 9f
Circadian rhythm(s), 17, 164 Circadian rhythm disorders, 169–170
and cluster headache, 142
in major depressive disorder, 173 pathophysiology of, 169 subtypes of, 169
treatment of, 170 Circle of Willis, 39f, 79 Circle of Zinn-Haller, 38 Circuit of Papez, 7, 7f Cisternography
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147
Citalopram, 174t
Cladribine, for multiple sclerosis, 109
Index
313
Index
Clarke’s column, 30f, 31 “Clasp knife” spasticity, 2
Claude’s syndrome, 22, 22f, 23b Claustrum, 10f, 11
Clear cell ependymoma, 127 Clear cell meningioma, 124 Climbing fibers, 18
Clindamycin, for toxoplasmosis, 261, 264 Clofazimine, for leprosy, 253
Clofibrate, for stroke prevention, 62 Clomipramine, 174t
Clonazepam, 102t for dystonia, 192
for epileptic pseudoataxia, 93b for gelastic seizures, 84b
for multiple sclerosis, 109 for parasomnias, 170
for startle seizures, 88 for tic disorders, 193
for trigeminal neuralgia, 148 Clonic seizures
focal, neonatal, 90 multifocal, neonatal, 90
Clonidine
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 contraindicated in ischemic stroke, 59 for opioid dependence, 181
for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 for tic disorders, 193
Clopidogrel, for stroke prevention, 61 Clorazepate, 102t
Clostridium botulinum, 267t Clostridium tetani, 267t
Clozapine, 172t
as alternative in drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for Alzheimer’s disease, 158
for Lewy body dementia, 163 for Parkinson’s disease, 186
Clozaril. See Clozapine
Clumsy hand-dysarthria syndrome, 25 Cluster headache, 141–142
chronic, 144–146 epidemiology of, 142 pathophysiology of, 142 phenotype of, 141b prophylactic treatment for, 142 symptoms of, 141–142 treatment of, 142
Coagulation disorders inherited, 71–72
subtypes of, 71–72 symptoms of, 72 treatment of, 72
and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 in ischemic stroke risk, 58
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64 Coat’s syndrome, 241
Cocaine, 180
acute intoxication, 180 biochemical effects of, 180 chronic use of, 180
and dystonia, 191
and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 in schizophrenia, 171
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63
treatment for dependence, 180 and vasospasm-like reaction, 77 withdrawal from, 180
Coccidioides, 263 Coccygeal nerve, 209f Cochlea, 49, 49f
injury of, 51, 51b Cochlear duct, 49f Cochlear nucleus, 26
Cockayne’s syndrome, 200, 286 diagnostic testing for, 286 histology of, 286
nerve conduction study of, 286 neuroimaging of, 286, 286f pathophysiology of, 286 symptoms of, 286
treatment of, 286
type II/infantile-onset, 286 type I/juvenile-onset, 286
Codeine
abuse of, 181
for tension-type headache, 141 Coenzyme Q10
for Leigh’s disease, 47 for MELAS syndrome, 69
for migraine prophylaxis, 141 Cogentin. See Benztropine
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, for insomnia, 167 Cognitive impairment. See also Dementia(s)
mild, 154
Collet-Sicard syndrome, 34t Collier’s sign, 45
Colloid cyst, 128–129 diagnostic testing for, 128 histology of, 128
location of, 128 symptoms of, 128 treatment of, 129
Coloboma, 272 Colorado tick fever, 251t
Color vision, disorders of, 42
Coma, diabetic and hypoglycemic, 295t
Commissure(s), 10. See also specific types
Common peroneal nerve, 209f, 229t anatomy of, 218f
compression syndromes of, 218, 218b, 218f conduction studies of, 205, 218
Complement membrane attack complexes, in myasthenia gravis, 234 Complex febrile seizures, 91
Complex partial seizures, 85–86 versus absence seizures, 85t diagnostic testing for, 86
EEG findings of, 86
with frontal lobe focus, 86
with mesial temporal cortex focus, 85–86 with neocortical temporal focus, 86 pathophysiology of, 85
pediatric, 98–99 subtypes of, 98–99 symptoms of, 98 treatment of, 99
symptoms of, 85
Complex regional pain syndrome, 149–150 diagnostic testing for, 150
dystonia in, 191
314
subtypes of, 149–150 symptoms of, 150 treatment of, 150
Complex repetitive discharges, on EMG, 233
Compound muscle action potential (CMAP), 204, 206, 215 Compression neuropathies, 210–218. See also specific nerves
histology of, 210
of lower extremities, 217–218 pathophysiology of, 210
Computed tomography (CT) of Alzheimer’s disease, 158
of cerebral infarction, 57, 58f
of choroid plexus papilloma, 128 of chronic headache, 146
of Cockayne’s syndrome, 286 of colloid cyst, 129
of ependymoma, 127
of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278 of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 of tuberous sclerosis, 277
of venous infarction, 75, 75f
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of carotid stenosis, 57
of infectious endocarditis, 69
COMT inhibitors, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Concussion, vestibular, vertigo with, 54t Conditioning, 154b
Conduction aphasia lesions causing, 6, 9 symptoms of, 6
Conductive hearing loss, 50 Confusional migraine, 138
Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles, 248t Congestive heart failure, and ischemic stroke, 55 Constipation, in Parkinson’s disease, 185 Constructional apraxia, lesions causing, 5 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), for sleep
breathing disorders, 169 Contraction, muscle, 230, 230f Contractures
in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237–238 in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 238
Contrast-enhancing tumors, 136t Conus medullaris syndrome, 32, 32t Conversion disorder, 176–177
pathophysiology of, 176 prognosis of, 177 symptoms of, 177 treatment of, 177
Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), for multiple sclerosis, 109
Copper
abnormal levels of, 301t
in Wilson’s disease, 194–195 Corneal reflex, 25t Corneomandibular reflex, 25t
Corona radiata/corona semiovale, 8–9 lesions of, 8–9, 8f
pathophysiology in, 8
Coronary artery bypass graft, stroke risk with, 55b Corpus callosotomy, for seizure control, 102 Corpus callosum, 10
agenesis of, 10, 271–272 pathophysiology in, 10 transection of, 10
Corti, organ of, 33t, 49
Cortical auditory hallucinosis, 51 Cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188
diagnostic testing for, 188 genetics of, 188 pathophysiology of, 188 prognosis of, 188 symptoms of, 188
Cortical dementia, versus subcortical, 154, 155t Cortical gyri, important, 1, 1f
Cortical malformations, 269–271 Cortical neurons, types of, 1, 2f Cortical relay nuclei, thalamic, 13
Cortical resection, focal, for seizure control, 102 Corticobulbar tract, 3, 23, 29
Corticocortical fibers, 1 Corticomedial amygdala, 8 Corticopontine tract, 18 Corticospinal tract, 3, 29
anterior, 29, 30f components of, 3 decussation of, 3 lateral, 30, 30f
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 17t in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151
in seizures/epilepsy, 82
Cortisol, in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 267t
Coumadin
for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for arterial dissection, 71
versus aspirin, 61, 61t
for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 side effects of, 61
for stroke prevention, 61, 61t
Cowdry type A inclusions, 256, 256f, 257 Cranial nerve(s), 32–34. See also specific nerves
anatomy of, 32 disorders of, 32–34 ganglia of, 32, 33t ocular motor, 43, 43f syndromes of, 34, 34t
Craniopharyngioma, 133 location of, 133 pathophysiology of, 133 prognosis of, 133 symptoms of, 133 treatment of, 133
Craniosynostosis syndromes, 271 Crank (drug), 180–181
Crank case oil, 133 C-reactive protein
in ischemic stroke risk, 58 in temporal arteritis, 76
Creatinine, in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t EEG findings in, 265, 265f inherited, 266
sporadic, 265–266 variant, 266
Cri du chat, 289 Crouzon’s syndrome, 271
CRPS. See Complex regional pain syndrome Cruciate paralysis, 28
Index
315
Index
Cryoglobulinemia(s), 226–228 diagnostic testing for, 228 nerve biopsy in, 228
nerve conduction study of, 228 serology in, 228
subtypes of, 226 symptoms of, 226 treatment of, 228 type I, 226
type II, 226 type III, 226
Cryptococcus, 262–263, 263f
CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid CT. See Computed tomography Cushing reflex, 296
Cutaneous sensory terminals, 205t Cyanotic breath-holding spells, 99 Cyclobenzaprine, for dystonia, 192 Cyclooxygenase deficiency, 47 Cyclophosphamide
for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 for chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy, 225 for Devic’s disease, 110
for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for multifocal motor neuropathy, 225
for multiple sclerosis, 110
for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135 Cyclosporine, for myasthenia gravis, 235 Cyclothymia, 173b
Cymbalta (duloxetine), 174t Cyst(s)
colloid, 128–129 Rathke’s pouch, 133b
Cystathionine -synthase, 73f Cystathionine -synthase deficiency, 72–73 Cysticercosis, 264, 264f
Cytarabine, for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 257–258
histology of, 257
with HIV infection, 257–258, 262 in immunosuppressed, 257–258 intrauterine infection, 290
simian, and multiple sclerosis, 104 treatment for, 258
types of infection, 257–258 in utero, 257
D
Dandy-Walker malformation, 272–274 associated abnormalities with, 272 pathophysiology of, 272, 272b, 273f symptoms of, 274
treatment of, 274
Dantrolene, for multiple sclerosis, 109 Dapsone
for leprosy, 253
prophylactic, for cancer patients, 132 Darkschewitsch, nucleus of, 44 Darvon (propoxyphene) abuse, 181 Daytime sleepiness, 167b
excessive, disorders of, 167–169 Decerebrate posturing, 289 Declarative memory, 154b Decorticate posturing, 289
Deep brain stimulation for dystonia, 192
for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Deep cerebellar nuclei, 19 Deep peroneal nerve, 227f
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), prevention of, 60 Dejerine-Roussy syndrome, 15
lesions causing, 15, 15b symptoms of, 15 treatment of, 15
Dejerine’s syndrome, 28
Delayed sleep phase syndrome, 169 Delirium, lupus, 298
Delirium tremens, 179
Delta frequency, in EEG, 80b, 81–82, 82f in schizophrenia, 171
in tonic seizures, 88 Deltoid muscle, medial, 229t Delusions
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157
in Lewy body dementia, 162, 162b in schizophrenia, 171
in schizophreniform disorder, 172 Dementia(s), 154–163. See also specific types
in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117
in Alexander’s disease, 115 in ALS, 196
Alzheimer’s, 155–159
in Cockayne’s syndrome, 286
in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 cortical versus subcortical, 154, 155t definition of, 154
drug-induced, 155
epidemiology of major disorders, 155f frontotemporal, 161
HIV-related, 260–261
in Huntington’s disease, 159t, 194 Lewy body, 161–163
in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 284
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 155, 163 in Parkinson’s disease, 159t, 185
progression of mild cognitive impairment to, 154 reversible causes of, 154–155
semantic, 161 subtypes of, 154 toxin-induced, 155
vascular (multi-infarct), 159–160 Demerol. See Meperidine
Demyelinating disorders, 104–113. See also specific disorders
nutritionand electrolyte-related, 112–113 Demyelinating nerve conduction study, 205b Denervation, EMG findings of, 232
Dentate gyrus, 7 Dentate nucleus, 19
Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), 191, 199 diagnostic testing for, 199
epidemiology of, 199 histology of, 199 pathophysiology of, 199 symptoms of, 199
Depacon. See Valproate
Depakote. See Valproate
316
Deprenyl. See Selegiline
Depression. See also Major depressive disorder in Alzheimer’s disease, 157–158
with cognitive disturbances, versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t in complex regional pain syndrome, 150
in migraine sufferers, 139
in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in Parkinson’s disease, 185
in schizophrenia, 171
Dermacentor, 251b, 251t, 255, 255b
Dermatomes, 227f–228f Dermatomyositis, 244–245
adult, 244 childhood, 244
diagnostic testing for, 245 muscle biopsy in, 245, 245f pathophysiology of, 244 prodrome for, 244 prognosis of, 245
serology in, 245 subtypes of, 244 symptoms of, 244–245 treatment of, 245
Desipramine, 174t
Desmopressin acetate, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Detoxification, for chronic headache, 146, 146b Development
abnormal, 287–292 normal, milestones of, 288t
Developmental delay, 287–292 global, 289–292
language, 287 motor, 287–289
Developmental disease, 269–278. See also specific types Devic’s disease, 110–111
diagnostic testing for, 110 histology of, 110 prognosis of, 111 symptoms of, 110 treatment of, 110
Dexamethasone, 118t
for bacterial meningitis, 249 Dexamethasone suppression test, in major
depressive disorder, 173 Dextroamphetamine abuse, 180–181 Diabetes insipidus, central type, 16t Diabetes mellitus, 293–295
and ischemic stroke, 56 secondary, 293 subtypes of, 293
type 1/insulin-dependent, 293 type 2/noninsulin-dependent, 293
Diabetic amyotrophy, 294–295 Diabetic coma, 295t
Diabetic mononeuropathy, 294 Diabetic myopathy, 294–295 Diabetic neuropathies, 293–294
acute painful, 294 asymmetric and focal, 294 autonomic, 293–294 chronic sensorimotor, 293 treatment of, 294
Diabetic plexopathy, proximal, 206, 294 Diaminopyridine, for Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 Diastat. See Diazepam
Diazepam
for glycine encephalopathy, 280 for status epilepticus, 89t
Diazoxide, contraindicated in ischemic stroke, 59 Didanosine, for HIV infection, 260
Diencephalic autonomic seizures, 20
Dietary supplements, for migraine prophylaxis, 141 Diffuse plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), of cerebral infarction, 57, 58f DiGeorge syndrome, 274
Digoxin, for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Dihydroergotamine
for cluster headache, 142 for migraine, 140
Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase deficiency, 280 Dilantin. See Phenytoin
Dilaudid (hydromorphone) abuse, 181 Diltiazem, and parkinsonism, 202 Diphtheria, 267t
Diplacusis, 51 Diplopia
in Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 monocular, 43b
in multiple sclerosis, 106
Dipyridamole, for stroke prevention, 60–61 Disinhibition, lesions causing, 12 Diskectomy, 153
Disk herniation, 152, 152f, 153 Disomy 15, 289b
Disorganized schizophrenia, 170b
Distal sensory polyneuropathy, in HIV infection, 261, 261b Disulfiram, for alcohol dependence, 179
Ditropan. See Oxybutynin Diuretics
and central pontine myelinosis, 112 for Meniere’s disease, 53
for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Dix-Hallpike maneuver, 52 DNA repair disorders, 285–287 Domoate, 267t
Donepezil
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 in multiple sclerosis, 109
DOPA decarboxylase deficiency, 280 Dopamine, 17t
amphetamines and, 180 in basal ganglia, 11
in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f Dopamine agonists
and dystonia, 191
for Lewy body dementia, 163 for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t
for periodic limb movement disorder, 169 for restless legs syndrome, 169
and tics, 193 Dopaminergic nuclei, 22 Dopaminergic pathway(s)
mesocortical, 22 mesolimbic, 22
DOPA-responsive dystonia, 190b, 190t, 192 Dorello’s canal, 43f
Dorsal digital nerve, 227f Dorsal horn, 30
Dorsal mesencephalon syndromes, 23 Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, 26
Index
317
Index
Dorsal pontine syndromes, 24f, 25 Dorsal raphe nucleus, 28
Dorsal scapular nerve, 207f Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, 30
Dorsolateral frontal cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 Dorsolateral medullary syndrome, 28
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Dorsolateral tract, 30f Dorsomedial nucleus, 14f, 15, 16f
lesions of, 15
in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 15b Doublecortin gene mutations, 269b
Double lumen sign, in carotid dissection, 72f Down’s syndrome, 289
Alzheimer’s disease in, 156 germinoma in, 129
Downward gaze, 44
Doxepin, for chronic headache, 144 Doxycycline
for Lyme disease, 254
for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 256 Dreams, 166
Dressing apraxia, lesions causing, 5 Drop attack, 88
Drug abuse, 177–182. See also specific drugs and intracranial hemorrhage, 66
in schizophrenia, 171
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 and vasculitis, 77
Duane’s syndrome, 248t
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237–238 diagnostic testing for, 237
muscle biopsy in, 237, 237f pathophysiology of, 237 symptoms of, 237 treatment of, 237–238
Duloxetine, 174t
Dural enhancement, unexpected causes of, 267b Dural tails, meningioma with, 124, 124f Dutch-type amyloid angiopathy, 66
Dwarfism, in Cockayne’s syndrome, 286 Dynorphin, in spiny neurons, 11 Dysarthria
in central pontine myelinosis, 113 in Huntington’s disease, 194 hypophonic, 12
in multiple sclerosis, 106
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 in Wilson’s disease, 195
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, 129 Dysesthesia(s), in restless legs syndrome, 169 Dysferlin, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Dysgeusia, 4
Dyskinesia, in Parkinson’s disease, 185–186 Dyslipidemia(s), 297–301, 297t
and ischemic stroke, 56, 56b management, for stroke prevention, 62
Dysmyelinating disorders, 113–118, 113b. See also s pecific types
Dysphagia
in Canavan’s disease, 115
in central pontine myelinosis, 113 in Huntington’s disease, 194
in Parkinson’s disease, 185
Dysphonia
in rheumatoid arthritis, 297 spastic, 191
Dyssomnia(s), 166–170. See also specific types Dysthymia, 173b
in migraine sufferers, 139 Dystonia(s), 189–192
adult-onset, 191 autoimmune, 191 causes of, 189–190 cervical, 191–192 childhood, 191
deep brain stimulation for, 192 diagnostic testing in, 192 DOPA-responsive, 190b, 190t, 192 drug-induced, 191
early-onset, 190t, 192 facial/oromandibular, 191 focal, 191
generalized, 191, 191b genetics of, 190t, 192 iatrogenic, 191 lesions causing, 13–14 limb, 191
multifocal, 191 myoclonic, 190b, 190t
in Parkinson’s disease, 185–186, 190, 190t pathophysiology of, 189
primary, 190, 190t rapid-onset, 190t secondary, 190–191 segmental, 191 subtypes of, 191 surgery for, 192 symptoms of, 191 treatment of, 192
Dystrophin(s), sarcoglycans and, 242f Dystrophin gene, 237–238
E
Eastern equine encephalitis, 251t Echinococcosis, 265
Echinococcus, 265 Echocardiography, 58
of infectious endocarditis, 69 transesophageal, 58
Echolalia, in frontotemporal dementia, 161 Ecstasy (drug), 180–181
Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 43, 43f Edrophonium test, in myasthenia
gravis, 235
EEG. See Electroencephalogram Efferent(s)
cerebellar
from deep cerebellar nuclei, 19 from direct projections, 19
cortical, 1 hypothalamic, 18f reticular formation, 29
Effexor. See Venlafaxine Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 77
arterial dissection in, 70
Eikenella, 69 Ejaculation, 34
Elavil. See Amitriptyline
318
Elbow extension, 229t Elbow flexion, 229t
Elbow pain, in ulnar nerve entrapment, 213 Elderly, electromyography in, 234 Electrode(s)
for EEG, 80 nasopharyngeal, 80 sphenoid, 80
Electrodecremental response, in tonic seizures, 88, 88f Electroencephalogram (EEG)
in acquired epileptiform opercula syndrome, 96 in Alzheimer’s disease, 158
amplitude asymmetries in, 80–81
in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 265, 265f electrodes for, 80
frequencies (waves) of, 80b frequency asymmetries in, 81 in giant axonal neuropathy, 221 in glycine encephalopathy, 280
in hypertensive encephalopathy, 296 hyperventilation response in, 80, 95, 95f in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 297
in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93, 93f in mesial temporal sclerosis, 86
in migraine, 139
periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges in, 81f, 82 photic stimulation in, 80
polymorphic delta activity in, 81 in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 rhythmic delta activity in, 82, 82f in schizophrenia, 171
in seizures/epilepsy, 80–82
abnormalities consistent with foci, 80–82, 81f–82f in absence seizures, 95, 95f
in benign myoclonic epilepsy, 94 in benign occipital epilepsy, 97 in febrile seizures, 92
in infantile spasms, 88f, 92, 92f
in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 94, 94f in partial seizures, 86
in rolandic epilepsy, 97, 97f
in severe myoclonic epilepsy, 94 in status epilepticus, 90
in tonic-clonic seizures, 87–88, 87f, 88b in tonic seizures, 88, 88b, 88f
sharp waves in, 80
sleep, waking, and sleep deprivation in, 80, 164–166, 165f–166f spike-and-wave discharge in, 81f
in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 260, 260f in transient global amnesia, 8
Electrolyte abnormalities, 301t
Electrolyte-related demyelinating disorders, 112–113 Electromyography (EMG), 204, 232–234
abnormal, 233, 233f
in acute inflammatory demyelinated polyneuropathy, 222 of acute motor axonal neuropathy, 223
of acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, 223 in ALS, 196
of anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 of brachial plexopathy, 209
of carpal tunnel syndrome, 211 complex repetitive discharges on, 233 in elderly, 234
fasciculation potentials in, 233, 233b of femoral nerve syndromes, 218
fibrillation potentials in, 232–233 insertional activity on, 233 irritability on, 233
of Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 of lumbosacral plexopathy, 210
in McArdle’s disease, 243
of Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223
of multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 myokymic discharges on, 233 myopathic changes on, 232
of myotonia congenita, 248 myotonic discharges on, 233, 233b of myotonic dystrophy, 239
in neonates, 233
of neuromyotonia, 246 neuromyotonic discharges on, 233 neuropathic changes on, 232–233 normal, 233f
of paramyotonia congenita, 247 of peroneal nerve syndromes, 218 in polymyositis, 245
of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 of radial nerve injury in brachium, 216
sharp waves on, 233
technical considerations for, 233–234
of ulnar nerve entrapment at elbow, 213 Electrophoresis, in monoclonal gammopathy, 226 Electroretinogram, 38
Eletriptan, 140t Embolism, paradoxical, 58
Embryogenesis, disorders of, 269–278 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 238
diagnostic testing for, 238 subtypes of, 238 symptoms of, 238 treatment of, 238
type 1, 238
type 2, 219b, 238
EMG. See Electromyography Empty sella syndrome, 132b Empyema, 249
Encephalitis bacterial, 251–252 herpes, 256
HIV, 260–261 measles, 259 viral, 251t, 258 Encephalocele, 274b
Encephalomyelitis, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Encephalopathy. See specific types
Endarterectomy, carotid
candidates for, identification of, 57 for ischemic stroke, 59
for stroke prevention, 62, 62b Endocarditis, 69
infectious, 69–70 marantic, 69
Endocrine disorders, and dementia, 155 Endolymphatic duct, 49f
Endovascular clot removal, for venous infarction, 75 Endovascular stenting, for arterial dissection, 71
En plaque meningioma, 125 Entacapone, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Entamoeba, 264
Enterobacteriaceae, and brain abscess, 250
Index
319
Index
320
Enterococcus, 69
Entrapment neuropathies, 210–218. See also specific nerves histology of, 210
of lower extremities, 217–218 pathophysiology of, 210
Ependymoma, 127–128
versus choroid plexus papilloma, 127–128, 128b, 128t classic, 127
clear cell, 127
computed tomography of, 127 diagnostic testing for, 127–128 epidemiology of, 127 histology of, 127, 127f infratentorial, 127
location of, 127
magnetic resonance imaging of, 128 myxopapillary, 127
papillary, 127 pseudorosettes in, 127, 127f subtypes of, 127
Ephaptic transmission, 148, 148b Ephedrine, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Ephedrine abuse, 180
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and astrocytoma, 119, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122
Epidural blood patching, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148
Epilepsia partialis continua, 89b Epilepsy, 80–102
autosomal dominant partial, with auditory features, 98, 98b, 120b
benign myoclonic, 93–94 benign occipital, 96–97 diagnostic testing for, 80–82
electroencephalogram in, 80–82, 81f–82f with ischemic stroke, 57
juvenile myoclonic, 94 with multiple sclerosis, 106 prolactin level in, 82 rolandic/centrotemporal, 97
seizures in. See also specific types nonsyndromal generalized, 86–89 partial, 82–86
prolonged (status epilepticus), 89–90 severe myoclonic, 94
treatment of
medical, 101, 101f, 102t–103t surgical, 102
Epileptic pseudoataxia, 93b Episodic ataxia(s)
type I inherited, 200 type II inherited, 200–201
Episodic headaches
lasting less than four hours, 141–143 lasting more than four hours, 137–141
Episodic memory, 154b Epley maneuver, 52
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and multiple sclerosis, 104 Erection, 34
in REM sleep, 166 Ergot(s)
for cluster headache, 142 for migraine, 140
overuse of, and chronic headache, 144 for Parkinson’s disease, 186t
Ergotamine, for migraine, 140 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
in ischemic stroke risk, 58 in temporal arteritis, 58, 76
Erythropoietin, for orthostatic hypotension, 185
Escherichia coli, and meningitis, 250t
Escitalopram, 174t Essential hypertension, 295 Essential tremor, 201
diagnostic testing for, 201 pathophysiology of, 201 risk factors for, 201, 201b symptoms of, 201, 201b treatment of, 201
Estrogen use
and ischemic stroke, 56
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Ethambutol, for tuberculosis, 252 Ethosuximide, 102t
for absence seizures, 95 Eustachian tube, 49f Evoked potential(s)
brainstem auditory, 49, 49f in multiple sclerosis, 108
somatosensory, 205
in hereditary spastic paraplegia, 198 in multiple sclerosis, 108, 108f
in schizophrenia, 172 trigeminal, 148
visual, 41–42, 41f
in multiple sclerosis, 42, 108
Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT-2), in ALS, 196 Executive impairment, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Exelon (rivastigmine), for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 Extensor carpi radialis, 216
Extensor carpi radialis longus, 216f Extensor carpi ulnaris, 216f Extensor digiti quinti, 216f Extensor digitorum communis, 216f Extensor indicis, 216f
Extensor pollicis brevis, 216, 216f Extensor pollicis longus, 216
Extraocular muscles, congenital fibrosis of, 248t Extreme lateral disk herniation, 152, 152f Eyelid myoclonus with absence seizures, 95b Eye movement(s)
in Huntington’s disease, 194
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 regulation of, 21, 44–47
F
Fabry’s disease, 285t
Facial nerve (CN VII), 24f, 32, 32f ganglia of, 32f, 33t
palsy of (Bell’s palsy), 32–34 Facial nucleus, 23, 26f Facial/oromandibular dystonia, 191 Facial synkinesis, 34
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 240–241 diagnostic testing for, 241
muscle biopsy in, 241, 241f pathophysiology of, 240 prognosis of, 241 symptoms of, 240–241 treatment of, 241
Factitious disorders, 42, 176–177
Factor V Leiden mutation, 72 Famcyclovir
for Bell’s palsy, 34
for herpes zoster virus, 257 Farber’s lipogranulomatosis, 285t
Fasciculation potentials, on EMG, 233, 233b Fasciculus cuneatus, 30, 30f
Fasciculus gracilis, 30, 30f Fastigial nucleus, 19, 29 Fast-twitch motor units, 232
Fast-twitch muscle fibers, 231, 231f Fatal familial insomnia, 266
Fatigable fast-twitch motor units, 232 Fatigue
chronic, syndrome of, 151 in fibromyalgia, 151
in multiple sclerosis, 106, 109 Fatigue-resistant motor units
fast-twitch, 232 slow-twitch, 232
Fatty acid supplementation, for adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 Febrile seizures, 91–92
complex, 91
CSF analysis in, 91 diagnostic testing in, 91–92 EEG findings in, 92 pathophysiology of, 91 simple, 91
subtypes of, 91 treatment of, 92 vaccine-induced, 91
Feeding behavior, hypothalamic regulation of, 16–17 Felbamate, 103t
Femoral nerve, 209f, 227f, 229t anatomy of, 217f
compression syndromes of, 217–218 diagnostic testing for, 218 electromyography of, 218
nerve conduction study of, 218 pathophysiology of, 217 symptoms of, 217–218 treatment of, 218
Fibrillary astrocytoma, 119–121 epidemiology of, 120 genetics of, 119–120, 120f grading of, 119, 119b, 119t infratentorial, 120
location of, 120
MIB-1 antibody labeling of, 119, 119b nuclear atypia in, 119, 120f prognosis of, 121
supratentorial, 120 treatment of, 121
Fibrillation potentials, in EMG, 232–233 Fibroma(s), ungual, in tuberous sclerosis, 276, 277f Fibromuscular dysplasia, 70
angiography of, 70, 70f arterial dissection in, 70 diagnostic testing for, 70 epidemiology of, 70 pathophysiology of, 70 symptoms of, 70 treatment of, 70
Fibromyalgia, 150–151 diagnostic testing for, 151 epidemiology of, 151
pathophysiology of, 150 prognosis of, 151 psychological factors in, 150 symptoms of, 151 treatment of, 151
Fibrous meningioma, 123, 124f Finger flexion, distal, 229t Flaccid bladder, 36t
Flame sign, in carotid dissection, 72f Flexor carpi radialis, 210f, 229t Flexor carpi radialis tendons, 210f Flexor carpi ulnaris, 213f–214f, 229t
Flexor digitorum profundus, 211, 213f–214f, 229t Flexor digitorum superficialis, 210f
Flexor pollicis brevis, 210f, 213f, 229t Flexor pollicis longus, 211, 229t Flexor retinaculum, 210f Flocculonodular lobe, 20f
Florid plaques, in prion disease, 266 Fludrocortisone, 118t
for orthostatic hypotension, in Parkinson’s disease, 185 Fluid therapy, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 Fluoxetine, 174t
for cataplexy, 168
for chronic headache, 144 for migraine prophylaxis, 140
Focal cortical dysplasia, 269
Focal cortical resection, for seizure control, 102 Foix-Alajouanine syndrome, 252, 252b
Foix syndrome, 34t Folate
deficiency of, 301t
for MHTR deficiency, 73
for spina bifida prevention, 274 for toxoplasmosis, 261
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adenoma and, 133 Foot dorsiflexion, 229t
Foot drop
in ALS, 196
in peroneal nerve syndromes, 218 Foot eversion, 229t
in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 219f Foot inversion, 229t
Foot plantar flexion, 229t Forebrain, basal, 10f, 11 Formed hallucinations, 4b Fornix (pl. fornices), 11f
Foscarnet, for cytomegalovirus, 258 Fosphenytoin, 103t
for status epilepticus, 89t Fourth ventricle, tumors of, 128b Foville’s syndrome, 24f, 25 Fragile X syndrome, 290
Freezing episodes, in Parkinson’s disease, 185 Frequency asymmetries, in EEG, 81
Fried egg appearance, in oligodendroglioma, 122 Friedreich’s ataxia, 199–200
diagnostic testing for, 200 histology of, 199 pathophysiology of, 199 prognosis of, 200 symptoms of, 200, 200b treatment of, 200
Froehlich’s syndrome, 17b Frohse, arcade of, 216, 217f Froment’s sign, 213, 215f
Index
321
Index
Frontal eye field, 45
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Frontal horn, in adult hydrocephalus, 35
Frontal horn ballooning (“Mickey Mouse” ventricles), 35 Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIDA), 82, 82f Frontal lobe, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86
Frontal lobe release reflexes, in Alzheimer’s disease, 158, 158b Frontal lobe syndromes, 5, 5t
Frontal operculum
as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Frontopolar cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 Frontotemporal dementia, 161
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 160–161 versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t diagnostic testing in, 161
epidemiology of, 155f genetics of, 161
histology of, 160–161, 160f neuroimaging in, 161, 161f pathophysiology of, 161 subtypes of, 161 treatment of, 161
Frovatriptan, 140t Fukutin gene, 243 Fukutin protein, 243
Fukuyama congenital myopathy, 242–243 diagnostic testing for, 243 pathophysiology of, 243
prognosis of, 243 symptoms of, 243
Fungal infection, 262–263. See also specific types diagnosis of, 263
pathophysiology of, 262 symptoms of, 262–263
Fungal meningitis, 77t, 262–263 Furosemide, for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Fusiform aneurysm, 78
Fusiform neurons, 1 F waves
in acute inflammatory demyelinated polyneuropathy, 222 in nerve conduction studies, 206
G
GABA
in arousal/sleep, 164 in aspiny neurons, 11 barbiturates and, 179 in spiny neurons, 11
Gabapentin, 102t for dystonia, 192
for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for multiple sclerosis, 109
for restless legs syndrome, 169 for trigeminal neuralgia, 148
GABA receptor agonists, for insomnia, 167 Gabitril. See Tiagabine
Gait
in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237 in MASA syndrome, 271
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 Gait ataxia
in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 in caudal vermis syndrome, 20 in rostral vermis syndrome, 19
Galactosylceramidase, in Krabbe’s disease, 117–118 Galantamine, for Alzheimer’s disease, 158
Galen, vein of, malformations of, 78, 274–275 Gamma aminobutyric acid. See GABA Gamma-knife radiosurgery
for chronic cluster headache, 145 for Parkinson’s disease, 186
Ganciclovir, for cytomegalovirus, 258 Ganglia, cranial nerve, 32, 33t Gangliocytoma/ganglioglioma, 129
epidemiology of, 129 histology of, 129 location of, 129 prognosis of, 129 treatment of, 129
Ganglionic degeneration, cortical-based, 188 diagnostic testing for, 188
genetics of, 188 pathophysiology of, 188 prognosis of, 188 symptoms of, 188
Gangliosidosis GM1, 284b, 285t GM2, 285t
Gasserian ganglion, 33t
microvascular decompression of, 142 Gastrocnemius muscle, 229t, 231f Gaucher’s disease, 285t
Gaze
in Huntington’s disease, 194
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 regulation of, 44–46
Gaze centers, cortical, 45–46 Gaze deviation, 46
Gelastic seizures, 84b
Gemfibrozil, for stroke prevention, 62 Generalized anxiety disorder, 175 Generalized seizures
atonic, 89 myoclonic, 89
nonsyndromal, 86–89 tonic, 88 tonic-clonic, 86–88 treatment of, 101f
Geniculate ganglion, 32f, 33t Genitofemoral nerve, 209f, 227f Gennari, band of, 2
Gentamicin, intratympanic, for Meniere’s disease, 53 Geodon. See Ziprasidone
Geography, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Germinoma, 129–130
diagnostic testing for, 130 genetics of, 129
histology of, 130 location of, 130
pathophysiology of, 129–130 prognosis of, 130
treatment of, 130 Gerstmann’s syndrome, 5, 188
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, 266, 266b Ghost plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156
Giant axonal neuropathy, 221 diagnostic testing for, 221 EEG findings in, 221 histology of, 221, 221f
322
nerve conduction studies of, 221 neuroimaging of, 221 pathophysiology of, 221 prognosis of, 221
symptoms of, 221 Giant cell arteritis, 75–76
Giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 75–76 diagnostic testing for, 58, 76 epidemiology of, 76
erythrocyte sedimentation rate in, 58, 76 pathophysiology of, 75
prognosis of, 76 and stroke, 58, 76 symptoms of, 76 treatment of, 76
Giant cell neuropathy. See Phenylketonuria Glabellar reflex, 25t
Glatiramer acetate, for multiple sclerosis, 109 Glaucoma
in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278 visual evoked potentials in, 42b Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
in Alexander’s disease, 114 in ependymoma, 127
in oligodendroglioma, 122
in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 121 tumors positive for, 127b
Glioblastoma multiforme, 120f, 121 Gliomatosis cerebri, 123
diagnostic testing for, 123 histology of, 123 prognosis of, 123 symptoms of, 123 treatment of, 123
Gliosis
in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 in HIV infection, 260
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 in Wilson’s disease, 194
Global akinesia, lesions causing, 3 Global developmental delay, 289–292 Global hypoxia, 70
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe’s disease), 117–118 Globus pallidus, 10f, 12
lesions of, 12 neurons of, 12
output projections from, 13 in Parkinson’s disease, 184f
Globus pallidus stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Glossopharyngeal nerve
disorders/syndromes of, 34t ganglia of, 33t
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 32, 149 diagnostic testing in, 149 pathophysiology of, 149 symptoms of, 149
treatment of, 149 Glucocorticoid(s), 118t
for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 for adrenoleukodystrophy, 117
for anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 anti-inflammatory potency of, 118t
for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for brain abscess, 251
for brain tumors, 132
for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151
for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 complications of, 118t
for cryoglobulinemia, 228 for Devic’s disease, 110
for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 238 for greater occipital neuralgia, 149
for hearing loss, 50
for herpes zoster virus, 257
for idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis, 267 for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 297
for Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 96
for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for metastasis, 131
mineralocorticoid potency of, 118t for multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 for multiple sclerosis, 109
for myasthenia gravis, 235
for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135
for posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 for pseudotumor cerebri, 147
for sarcoidosis, 299
for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 for status migrainosus, 141
for tuberculosis, 253
for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 268 Glucose
abnormalities of blood vessels, 295t
for carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency, 243 for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 247
in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Glutamate, in ALS, 196
Glutamate decarboxylase, in stiff man’s syndrome, 201 Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, 299
Gluteus maximus, 229t Gluteus minimus, 229t Glycine encephalopathy, 280
Glycine supplementation, for isovaleric acidemia, 281 Golgi neurons, 18
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 17t Gottron’s papules, in dermatomyositis, 245
Gower’s sign, in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237 Gradenigo syndrome, 34t
Granular cells, 1, 18, 19f Gray matter
somatotopic organization of, 31, 31f spinal cord, 30
Greater auricular nerve, 149f Greater occipital nerve, 149f
Greater occipital nerve neuralgia, 149 Greater petrosal nerve, 32f
Great radicular artery, 31f
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), 17t adenoma secreting, 133
GSPT1 gene, and adenoma, 133 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 221–224
conditions preceding, 222 epidemiology of, 222 nerve biopsy in, 206
pathophysiology of, 221–222
subtypes without pronounced weakness, 223 subtypes with pronounced weakness, 222–223 treatment of, 223–224
Index
323
Index
324
Gummas, 255
Gustatory hallucinations, 4b Guyon’s tunnel, 213, 215f
lesions of, 213–216 surgical transection of, 216
Gyri, important cortical, 1, 1f
H
HAART therapy, 260–261 HACEK organisms, 69
Haemophilus, 69 Haemophilus influenzae, 250t
Haemophilus influenzae vaccine, 249 Hakim-Adams syndrome, 35–36, 163 Hallucination(s)
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 auditory, 4b
formed, 4b gustatory, 4b hypnagogic, 168 hypnopompic, 168
in Lewy body dementia, 162 olfactory, 4
in Parkinson’s disease, 186 in schizophrenia, 171
in schizophreniform disorder, 172 tactile, 4
in temporal lobe seizures, 85 types of, 4b
unformed, 4b visual, 4b, 22
Hallucinosis
cortical auditory, 51 peduncular, 22–23 pontine auditory, 51b Haloperidol (Haldol), 172t
for autism, 291
for tic disorders, 193
Hamartoma, in tuberous sclerosis, 276
Hammertoes, in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 219f Hamstrings, 229t
Hartnup’s disease, 280
Headache, 137–149. See also specific types with adenoma, 133
with brain abscess, 250 chronic, 143–146 cluster, 141–142 episodic
lasting less than four hours, 141–143 lasting more than four hours, 137–141
with gliomatosis cerebri, 123 hypnic, 143
idiopathic stabbing, 143
with intracranial hemorrhage, 66 with ischemic stroke, 56, 56b migraine, 137–141
rebound, 144
special disorders of, 146–149
with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 with temporal arteritis, 76 tension-type, 141
Head drop, 196, 196b
Head trauma, vertigo with, 54t Hearing aids, 50–51
Hearing loss, 50
in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117
conductive, 50
and language delay, 287
with neurofibromatosis type 2, 275 sensorineural, 50
treatment of, 50
Heart disease, and ischemic stroke, 55–56 Heat, and multiple sclerosis, 106b Heerfordt syndrome, 298b
Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon, 46f–47f Helicotrema, 49f
Heliotrope rash, in dermatomyositis, 244 Hemangioblastoma, 130
histology of, 130 treatment of, 130
in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278 Hemangioma, cavernous, 79, 79f
Hematoma, intramural, with arterial dissection, 70, 71f Hemiachromatopsia, 42
Hemianopsia adenoma and, 133
optic chiasm lesions and, 40 Hemiataxia
lesions causing, 13–14 in multiple sclerosis, 106
Hemiballismus, 12–13 Hemicrania, paroxysmal, 142–143
chronic, 145 Hemicrania continua, 145 Hemidystonia, 191
lesions causing, 12 Hemifacial spasm, 32
in multiple sclerosis, 106 Hemimedullary syndrome, 28
Hemiparesis, in striatocapsular syndrome, 9 Hemiparkinsonism, lesions causing, 12 Hemiplegia, 25
Hemiplegia cruciata, 28 Hemiplegic cerebral palsy, 288 Hemiplegic migraine, 138
associated with benign familial infantile convulsions, 138
familial, 138, 138b Hemisection syndrome, 32 Hemispherectomy
for Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 for seizure control, 102
Hemispheric syndrome, 20 Hemorrhagic dementia, 159
Hemorrhagic stroke, sickle cell disease and, 74 Hemorrhagic tumors, 136t
Heparin
for arterial dissection, 71
for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 for ischemic stroke, 59
side effects of, 61
for stroke prevention, 61
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 61 Hepatitis B vaccine, and dermatomyositis, 244 Hepatolenticular degeneration, 194–195. See also
Wilson’s disease
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 250b Hereditary neuropathy(ies), 218–221
with predilection to pressure palsies (HNPP), 220–221 diagnostic testing for, 220
histology of, 220, 220f
prognosis of, 221 subtypes of, 220 treatment of, 220
Hereditary spastic paraplegia(s), 197–198 diagnostic testing for, 198
genetics of, 198, 198b, 198t, 271b pathophysiology of, 197
somatosensory evoked potentials in, 198 subtypes of, 198, 198t
symptoms of, 197 Heroin, 77, 181
Herpes 6 virus, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Herpes encephalitis, 256
Herpes simplex virus, 256–257 diagnostic testing for, 256 HSV-1, 256
HSV-2, 256
and multiple sclerosis, 104 pathophysiology of, 256, 256f prognosis of, 257
symptoms of, 256 treatment for, 256
Herpes virus(es), 77t, 256–258 Herpes zoster, 257
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 257 HESX-1 gene mutations, 270b Heteromodal association areas, 2, 4–5
frontal (prefrontal cortex), 4–5 parietal, 5
Heterotopia, 269 genetics of, 269b laminar, 269
periventricular, 269, 269f Heterotypical isocortex, 1–2 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 56
High seeding potential, tumors with, 120b Hip abduction, 229t
Hip adduction, 229t Hip extension, 229t Hip flexion, 229t
Hippocampal commissure, 10 Hippocampal connections, intrinsic, 7, 8f Hippocampal formation, 7
components of, 7 functions of, 7 pathophysiology in, 7
Hippocampal sclerosis, 85–86 bilateral, and language delay, 287
Hippocampus, 7
in REM sleep, 166
Hirano bodies, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156, 156f Histoplasma, 263
HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 62 Hodgkin’s disease, vasculitis with, 76–77 Holoprosencephaly, 269–270
alobar, 270 genetics of, 270 subtypes of, 270
Homer-Wright rosettes, in medulloblastoma, 126, 126f Homocysteine
elevated levels of, 72–73 in ischemic stroke, 56, 62 metabolic pathway of, 73f reduction of, 62
in vascular dementia, 160
Homocystinuria/homocystinemia, 72–73 pathophysiology of, 72
subtypes of, 72–73 Homotypical isocortex, 1
Homunculi, sensory and motor, 2, 3f, 4 Horizontal cells of Cajal, 1 Hormonal/parvocellular nuclei, 17 Hormone(s)
hypothalamic, 17, 17t pituitary, 17, 17t
Hormone replacement therapy and Alzheimer’s disease, 158 and ischemic stroke, 56
Horner’s syndrome, 71, 126, 208
Hot-cross bun sign, in multiple system atrophy, 189, 189f H reflex, in nerve conduction studies, 206
Huebner, recurrent artery of, 18, 39f
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 260–262 brain lesions with, 261b
cytomegalovirus with, 257–258, 262 dementia with, 260–261
diagnostic testing for, 260 direct effects of, 260–261 encephalitis with, 260–261 histology of, 260, 260t intrauterine and neonatal, 290 lymphoma with, 262 meningitis with, 262 myopathy with, 261 neuromyotonia with, 246 neuropathy with, 261, 261b
opportunistic infections with, 261–262 pathophysiology of, 260
stroke with, 261 toxoplasmosis with, 261, 261b treatment of, 260
vacuolar myelopathy with, 261 vasculitis with, 76–77, 77t
Hunter’s syndrome, 271, 284t Huntingtin gene, 193 Huntington’s disease, 193–194
dementia in, 194
versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t diagnostic testing for, 194 dystonia in, 191
histology of, 194 neuroimaging of, 194, 194f pathophysiology of, 193–194 prognosis of, 194
symptoms of, 194, 194b treatment of, 194
Hurler’s syndrome, 271, 284t Hydatid disease, 265 Hydralazine, 296 Hydranencephaly, 270–271 Hydrocephalus, 271
acquired pediatric, 271 adult, 35 communicating, 271
and cortical malformation, 270 with craniopharyngioma, 133
with Dandy-Walker malformation, 272 diagnosis of, 271
noncommunicating, 271 normal pressure, 35–36, 163 pathophysiology of, 271
Index
325
Index
326
Hydrocephalus (Continued) pediatric, 35
with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277
with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63, 63b, 64–65 symptoms of, 271
syndromal, 271 treatment of, 65 X-linked, 271
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo, 36
in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 Hydrocodone, for restless legs syndrome, 169 Hydromorphone abuse, 181
Hydroxyurea, for sickle cell disease, 74 Hyperacusis, 51, 51b Hyperammonemia, diseases with, 279b Hyperekplexia, 88, 88b
Hyperglycemia, management, in ischemic stroke, 60, 62 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 246–247
diagnostic testing for, 246 pathophysiology of, 246 symptoms of, 246 treatment of, 247
Hyperpathia, 149–150
Hyperperfusion, and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 Hyperphagia, in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 Hypersexuality, in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 Hypertension, 295–297
causes of, 295–296 definitions of, 295
and ischemic stroke, 55, 59, 61–62 pathophysiology of, 295 primary/essential, 295
secondary, 295–296 symptoms of, 296 treatment of, 296
Hypertensive angiopathy, 65 Hypertensive emergencies, 295–296 Hypertensive encephalopathy, 296 Hypertensive urgency, 295–296 Hyperthyroidism
with adenoma, 133
and hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247 Hyperventilation, EEG response to, 80, 95, 95f
Hypervolemic–hypertensive–hemodilution (triple H) therapy, 65 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 168
Hypnic headache, 143 Hypnopompic hallucinations, 168
Hypocalcemia, neonatal seizures with, 91 Hypochondriasis, 177
epidemiology of, 177 pathophysiology of, 177 prognosis of, 177 symptoms of, 177 treatment of, 177
Hypofrontality, in schizophrenia, 171 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 26, 26f
disorders/syndromes of, 34t Hypoglossal nucleus, 26 Hypoglycemia
definition of, 91
neonatal seizures with, 91 Hypoglycemic coma, 295t
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247–248 diagnostic testing for, 247
symptoms of, 247 treatment of, 247–248
Hypomania, in bipolar disorder, 173 Hyponatremia
and central pontine myelinosis, 112–113 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 65
Hypophonia, in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Hypophonic dysarthria, lesions causing, 12 Hypopnea, definition of, 168
Hypothalamic hormones, 17, 17t Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, in major depressive
disorder, 173 Hypothalamus, 16–18
in arousal/sleep, 17, 164 autonomic regulation by, 16, 16b connections of, 18, 18f functions of, 16
lateral, 16, 16f medial, 16–18, 16f projections from, 1
subdivisions of, 16–18, 16f vascular anatomy of, 18
Hypothermia, malignant, 202t, 242, 242b, 247b Hypotonia
in central core disease, 242
in Fukuyama congenital myopathy, 243 in Lesch-Nyhan disease, 287
lesions causing, 12
neonatal, in Canavan’s disease, 115 in urea metabolism disorders, 281
Hypotonic bladder, in multiple sclerosis, 109 Hypotonic disorders
lower motoneuron, 289 neuromuscular junction, 289 peripheral nerve, 289
upper motoneuron, 289 Hypotonic motor delays, 288–289
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme, 286
Hypoxia, global, 70
Hypoxic encephalopathy, neonatal seizures with, 90–91 Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 159
I
Icelandic-type amyloid angiopathy, 66, 95b Ice-pick headache, 143
ICH. See Intracranial hemorrhage Ichthyosis, in Refsum’s disease, 283 Ictal nystagmus, 46f–47f Ideomotor apraxia
lesions causing, 3, 5 somatotopic, 5
Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis, 267 Idiopathic stabbing headache, 143
Iliacus muscle, 217f–218f Iliohypogastric nerve, 209f, 227f Ilioinguinal nerve, 209f, 227f Iliopsoas muscle, 229t
Imipramine, in multiple sclerosis, 109 Immediate/working memory, 154b Immunoglobulin, intravenous. See Intravenous
immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin disorders, 225–228. See also specific types Immunoglobulin G (IgG), in multiple sclerosis, 108 Immunosuppressant(s). See also specific types
for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for cryoglobulinemia, 228
for dermatomyositis, 245
for Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 |
Inner ear, 49, 49f |
for myasthenia gravis, 235 |
Insertional activity, on EMG, 233 |
for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135 |
Insomnia, 166–167 |
for sarcoidosis, 299 |
in Alzheimer’s disease, 158 |
Impersistence, lesions causing, 5 |
antidepressants for, 167 |
Inattention, lesions causing, 5 |
benzodiazepines for, 167, 167b |
Inclusion body myositis, 244 |
chronic, 167 |
diagnostic testing for, 244 |
definition of, 166 |
muscle biopsy in, 244, 244f |
fatal familial, 266 |
nerve conduction studies of, 244 |
hypnotics for, 167 |
pathophysiology of, 244 |
subtypes of, 166–167 |
prognosis of, 244 |
symptoms of, 167 |
symptoms of, 244 |
transient, 167 |
treatment of, 244 |
treatment of, 167 |
Incomplete spinal cord injury, 31–32 |
Insular cortex, 7 |
Incus, 49f |
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 |
Indomethacin |
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 293 |
for hemicrania continua, 145 |
Intention tremor, lesions causing, 13–14, 21 |
for idiopathic stabbing headache, 143 |
Interferon(s) |
for paroxysmal hemicrania, 143, 145 |
in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, 116 |
Infantile epileptic encephalopathy, 94b |
for arboviruses, 258 |
Infantile spasms, 92–93 |
for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 225 |
diagnostic testing in, 92 |
for cryoglobulinemia, 228 |
EEG findings in, 88f, 92, 92f |
for Devic’s disease, 110 |
and mental retardation, 92, 92b |
for multiple sclerosis, 109–110 |
pathophysiology of, 92 |
for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 260 |
prognosis of, 93 |
Intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh, biopsy of, 206 |
symptoms of, 92 |
Intermediate disk herniation, 152, 152f |
treatment of, 93 |
Intermediate nerve, 32f |
Infarction(s). See also specific types |
Intermediate zone, of spinal cord, 30–31 |
cerebral |
Intermediolateral cell column, 30, 30f, 34 |
arterial territories in, 57f |
Internal acoustic porus, 32f |
computed tomography of, 57, 58f |
Internal capsule, 9, 9f–10f |
diagnostic testing for, 57 |
pathophysiology in, 9 |
hemorrhagic conversion of, 57 |
Internal carotid artery, 15f, 43f |
magnetic resonance imaging of, 57, 58f |
Interneurons |
patterns of, 71f |
cerebellar, 18 |
migrainous, 138 |
cortical, 1 |
venous, 74–75 |
Ia (reciprocal), 31 |
Infection(s), 249–267. See also specific types |
Ib, 31 |
fungal, 262–263 |
spinal cord, 31 |
intrauterine, 290 |
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 25, 44 |
parasitic, 264–265 |
Interossei nerve, 214f |
viral, 256–262 |
Interposed nuclei, 19 |
Infection-like conditions, idiopathic, 267–268 |
Interstitial nucleus of Cajal, 44 |
Infectious endocarditis, 69–70 |
Intracranial hypotension, spontaneous, 147–148 |
causative organisms of, 69 |
Intracranial pressure, 35 |
diagnostic testing for, 69 |
brain abscess and, 250b |
prognosis of, 70 |
in ischemic stroke, 60 |
risk factors for, 69 |
in pseudotumor cerebri, 147 |
symptoms of, 69 |
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64 |
treatment of, 69 |
Intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ITN), 15 |
Infectious hypothesis, of multiple sclerosis, 104 |
Intramural hematoma, with arterial dissection, 70, 71f |
Infectious vasculitis, 77, 77t |
Intrauterine infections, 290 |
Inferior cerebellar peduncle, 21b, 24f, 26f |
Intravenous immunoglobulin |
Inferior colliculus, 11f, 22, 48f |
for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 |
brachium of, 48f |
for chronic inflammatory demyelinating |
commissure of, 48f |
polyneuropathy, 225 |
Inferior ganglion, 33t |
for dermatomyositis, 245 |
Inferior gluteal nerve, 209f, 228f, 229t |
for Devic’s disease, 110 |
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus, 9f, 10 |
for Guillain-Barre syndrome, 223–224 |
Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, 9f, 10 |
for Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 |
Inferior olivary complex, 18, 26f, 27 |
for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 |
Inferior vermis, 20f |
for multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 |
Infundibular nucleus, 16f |
for multiple sclerosis, 109 |
Inguinal ligament, 217, 218f |
for myasthenia gravis, 235 |
Index
327
|
Intravenous immunoglobulin (Continued) |
|
|
for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135 |
|
|
for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 |
|
|
Intrinsic hippocampal connections, 7, 8f |
|
|
Iron deficiency, and restless legs syndrome, 169 |
|
|
Irritability, on EMG, 233 |
|
|
Isaac’s syndrome, 136t, 245–246 |
|
|
Ischemic stroke, 55–62 |
|
|
age and, 55 |
|
|
diagnostic testing for, 57–58 |
|
|
epidemiology of, 55 |
|
|
prevention of, 60–62 |
|
|
race and, 55 |
|
|
risk factors for, 55–56 |
|
|
sex and, 55 |
|
|
sickle cell disease and, 74 |
|
|
subtypes of, 55 |
|
|
symptoms of, 56–57 |
|
|
thrombolytic therapy for, 58–59 |
|
|
treatment of, 58–62 |
|
|
in acute setting, 58–60 |
|
|
in subacute or chronic setting, 60–62 |
|
Index |
Islets of Calleja, 11 |
|
Isocortex, 1–2 |
||
|
||
|
heterotypical, 1–2 |
|
|
homotypical, 1 |
|
|
Isolated CNS vasculitis, 76–77 |
|
|
Isoniazid, for tuberculosis, 252 |
|
|
Isovaleric acidemia, 280–281, 280b |
|
|
Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, 280–281 |
|
|
IVIG. See Intravenous immunoglobulin |
|
|
Ixodes, 253, 253b, 267t |
|
|
|
|
|
J |
|
|
Jacksonian march, 84 |
|
|
Jactatio capitis nocturna, 170–171 |
|
|
Janeway lesions, 69 |
|
|
Jaw jerk reflex, 25 |
|
|
JC virus, 259, 262 |
|
|
Jeavon’s syndrome, 95b |
|
|
Jitteriness, in children, 99 |
|
|
Jugular ganglion, 33t |
|
|
Junctional scotoma, 39, 39f |
|
|
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 94 |
|
|
diagnostic testing in, 94 |
|
|
EEG findings in, 94, 94f |
|
|
pathophysiology of, 94 |
|
|
symptoms of, 94 |
|
|
treatment of, 94 |
|
|
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 121 |
|
|
epidemiology of, 121 |
|
|
grading of, 121 |
|
|
histology of, 121, 121f |
|
|
location of, 121 |
|
|
treatment of, 121 |
|
|
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 297 |
|
|
diagnostic testing in, 297 |
|
|
symptoms of, 297 |
|
|
treatment of, 297 |
|
|
Juxtarestiform body, 19 |
|
|
|
|
|
K |
|
|
Kayser-Fleischer rings |
|
|
in dystonia, 192 |
|
328 |
in Wilson’s disease, 195, 195b, 195f |
|
K complexes, in EEG of sleep, 165f, 166 |
Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 46–47 diagnostic testing for, 47 pathophysiology of, 46 symptoms of, 47
treatment of, 47 Kennedy’s disease, 197t Keppra. See Levetiracetam Ketamine
abuse and dependence, 181–182 acute intoxication, 182 biochemical effects of, 181 withdrawal from, 182
Ketogenic diet, for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93 Ketorolac, for status migrainosus, 141
Ki-67 nuclear antigen
in astrocytoma, 119, 119b in meningioma, 123
Kinesia(s). See also specific types lesions causing, 6
Kinetopsia, 42
Kingella, 69
Klebsiella, and meningitis, 250t Klein-Levin syndrome, 15
lesions causing, 15 symptoms of, 15 treatment of, 15
Klinefelter’s syndrome, germinoma in, 129 Klumpke’s palsy, 208
Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 dementia in, 161 lesions causing, 7 symptoms of, 7, 7b
Knee extension, 229t Knee flexion, 229t Korsakoff’s syndrome, 300
lesions causing, 13 Krabbe’s disease, 117–118
diagnostic testing for, 118 histology of, 118 infantile, 118
juvenile, 118 pathophysiology of, 117 symptoms of, 118 treatment of, 118
Krebs cycle defects, 287 Kugelberg-Welander disease, 197t Kuru, 266b
L
L1CAM gene mutations, 271, 271b La belle indifference, 177 Labetalol, 296
Labyrinthectomy, for Meniere’s disease, 53 Labyrinthitis, 53–54
diagnostic testing for, 54 pathophysiology of, 53 symptoms of, 54 treatment of, 54
LaCrosse encephalitis, 251t
Lactate, in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Lactic acidosis, 287
Lafora disease, 95t
Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 236–237 with associated cancer, 236 autonomic dysfunction with, 237, 237b diagnostic testing for, 237
electromyography of, 237 paraneoplastic, 135, 136t, 236 pathophysiology of, 236 subtypes of, 236
symptoms of, 236–237 treatment of, 237
without associated cancer, 236 Lamictal. See Lamotrigine
Lamin A/C mutations, 219b, 219t, 238, 238b, 241, 242t Laminar heterotopia, 269
Laminectomy, for low back pain, 153 Lamotrigine, 102t
for bipolar disorder, 174 for gelastic seizures, 84b
Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 95–96 diagnostic testing in, 96
EEG findings in, 96 pathophysiology of, 95 prognosis of, 96 symptoms of, 95–96 treatment of, 96
Language area(s), 5–7 dominant hemisphere, 5–6
nondominant hemisphere, 6–7 secondary, 6
Language delay, 287
Language impairment, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Large infarct dementia, 159
Lateral cord injury, 209
Lateral corticospinal tract, 30, 30f
Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf, 227f–228f
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. See Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 209f, 218f, 227f–228f anatomy of, 218f
compression syndrome of, 218 Lateral funiculus, 30
Lateral geniculate nucleus, 14, 14f, 40 blood supply of, 40
magnocellular pathway of, 40 parvocellular pathway of, 40 pathophysiology in, 40 projections of, 40–41 subdivisions of, 40
Lateral hypothalamus, 16, 16f Lateral lemniscus, 24f, 48f
nucleus of, 48f
Lateral medullary syndrome, 26f Lateral pectoral nerve, 207f Lateral plantar nerve, 227f Lateral pontine syndrome, 24f Lateral preoptic nucleus, 17 Lateral reticular nucleus, 29, 29b Lateral reticulospinal tract, 29
Lateral spinothalamic tract, 24f, 26f Lateral ventricle, tumors of, 128b Lateral vestibulospinal tract, 49, 50t Laterocollis, 191
Latissimus dorsi, 229t Latrotoxin, 267t Leigh’s disease, 47, 287
diagnostic testing for, 47 histology of, 47 subtypes of, 47 symptoms of, 47 treatment of, 47
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93 diagnostic testing in, 93 EEG findings in, 93, 93f pathophysiology of, 93 prognosis of, 93
symptoms of, 93 treatment of, 93 Lenticular fascicle, 13
Leonine face, and cluster headache, 141b Lepromin skin test, 253
Leprosy, 253
diagnostic testing for, 253 indeterminate, 253 lepromatous, 253 pathophysiology of, 253 symptoms of, 253 treatment of, 253 tuberculous, 253
Lesch-Nyhan disease, 286–287 pathophysiology of, 286 symptoms of, 286–287
Lesser occipital nerve, 149f Leucine, for isovaleric acidemia, 281
Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated (LGI-1) protein, 120, 120b Leukemia, monoclonal gammopathy in, 226
Leukoariosis, 8–9 histology of, 8–9
irregular white matter abnormalities in, 8 lesions causing, 8–9, 8f
periventricular white matter caps and halos in, 9 in vascular dementia, 160
Leukocytosis, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Levetiracetam, 102t Levodopa-carbidopa
for dystonia testing, 192 for dystonia treatment, 192
for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t Lewis-Sumner syndrome, 224 Lewy body(ies), 156, 162, 162f Lewy body dementia, 161–163
versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t delusions in, 162, 162b diagnostic testing for, 162–163 epidemiology of, 155f
histology of, 161, 162f
inclusions (Lewy bodies) in, 162, 162f parkinsonism in, 162–163, 186b pathophysiology of, 162
symptoms of, 162, 162b treatment of, 163
Lewy neurites, 162
Lexapro (escitalopram), 174t
Lhermitte’s sign, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Libman-Sacks vegetations, 298
Lidocaine
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 intranasal, for cluster headache, 142, 145
Lifestyle factors, in ischemic stroke, 56 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 121, 126
Light therapy, for circadian rhythm disorders, 170 Limb ataxia, in rostral vermis syndrome, 19 Limb dystonia, 191
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy types 1A-E, 241
diagnostic testing for, 241 subtypes of, 241, 242t
Index
329
Index
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (Continued) symptoms of, 241
types 2A-H, 241–242 diagnostic testing for, 242 subtypes of, 241–242, 242t
Limbic areas, 2, 7–8
Limbic encephalitis, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Limb temperature
and electromyography, 233
and nerve conduction studies, 206 Line of Baillarger, 2, 2f
Lingula, 20f
Lipid metabolism disorders, 297–301, 297t Lipoprotein(s)
levels of, and ischemic stroke, 56, 62 reduction of, 62
LIS-1 gene mutations, 269b Lisch nodules, 274f, 275 Lissauer’s tract, 30f Lissencephaly, 269
Listeria monocytogenes in HIV infection, 262 and meningitis, 250t
Lithium
for alcohol dependence, 179 for bipolar disorder, 174
for chronic headache, 145
for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 for hypnic headache, 143
for Klein-Levin syndrome, 15
for major depressive disorder, 173 and parkinsonism, 202
and restless legs syndrome, 169 for schizophrenia, 172
side effects of, 174 Little’s disease, 288
Liver failure, and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Lobar prosencephaly, 270
Lobe(s), important cortical, 1, 1f Locked-in syndrome
mesencephalic, 23 pontine, 24f, 25, 113
Locus coeruleus, 19, 25, 28, 164 Lomustine, for oligodendroglioma, 122 Long association fibers, 9–10, 9f Long-term/remote memory, 154b Long thoracic nerve, 207f
Long tracts, of spinal cord, 29–30, 30f Lorazepam, for status epilepticus, 89t Lorenzo’s oil, 117
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and astrocytoma, 120, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122
Low back pain, 151–153 diagnostic testing in, 152 pathophysiology of, 151–152 prognosis of, 153
treatment of, 153
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 56 Lower extremity(ies)
compression neuropathies of, 217–218 movements, muscles, nerves, and roots of, 229t
Lower motoneuron hypotonic disorders, 289 Lubag syndrome, 190t
Luckenschadel, 272f
Lumbar artery, 31f Lumbar puncture
in carcinomatous meningitis, 132 in chronic headache, 146
in febrile seizures, 91
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in paraneoplastic syndromes, 135
in pseudotumor cerebri, 147
in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147 traumatic, 35
Lumbar radiculopathies, 152, 152b, 152t Lumbar spinal fusion, 153 Lumboperitoneal shunt
for normal pressure hydrocephalus, 163 for pseudotumor cerebri, 147
Lumbosacral plexus, 209–210 anatomy of, 209f
lesions of, 209–210 diagnostic testing for, 210 electromyography of, 210
magnetic resonance imaging of, 210 symptoms of, 209–210
pathophysiology in, 209
tumor compression or invasion of, 209, 209b Lumbrical muscle, 210f, 213f
Lundberg waves, 35 A waves, 35
B waves, 35 C waves, 35
in carcinomatous meningitis, 132
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in pseudotumor cerebri, 147
Lupus anticoagulant antibody, 73 Lupus delirium, 298
Lupus erythematosus, systemic, 298 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
adenoma and, 133
in seizures/epilepsy, 82 Lyme disease, 253–254
acute, 254 chronic, 254
diagnostic testing for, 254 epidemiology of, 254 pathophysiology of, 253–254 symptoms of, 254 treatment of, 254
vasculitis with, 77t Lyme disease vaccine, 254
Lymphocyte-rich meningioma, 123 Lymphoma(s)
HIV-related, 262
Hodgkin’s, vasculitis with, 76–77 monoclonal gammopathy in, 226
Lysosomal storage diseases, 282–285. See also specific types
M
Machado-Joseph’s disease, 191, 199t Macroadenoma, 133
Macrocephaly
in Canavan’s disease, 115
in megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 116
Macula, 41–42
Mad cow disease, 266
330
Magnesium
abnormal levels of, 301t
in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 and tension-type headache, 141
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of carotid stenosis, 57
of infectious endocarditis, 69 of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278
of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112, 112f
of adrenoleukodystrophy, 117
of Alzheimer’s disease, 158, 158f of arterial dissection, 70, 71f
of arteriovenous malformations, 78f of brachial plexopathy, 209
of CADASIL syndrome, 67
of carcinomatous meningitis, 132 of cavernoma, 79f
of cerebral infarction, 57, 58f
of choroid plexus papilloma, 128 of chronic headache, 146
of Cockayne’s syndrome, 286, 286f of colloid cyst, 129
of ependymoma, 128
of glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 149 of hereditary spastic paraplegia, 198 of HIV encephalitis, 261
of Huntington’s disease, 194f
of hypertensive encephalopathy, 296 of intracranial hemorrhage, 66, 66f of lumbosacral plexopathy, 210
of megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 116
of migraine, 139
of multiple sclerosis, 105f, 108 of multiple system atrophy, 189f
of neurofibromatosis type 1, 275, 276f
of normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 of palatal myoclonus, 22
of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 114f of semantic dementia, 161f
of spinal cord tumor, primary, 131, 131f of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278
of systemic lupus erythematosus, 298 of transient global amnesia, 8
of trigeminal neuralgia, 148 of tuberous sclerosis, 277, 278f
of vanishing white matter disease, 116 of vascular dementia, 160
of venous infarction, 75, 75f Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
of Canavan’s disease, 115
of vanishing white matter disease, 116 Magnetic resonance venography (MRV)
of chronic headache, 146
of pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Magnocellular nucleus, 17 Magnocellular pathway, 40 Major depressive disorder, 173
biological pathophysiology of, 173 genetics of, 173
prognosis of, 173
psychosocial pathophysiology of, 173
symptoms of, 173, 173b treatment of, 173
Malaria, 264 cerebral, 264
diagnostic testing for, 264 prognosis of, 264 symptoms of, 264 treatment of, 264
Male sexual function, 34
Malformations, 269–275. See also specific types Malignant hypothermia, 202t, 242, 242b, 247b Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 135
histology of, 135 pathophysiology of, 135 prognosis of, 135 symptoms of, 135 treatment of, 135
Malignant psoas syndrome, 209b Malleus, 49f
Malnutrition, alcohol abuse and, 178 Mammillary body(ies), 16f, 17 Mammillary region, 17–18 Mammillotegmental tract, 18f Mammillothalamic fasciculus, 18f Manganese, abnormal levels of, 301t Mania, in bipolar disorder, 173 Maple syrup urine disease, 279
diagnostic testing for, 279 infant onset of, 279 neonatal onset of, 279 pathophysiology of, 279 symptoms of, 279 treatment of, 279
Marantic endocarditis, 69
Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 diagnostic testing for, 111
histology of, 111 pathophysiology of, 111 prognosis of, 111 symptoms of, 111 treatment of, 111
Marché à petit pas of Dejerine, lesions causing, 5 Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 113, 178
histology of, 113 pathophysiology of, 113 prognosis of, 113 symptoms of, 113 treatment of, 113
Marcus-Gunn pupil, 106 Marfan’s syndrome, 70, 77 Marie-Foix syndrome, 24f, 25 Marijuana, 181
acute intoxication, 181 biochemical effects of, 181 in schizophrenia, 171 symptoms of use, 181 withdrawal from, 181
Martin-Gruber anastomosis, 212, 212f Mastoidectomy, for labyrinthitis, 54 McArdle’s disease, 243
McDonald criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 107t MDM2 protein, and astrocytoma, 119, 120f Measles, 259–260
and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 111 diagnosis of, 260
Index
331
Index
332
Measles (Continued)
and multiple sclerosis, 104 pathophysiology of, 259 treatment of, 260
types of infection, 259–260
Measles inclusion body encephalitis, 259 Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, 260
febrile seizures induced by, 91 Meclizine
for Meniere’s disease, 53 for vertigo, 52
for vestibular neuronitis, 53 MECP2 mutations, 291, 291b Medial cord injury, 209
Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, 227f–228f Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, 227f–228f Medial deltoid muscle, 229t
Medial geniculate, 14, 14f Medial geniculate body, 48f Medial gluteal nerve, 228f Medial hypothalamus, 16–18, 16f Medial lemniscus, 24f, 26f
Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 29 rostral interstitial nucleus of, 44
Medial pectoral nerve, 207f Medial plantar nerve, 227f–228f Medial preoptic nucleus, 17
Medial vestibulospinal tract, 49, 50t Median nerve, 207f, 214f, 227f, 229t
anatomy of, 210f
compression syndromes of, 210–212 preacher’s hand position in, 211f
stimulation, in multiple sclerosis, 108, 108f Median preoptic nucleus, 16
Medulla, 26–28, 26f in arousal/sleep, 164
motor output centers of, 26 pathophysiology in, 28 sensory input centers of, 26
Medullary accessory ocular motor nuclei, 44–45 Medullary raphe nuclei, 19
Medullary reticular formation, 26f, 29, 164 Medullary syndromes, 28 Medulloblastoma, 126
diagnostic testing for, 126 epidemiology of, 126 histology of, 126, 126f
Homer-Wright rosettes in, 126, 126f location of, 126
treatment of, 126
Megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 116 diagnostic testing for, 116
histology of, 116 pathophysiology of, 116 symptoms of, 116
Meige’s syndrome, 191 Meissner’s corpuscle, 205t MELAS syndrome, 67–69
diagnostic testing for, 68f, 69 pathophysiology of, 67 ragged red fibers in, 68f, 69 symptoms of, 67
treatment of, 69 Melatonin
in arousal/sleep, 164 biosynthesis of, 165f
for circadian rhythm disorders, 170 and cluster headache, 142
Melatonin therapy, for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 Memantine
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for vascular dementia, 160
Memory
putamen lesions and, 12 types of
by duration, 154b by subject, 154b
Memory loss. See also specific disorders of age-related, 154
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Meniere’s disease, 52–53
diagnostic testing for, 53 pathophysiology of, 52–53 prognosis of, 53 symptoms of, 53
chronic, 53 episodic, 53 treatment of, 53
Meningioma(s), 123–125 anaplastic/malignant, 124 angiomatous, 123 atypical, 124
chordoid, 124 clear cell, 124
diagnostic testing for, 124–125 with dural tails, 124, 124f
en plaque, 125 fibrous, 123, 124f genetics of, 124, 275b location of, 124 lymphocyte-rich, 123
meningothelial, 123, 124f MIB-1 antibody labeling of, 123 neuroimaging of, 124–125, 124f prognosis of, 125 psammomatous, 123, 124f receptor on, 123b
secretory, 123 transitional, 123, 124f treatment of, 125
WHO grade III subtype of, 124 WHO grade II subtypes of, 124 WHO grade I subtypes of, 123
Meningitis bacterial, 249
vasculitis with, 77t carcinomatous, 131–132 fungal, 262–263
vasculitis with, 77t HIV-related, 262 Mollaret’s, 268
petechial rash with, 255b in sarcoidosis, 298
in syphilis, 254
in tuberculosis, 252 Meningitis vaccines, 249 Meningocele, 274
Meningothelial meningioma, 123, 124f Menopausal migraine, 138
Menstrual migraine, 138 Mental retardation
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and, 116
aphasia, shuffling gait, adducted thumbs (MASA) disorder, 271 autism and, 291
cortical malformations and, 269 infantile spasms and, 92, 92b
megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and, 116
muscular dystrophy and, 238, 241 neurofibromatosis type 1 and, 275 phenylketonuria and, 279 sphingolipidoses and, 283 Sturge-Weber syndrome and, 277 tuberous sclerosis and, 276
Meperidine abuse of, 181
and parkinsonism, 202 Merkel’s cell, 205t
Mesencephalic accessory ocular motor nuclei, 44 Mesencephalic raphe nuclei, 164
Mesencephalic reticular formation, 22, 28, 164 Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, 25 Mesencephalon, 21–23
in arousal/sleep, 164
motor output centers of, 21–22 pathophysiology in, 21–23
Mesial temporal cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 85–86
Mesial temporal sclerosis, 85–86 classic, 85, 85b
diagnostic testing for, 86 histology of, 85 minimal, 85 pathophysiology of, 86 subtypes of, 85
total, 85 Mesocortex, 2
Mesocortical dopaminergic pathway, 22 Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, 22 Mestinon. See Pyridostigmine
Metabolic disorders, 279–292. See also specific types and dementia, 154
and dystonia, 191 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 117
adult, 117
diagnostic testing for, 117 histology of, 117 infantile, 117
juvenile, 117 pathophysiology of, 117, 117b symptoms of, 117
treatment of, 117 Metastasis, 130–131
epidemiology of, 130 pathophysiology of, 130 subtypes of, 130 treatment of, 131
Metazoan infection, 264–265 Methadone
for opioid dependence, 181 for restless legs syndrome, 169
Methamphetamine abuse, 180–181 Methaqualone abuse, 179 Methimazole, for adenoma, 133 Methotrexate
for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 for dermatomyositis, 245
for multiple sclerosis, 109
Methylenedoxy methamphetamine (MDMA), 180–181
Methylenetetrahydrofolate, 279b Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MHTR), 73f Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MHTR) deficiency, 73 Methylmalonic aciduria, 281
Methylmalonyl-CoA, 281, 281f Methylmalonyl-CoA reductase, 281 Methylphenidate, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Methylphenidate abuse, 180–181 Methylprednisolone, 118t
for multiple sclerosis, 108–110 Methysergide
for chronic headache, 145
for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 for migraine prophylaxis, 140
Metoclopramide
and parkinsonism, 202
for status migrainosus, 141 and tardive dyskinesia, 201
Metronidazole, for brain abscess, 251 Mexiletine
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 for myotonia congenita, 248
for myotonic dystrophy, 239 Meyer’s loop, 40–41
Meynert, nucleus basilis of, 1, 11 Meynert’s bundle, 18f
Mi2 antibody, in dermatomyositis, 244–245 MIB-1 antibody labeling
of astrocytoma, 119, 119b of meningioma, 123
“Mickey Mouse” ventricles, 35 Microadenoma, 133
Microangiopathic/small artery infarction, 71f Microcephaly, in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome,
116
Midazolam, for status epilepticus, 89t Midbrain locked-in syndrome, 23 Middle cerebellar peduncle, 21b, 24f Middle cerebral artery, 15f, 39–40, 57f Middle ear, 49f
Midline cerebellar degeneration, 178 Midodrine, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Migraine, 137–141
abdominal, 138 acephalgic, 138 antiemetics for, 140
with aura (classic), 137–138 aura phase of, 137
basilar, 138
and benign occipital epilepsy, 96 chronic, 143–144, 146 complicated, 138
confusional, 138 diagnostic testing for, 139 EEG findings in, 139 epidemiology of, 139 ergots for, 140
genetics of, 139 headache phase of, 137 hemiplegic, 138
magnetic resonance imaging of, 139 menstrual/menopausal, 138 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for,
140
Index
333
Index
334
Migraine (Continued) ophthalmoplegic, 138 opioids for, 140 pathophysiology of, 139 postdrome phase of, 137 in pregnancy, 139, 141 prodrome phase of, 137 with prolonged aura, 138
prophylactic treatment of, 140–141 psychiatric comorbidity with, 139 risk factors for, 139
subtypes of, 137–139 symptoms of, 137 transformed, 143–144 treatment of, 139–141
acute, 139–140 triggers for, 139
triptans for, 139–140, 140t variants of, 138
vertigo with, 54t
without aura (common), 137–138 Migraine equivalent, 138 Migrainous infarction, 138
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 154 amnestic, 154
definition of, 154
with impairment in multiple domains, 154
with impairment in nonmemory domain, 154, 154b progression of, 154, 154b
subtypes of, 154 Millard-Gruber syndrome, 24f, 25 Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223
diagnostic testing for, 223 prognosis of, 223 symptoms of, 223
Mini-mental status exam (MMSE), in dementia, 154 Mirapex. See Pramipexole
Mirtazapine, 174t
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, 47 Mitoxantrone
for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for multiple sclerosis, 109
Mixed neuronal-glial tumors, 129 Mobius syndrome, 248t Modafinil
for multiple sclerosis, 109 for narcolepsy, 168
Molecular mimicry, 104 Mollaret, triangle of, 21, 21b Mollaret’s cells, 268 Mollaret’s meningitis, 268
Monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, 174t Monoclonal gammopathy(ies), 225–226
diagnostic testing for, 226 inclusion body myositis with, 244 pathophysiology of, 225
serum protein electrophoresis in, 226
of undetermined significance (MGUS), 224–226 urine protein electrophoresis in, 226
Monocular diplopia, 43b
Monomodal auditory association area, 48f Monomodal motor association areas, 2 Monomodal sensory association areas, 2 Mononeuritis multiplex, 226, 226b, 297 Mononeuropathy, diabetic, 294 Monosomy, 5p, 289
Mood disorder(s), 173–174. See also specific types Morphine abuse, 181
Morquio’s syndrome, 284t Mosquito, as vector of disease, 251t Mossy fibers, 18b, 19f Motoneuron(s), 231
, 31-I, 31-II, 31
somatotopic arrangement of, 31, 31f
upper and lower, in hypotonic disorders, 289 Motor delay, developmental, 287–289
Motor homunculi, 2, 3f
Motor nerve conduction studies, 204–205, 205f Motor-sensory neuropathies, hereditary, 218–220 Motor systems, 2–3
Motor tics, 192
Motor trigeminal nucleus, 23 Motor unit(s), 231–232
fatigable fast-twitch, 232 fatigue-resistant fast-twitch, 232 fatigue-resistant slow-twitch, 232 types of, 232, 232f
Motor unit potentials (MUPs), 232–234 complex repetitive discharges and, 233 in elderly, 234
myopathic changes in, 232 in neonates, 233
neuropathic changes in, 232–233 normal, 232f
reinnervation changes in, 232–233
Movement disorder(s), 183–202. See also specific types iatrogenic, 201–202
Moyamoya disease, 79 angiography of, 79, 79f diagnostic testing for, 79 epidemiology of, 79
M protein, in monoclonal gammopathy, 225 MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography M response, in nerve conduction studies, 206 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
MS. See Multiple sclerosis Mucopolysaccharidoses, 283, 284t Multifocal motor neuropathy, 225
diagnostic testing for, 225 electromyography of, 225 epidemiology of, 225
nerve conduction studies of, 225 pathophysiology of, 225 prognosis of, 225
serology in, 225 symptoms of, 225 treatment of, 225
Multi-infarct dementia, 159–160. See also Vascular dementia Multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy in, 226 Multiple sclerosis, 104–111
versus acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 110 age and, 104
autoimmune hypothesis of, 104
brainstem auditory evoked potentials in, 108 clinically isolated, 107
CSF analysis in, 108 dementia in, therapy for, 109
depression in, therapy for, 109 diagnostic criteria for
Barkhof MRI, 108
McDonald, 107t
Poser, 107t, 110
diagnostic testing for, 107–108 electrophysiological testing in, 108, 108f epidemiology of, 104–105
etiological hypotheses of, 104 genetics of, 104
geography and, 104 histology of, 105, 105f infectious hypothesis of, 104
magnetic resonance imaging of, 105f, 108 Marburg’s variant of, 111
monophasic brainstem or cerebellar syndromes in, 107 neuroimaging of, 107–108
normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in, 105 optic neuritis in, 106–107, 110
pathophysiology of, 104, 244b pediatric/early-onset, 110
diagnostic testing for, 110 pathophysiology of, 110 symptoms of, 110 treatment of, 110
plaques in, 105 acute/active, 105, 105f chronic, 105, 105f shadow, 105
in pregnancy, 106b, 109, 109b primary progressive, 107 progressive relapsing, 107 progressive types, therapy for, 109 race and, 105
relapsing-remitting, 105f, 106
preventive therapy for acute attacks in, 109 therapy for, 108–109
secondary progressive, 106 sensory abnormalities in, 106 serology in, 108
sex and, 105
somatosensory evoked potentials in, 108, 108f subtypes of, 106–107
symptoms of, 106 acute, 106 chronic, 106, 109
conditions exacerbating, 106b paroxysmal, 106, 109
transverse myelitis in, 107 treatment of, 108–109 variants of, 110–111 vision loss in, 106
visual evoked potentials in, 42, 108 Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus, 104 Multiple sleep latency test, in narcolepsy, 168
Multiple subpial transections, for seizure control, 102 Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 188–189
classification of
new scheme for, 188–189 old scheme for, 188
histology of, 188 OPCD form of, 189
with predominant cerebellar features, 189
with predominant parkinsonian features, 188–189, 189b, 189f striatonigral degeneration form of, 188–189
Multivitamin supplementation, for Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 47 Mumps
and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 and multiple sclerosis, 104
MUPs. See Motor unit potentials Muscle(s), 229t. See also specific muscles
contraction of, 230, 230f diagnostic testing of, 232–234
diseases of, 230–248. See also specific types absent muscle, 248t
acquired, 244–246
with autoimmune disease, 244b autosomal dominant, 238–241 autosomal recessive, 241–243 channelopathies, 246–248 congenital, 237–243
diabetic, 294–295 HIV-related, 261 inherited metabolic, 243 X-linked, 237–238
physiology of, 230–232 recruitment principle of, 232
Muscle biopsy, 234
in Becker’s muscular dystrophy, 238 in central core disease, 242, 243f
contraindicated by rhabdomyolysis, 234 in dermatomyositis, 245, 245f
in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237, 237f
in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 241, 241f in Fukuyama congenital myopathy, 243
in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 246 in hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247 in inclusion body myositis, 244, 244f in myasthenia gravis, 235
in myotonic dystrophy, 239, 239f in myotubular myopathy, 240, 240f
in nemaline rod myopathy, 240, 241f in neuromyotonia, 246
open, 234
in paramyotonia congenita, 247 in polymyositis, 245, 246f technical limitations of, 234
Muscle fiber(s), 230–231 fast-twitch/type II, 231, 231f pacemaker, 233 slow-twitch/type I, 231, 231b super-fast, 231
tonic, 231 Muscle relaxants
for dystonia, 192 for fibromyalgia, 151
for greater occipital neuralgia, 149 for low back pain, 153
Muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), in myasthenia gravis, 235
Muscular dystrophy. See also specific types
Becker’s, 238 Duchenne’s, 237–238 Emery-Dreifuss, 238
facioscapulohumeral, 240–241 limb-girdle, 241–242
Musculocutaneous nerve, 207f, 227f–228f, 229t Musicogenic seizures, 86
Mutism, in frontotemporal dementia, 161 Myalgia paresthetica, 218
Myasthenia(s) congenital, 236 familial infantile, 236
Lambert-Eaton, 135, 136t, 236–237 transitory neonatal, 236
Index
335
Index
336
Myasthenia crisis, 235b Myasthenia gravis, 234–236
autoimmune, 234 diagnostic testing for, 235 edrophonium test in, 235 electromyography of, 235 epidemiology of, 234 muscle biopsy in, 235
nerve conduction studies of, 235, 235f paraneoplastic, 135, 136t, 234 pathophysiology of, 234
prognosis of, 236
serum antibodies in, 235 symptoms of, 234–235 with thymoma, 234–236 treatment of, 235–236
Myasthenic syndromes, 234–237. See also specific types pediatric, 236
MYCN gene, and neuroblastoma, 126 Mycobacteria, 252–253
Mycobacterium leprae, 253. See also Leprosy Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252–253. See also Tuberculosis Mycophenolate
for myasthenia gravis, 235
for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 111–112, 222 Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), 206, 225, 225b Myelination disorders, 104–118. See also specific types Myelin basic protein, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Myelin onion bulbs, 220, 220f, 282
Myelitis, transverse, 107 Myelomeningocele, 274
Myelopathia centralis diffusa, 115–116 Myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke, 55 Myoclonic dystonia, 190b, 190t
Myoclonic epilepsy benign, 93–94 juvenile, 94 severe, 94
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF), 95t Myoclonic seizure(s), 89
neonatal, 90
Myoclonic seizure syndromes, 95, 95t Myoclonus
in Alzheimer’s disease, 158
in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 eyelid, with absence seizures, 95b
palatal, 21–22
in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Myokymic discharges, on EMG, 233
Myopathy. See Muscle(s), diseases of; specific types Myotilin, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Myotonia congenita, 248
differential diagnosis of, 248t Myotonic conditions, comparison of, 248t Myotonic discharges, on EMG, 233, 233b Myotonic dystrophy, 238–239
adult-onset, 239 congenital-onset, 239 diagnostic testing for, 239 differential diagnosis of, 248t electromyography of, 239 muscle biopsy in, 239, 239f prognosis of, 239
subtypes of, 238 symptoms of, 239, 239f
treatment of, 239 type I, 238
type II, 238
Myotubularin mutations, 219b, 219t, 240, 240b Myotubular myopathy, 239–240
autosomal dominant, 239 autosomal recessive, 239 diagnostic testing for, 240 muscle biopsy in, 240, 240f prognosis of, 240
subtypes of, 239–240 symptoms of, 240 X-linked, 240
Myringotomy, for labyrinthitis, 54 Mysoline. See Primidone Myxopapillary ependymoma, 127
N
Nabumetone, for chronic headache, 144 N-acetylaspartate (NAA)
in Canavan’s disease, 115
in vanishing white matter disease, 116
Naegleria, 264
Naloxone, for opioid dependence, 181 Naltrexone
for alcohol dependence, 179 for opioid dependence, 181
Naproxen, for chronic headache, 144 Naratriptan, 140t
Narcan (naloxone), for opioid dependence, 181 Narcolepsy, 167–168
diagnostic testing in, 168 hallucinations in, 168 pathophysiology of, 167 symptoms of, 167–168 treatment of, 168
Nasal bundle, 38f injury of, 38, 38f
Nasal step of Ronne, 38, 38f Nasopharyngeal electrodes, 80
Nausea, with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Near triad reflex, 44, 44b
Neck pain, 153f
in brachial plexopathy, 208 in C6 radiculopathy, 211b
Negative seizure phenomena, 84 Neglect
contralateral tactile, 5
in striatocapsular syndrome, 9 tactile, 5, 15
visual, 42–43
Neisseria meningitidis, 249, 250t
Nemaline rod myopathy, 240 muscle biopsy in, 240, 241f pathophysiology of, 240 prognosis of, 240 symptoms of, 240
Nembutal. See Pentobarbital
Neocortical temporal foci, of complex partial seizures, 86 Neonatal convulsions, benign familial, 98
hemiplegic migraine with, 138
Neonatal-infantile convulsions, benign familial, 98–99 Neonatal seizures, 90–91
causes of, 90–91, 90t focal clonic, 90 multifocal clonic, 90
myoclonic, 90 “subtle,” 90 subtypes of, 90 tonic, 90
Nerve(s), 229t. See also specific nerves diagnostic testing of, 204–207
disorders of, 203–228. See also specific types physiology of, 203–204
Nerve biopsy, 206–207
in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 206, 220, 220f
in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 in cryoglobulinemia, 228
diagnostic applications of, 206 in giant axonal neuropathy, 221f procedure for, 206–207
sites for, 206 supportive uses of, 206
tissue preparation for, 207 Nerve conduction studies, 204–206
of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 222 of acute motor axonal neuropathy, 223
of acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, 223 of anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 axonopathic, 205b
of brachial plexopathy, 209
of carpal tunnel syndrome, 211
of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 of Cockayne’s syndrome, 286
of complex regional pain syndrome, 150 of cryoglobulinemia, 228 demyelinating, 205b
of femoral nerve syndromes, 218 of giant axonal neuropathy, 221
of hereditary neuropathy with predilection to pressure palsies, 220–221
of inclusion body myositis, 244 involving spinal cord, 206
of Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223 motor, 204–205, 205f
of multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 of myasthenia gravis, 235, 235f
of neuromyotonia, 246
of peroneal nerve syndromes, 218
of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 of radial nerve injury in brachium, 216 sensory, 205–206
technical considerations in, 206
of ulnar nerve entrapment at elbow, 213 of ulnar nerve entrapment at wrist, 215 Nerve growth factor, and neuroblastoma, 126
Nerve root(s), 229t compression of, 152
noncompressive, painful diseases of, 152b Nervi erigentes, 34
Neuralgia, post-herpetic, 257, 257b Neurasthenia, 151
Neuritic plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 Neuroacanthocytosis, 191, 193
Neuroanatomy, 1–54. See also specific anatomical structures
Neuroblastoma, 125–126 genetics of, 126 histology of, 125–126 location of, 125 pediatric, 125b, 126 prognosis of, 126 symptoms of, 126
Neurocutaneous syndromes, 275–278. See also specific types Neurocysticercosis, 264, 264f
Neurocytoma, central, 129 Neurofibrillary tangles
in Alzheimer’s disease, 155, 155f
in herpes simplex virus infection, 256 Neurofibroma, 134–135
diffuse, 135
histology of, 134, 135f location of, 134 multiple, 134 plexiform, 135 solitary, 134 subtypes of, 134–135 symptoms of, 135 treatment of, 135
Neurofibromatosis type 1, 275
café au lait spots in, 275, 275f diagnostic criteria of, 275b diagnostic testing for, 275
magnetic resonance imaging of, 275, 276f pathophysiology of, 275
symptoms of, 275 type 2, 275–276
diagnostic criteria for, 275b diagnostic testing for, 276 histology of, 275 pathophysiology of, 275 symptoms of, 275
Neurofibromatosis 1 gene (NF-1), 275 Neurofibromatosis 2 gene (NF-2), 275
and meningioma, 124, 275b
Neurogenic syndromes of water imbalance, 16t Neurohormonal/magnocellular nuclei, 17 Neurohypophysis, 16f, 18f
Neuroimaging. See specific modalities and disorders
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 202t Neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome, 208b Neuromuscular junction hypotonic disorders, 289 Neuromuscular transmission, 230, 231f Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease), 110–111 Neuromyotonia (Isaac’s syndrome), 245–246
diagnostic testing for, 246 HIV-related, 246 paraneoplastic, 136t, 245 subtypes of, 245 symptoms of, 246 treatment of, 246
Neuromyotonic discharges, on EMG, 233 Neuron(s)
cerebellar, types of, 18, 19f cortical, types of, 1, 2f spiny, 11
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 95t, 284–285 adult, 285
diagnostic testing for, 285 early-infantile, 285 histology of, 284 intrauterine, 290 juvenile, 285 late-infantile, 285 subtypes of, 285 symptoms of, 284
Neuronal spreading depression, 139 Neurontin. See Gabapentin
Index
337
Index
338
Neuroophthalmology, 37–47 Neuropathy(ies). See also specific nerves
acquired, 221–228 alcoholic, 178, 178b diabetic, 293–294 hereditary, 218–221
with a predilection to pressure palsies, 220–221
HIV-related, 261, 261b
in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t traumatic and compression, 210–218
Neuropeptide Y, in aspiny neurons, 11 Neuropil thread, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155 Neurosyphilis, 255
meningovascular, 255 parenchymatous, 255
Neurotology, 49–54
anatomy in, 48f, 49–50, 49f pathophysiology in, 50–54
Neurotoxins, 267t Niacin
for fibromyalgia, 151
for MELAS syndrome, 69 for stroke prevention, 62 Niacin deficiency, 113, 301t
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ubiquinone oxidoreductase flavoprotein-1, in Alexander’s disease, 114
Nicotinic acid deficiency, 301t Niemann-Pick disease, 285t, 297t Nimodipine, for vasospasm, 65 Nipride, 296
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), in Huntington’s disease, 193 Nocturnal eating/drinking behavior, 170
Nodose ganglion, 33t
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 293 Non-REM parasomnias, 170
Non-REM sleep, 165, 165b, 165f, 166 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
for Alzheimer’s disease prevention, 158 for anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 211
for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 for chronic headache, 144–145
detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for greater occipital neuralgia, 149
for low back pain, 153 for migraine, 140
side effects of, 140
for tension-type headache, 141
for ulnar nerve entrapment, 213, 216 Norepinephrine
in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 from locus coeruleus, 28
Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 35–36, 163 dementia in, 36, 155, 163
diagnostic testing for, 36, 163 epidemiology of, 35, 163 mechanisms of, 35 pathophysiology of, 163 prognosis of, 36, 163 symptoms of, 36, 163 treatment of, 36, 163
Nortriptyline, 174t
Notch 3 protein, in CADASIL syndrome, 67 Nothnagel’s syndrome, 23, 23b
Nucleoside metabolism disorders, 285–287 Nucleus accumbens, 11–12
Nucleus ambiguus, 26, 26f Nucleus basilis of Meynert, 1, 11 Nucleus cuneatus, 26, 26f Nucleus gracilis, 26, 26f Nucleus interpositus, 45 Nucleus of Darkschewitsch, 44
Nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, 11 Nucleus of Roller, 45
Nucleus proprius, 30
Nucleus proprius hypoglossi, 45 Nucleus raphe magnus, 29
Nucleus reticularis pontis, 29, 44, 164
Nutritional disorders, 299–301. See also specific types Nutrition-related demyelinating disorders, 112–113 Nystagmus
Bruns’, 46f–47f ictal, 46f–47f
localized syndromes of, 46, 46f–47f with palatal myoclonus, 22
in Parinaud’s syndrome, 45 retraction, 23
seesaw, 46f–47f
O
Obersteiner-Redlich zone, ephaptic transmission at, 148, 148b Obstructive sleep apnea, 166, 168
Obturator nerve, 209f, 227f, 229t Occipital epilepsy, benign, 96–97
Occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity (OIRDA), 82 Occipital nerves, 149f
damage to, 149
Occipito-parieto-temporal junction, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84
Ocular apraxia, in Balint’s syndrome, 43 Ocular ataxia, in Balint’s syndrome, 43
Ocular motor cranial nerves, 43, 43f. See also specific nerves Ocular motor system, 43–47
inherited disorders of, 46–47 Ocular sensory system, 37–43 Oculomotor artery, 39f
Oculomotor nerve (CN III), 32, 43, 43f disorders/syndromes of, 34t ganglion of, 33t
palsy of, 43–44
Oculomotor nucleus, 21, 43–44, 43f pathophysiology in, 44
Ohtahara’s syndrome, 94b Olanzapine, 172t
as alternative in drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for Alzheimer’s disease, 158
for Lewy body dementia, 163 Olfaction, 4
Olfactory cortex, 10f Olfactory hallucinations, 4
in temporal lobe seizures, 85 Olfactory tract, 39f Oligoastrocytoma, 123
Oligoclonal bands, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Oligoclonal gammopathy, 225 Oligodendroglioma(s), 122–123
anaplastic, 122–123 benign, 123
calcifications in, 122, 122f diagnostic testing for, 122 epidemiology of, 122 genetics of, 120b, 122, 122b grading of, 122
histology of, 122, 122f location of, 122 prognosis of, 123 treatment of, 122
Olivopontocerebellar degeneration (OPCD), 188–189 Olivospinal tract, 30f
Ondansetron, for multiple sclerosis, 109 Ondine’s curse, 167b
One-and-a-half syndrome, 23, 25, 44–45 Opalski cells, 194, 195f
Ophthalmic artery, 39, 43f Ophthalmodynia, 143 Ophthalmologic syndromes, 23 Ophthalmoplegia
in Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223 in myotubular myopathy, 240 in sarcoidosis, 298
Ophthalmoplegic migraine, 138 Opioids
abuse and dependence, 181 symptoms of, 181 treatment of, 181
acute intoxication, 181 biochemical effects of, 181 and dementia, 155
detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for migraine, 140
overuse of, and chronic headache, 144 for restless legs syndrome, 169 withdrawal from, 181
Oppenheim, useless hand sign of, 106 Opponens digiti quinti, 213f Opponens pollicis, 210f, 229t
in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211
Opportunistic infections, in HIV infection, 261–262 Opsoclonus, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Optic chiasm, 38f, 39–40, 39f
anterior lesions of, 39, 39f blood supply of, 39
body lesions of, 39 decussation of, 39 lateral lesions of, 40
pathophysiology in, 39–40 Optic disk, 38–39
blood supply of, 38 pathophysiology in, 38–39
Optic nerve (CN II), 32, 39, 43f blood supply of, 39, 39f intracanalicular segment of, 39 intracranial segment of, 39, 39f intraocular segment of, 39 intraorbital segment of, 39 pathophysiology in, 39 subdivisions of, 39
Optic nerve atrophy
in Canavan’s disease, 115
in vanishing white matter disease, 115
Optic nerve sheath fenestration, for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Optic neuritis, 39
in Devic’s disease, 110
in multiple sclerosis, 106–107, 110 retrobulbar, 106–107
visual evoked potentials in, 41f
Optic neuritis ischemic optic neuropathy, 32 Optic neuropathy
anterior ischemic, 38–39 visual evoked potentials in, 42
Optic radiations, 40–41 pathophysiology in, 41
Optic tracts, 16f, 38f, 40 blood supply of, 40
nongeniculate projections of, 40 pathophysiology in, 40
Oral appliances, for sleep breathing disorders, 169 Oral contraceptives
and ischemic stroke, 56
and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Orbitofrontal cortex, 7
as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 Organ failure, and dementia, 154
Organic acid disorders, 279b Organ of Corti, 33t, 49
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, 281–282 Orthostatic hypotension
in Parkinson’s disease, 185 treatment of, 185
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 250b Osteogenesis imperfecta, arterial dissection in, 70 Otic ganglion, 33t
Otic zoster, 257 Otoacoustic emissions, 50b Oval window, 49f
Oxaprozin, for chronic headache, 144 Oxcarbazepine, 102t
Oxidative phosphorylation disorders, 287 Oxybutynin, for bladder dysfunction, in multiple
sclerosis, 109
Oxygen inhalation, for cluster headache, 142, 145 Oxytocin, 17t
P
p53 gene
and astrocytoma, 119, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122
Pacchionian corpuscle, 205t Pacemaker muscle fiber, 233 Pachygyria, 269
Pachymeningitis, idiopathic hypertrophic, 267 Pain disorders, 137–153. See also specific types Paint brush appearance, of spinal tumor, 131 Palatal myoclonus, 21–22
diagnostic testing for, 22 symptoms of, 22
Pallid breath-holding spells, 99 Pallidotomy
for dystonia, 192
for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Palmaris longus, 210f, 214f Palmaris longus tendons, 210f Pancerebellar syndrome, 20 Pancoast’s tumor, 208
Pancreatitis, in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278 PANDAS infection syndrome, 191, 193
Panic attacks, 175 Papez, circuit of, 7, 7f
Papillary ependymoma, 127 Papilledema, 38
with pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Papillitis, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Papillomacular bundle, 38f
injury of, 37, 37b, 38f Paracusis, 51
Paradoxical embolism, 58 Paraflocculus, 20f
Index
339
Index
340
Parahippocampal gyrus, 7 Paralimbic cortex, 2, 7 Paralysis. See specific types
Paramedian pontine reticular formation, 29, 29b, 44–45
Paramedian raphe, 24f
Paramyotonia congenita, 246b, 247, 248t Paraneoplastic syndromes, 135–136
diagnostic testing for, 135 epidemiology of, 135
Lambert-Eaton myasthenia in, 135, 136t, 236 myasthenia gravis in, 135, 136t, 234
with neuroblastoma, 126 neuromyotonia in, 136t, 245 pathophysiology of, 135 prognosis of, 136
subtypes of, 136, 136t thymoma, 234b treatment of, 135
Paranoid schizophrenia, 170b Paraplegia(s), spastic
conditions with, 197b hereditary, 197–198, 271b
Paraplegic cerebral palsy, 288 Paraproteinemic neuropathies, 225–228
Parasitic infection, 264–265. See also specific types Parasomnia(s), 170–171
non-REM, 170 REM, 170
transitional, 170–171
Parasympathetic regulation, by hypothalamus, 16b Paraventricular nucleus, 16f, 17, 18f
Paresis, general, 255 Paresthesia(s)
in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211 in femoral nerve syndromes, 218 in multiple sclerosis, 106
in restless legs syndrome, 169
in ulnar nerve entrapment, 213, 215 Parietal eye field, 46
Parietal heteromodal association areas, 5 dominant-sided lesions of, 5, 5b nondominant-sided lesions of, 5
Parietal lobe, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Parinaud’s syndrome, 22f, 23, 44–45, 271
Parkin gene, 183 Parkinsonism, 190t
in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 drug-induced, 202
in Huntington’s disease, 194 lesions causing, 12
in Lewy body dementia, 162–163, 186b
in multiple system atrophy, 189, 189b, 189f treatment of, 163
Parkinson’s disease, 183–186 autonomic dysfunction in, 186 deep brain stimulation for, 187 dementia in, 161, 185
versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t dyskinesia in, 185–186
dystonia in, 185–186, 190, 190t epidemiology of, 183
familial, 184t genetics of, 183, 184t histology of, 183
pathophysiology of, 183, 184f restless legs syndrome in, 169, 185
risk factors for, 183
side effects of medications in, management of, 186–187 surgery for, 186–187
symptoms of, 185
treatment-induced hallucinations in, 186 treatment of, 185–187, 186t wearing-off/freezing phenomenon in, 185
Parosmia, 4 Paroxetine, 174t
Paroxysmal choreoathetosis nonkinesigenic, 190t
with spasticity and ataxia, 190t
Paroxysmal disorders, nonseizure, in children, 99 Paroxysmal hemicrania, 142–143
chronic, 145 pathophysiology of, 143 symptoms of, 142–143 treatment of, 143
Pars compacta, 12
in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f Pars opercularis, 5, 5b
Pars reticulata, 12, 22 Pars triangularis, 5 Partial seizures, 82–86
complex, 85–86
versus absence seizures, 85t with frontal lobe focus, 86
with mesial temporal cortex focus, 85–86 with neocortical temporal focus, 86 pathophysiology of, 85
pediatric, 98–99 symptoms of, 85
diagnostic testing for, 86 EEG findings in, 86 pediatric, 95–99
simple, 82–85
with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex focus, 84 with frontal operculum focus, 84
with insula cortex focus, 84 motor, 82–84
with occipito-parieto-temporal junction focus, 84 with parietal lobe focus, 84
pediatric, 95–98
with premotor cortex focus, 84 with primary motor cortex focus, 84 with primary visual cortex focus, 84 sensory, 84–86
with supplementary motor area focus, 84 symptomatic manifestations of, 83f
with temporal lobe focus, 84–85 treatment of, 101f
Parvocellular nuclei, 17 Parvocellular pathway, 40
Patent foramen ovale, and ischemic stroke, 56 Paxil (paroxetine), 174t
Pectineus muscle, 217f Pediatric hydrocephalus, 35 Pediatric seizures, 91–99 Peduncular hallucinosis, 22–23
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, 19, 28, 164 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 113–114, 198, 198b
diagnostic testing for, 114 histology of, 114, 114f pathophysiology of, 113–114 prognosis of, 114 symptoms of, 114, 114t treatment of, 114
Pellagra (niacin deficiency), and Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 113 Pemoline, for multiple sclerosis, 109
Penicillamine, for Wilson’s disease, 195 Penicillin(s), for syphilis, 254
Penicillin G, for syphilis, 255 Penile erection, 34
in REM sleep, 166 Pentobarbital abuse, 179
Pentobarbital drip, for status epilepticus, 89t Pergolide, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Perihypoglossal nuclei, 28, 45
Perilymphatic duct, 49f Perimesencephalic hemorrhage, 62 Periodic breathing, 99
Periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges (PLEDs), 81f, 82 Periodic limb movement disorder, 169
pathophysiology of, 169 symptoms of, 169 treatment of, 169
Peripheral nerve(s), organization of, 204f Peripheral nerve hypotonic disorders, 289
Peripheral nervous system tumors, 134–135. See also specific types
Peripheral sensory dermatomes, 227f–228f Periventricular heterotopia, 269, 269f Permax. See Pergolide
Peroneal nerve, 227f, 229t anatomy of, 218f
compression syndromes of, 218, 218b conduction studies of, 205, 218
Peroneus brevis, 229t Peroneus longus, 229t Peroxins, 283
Peroxisomal phytanoyl-CoA deficiency, 282–283 Peroxisome(s), disorders of, 282–283 Peroxisome ghosts, 283
Perphenazine, and tardive dyskinesia, 201 Perseverative automatism, 85
Perseverative behavior, in frontotemporal dementia, 161 PET. See Positron emission tomography
Petechial rash, 255b
Phakomatoses, 275–278. See also specific types subependymal giant cell astrocytoma with, 121
Phencyclidine (PCP), 181–182 acute intoxication, 182 biochemical effects of, 181 treatment for dependence, 182
Phencyclidine, withdrawal from, 182 Phenelzine, 174t
Phenobarbital, 102t
detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for status epilepticus, 89t
Phenylacetate, for urea metabolism disorders, 282 Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, 279 Phenylalanine-restricted diet, 279 Phenylbutazone, for chronic headache, 144 Phenylketonuria, 279
diagnostic testing for, 279 pathophysiology of, 279 prognosis of, 279 symptoms of, 279 treatment of, 279
Phenytoin, 103t
for myotonia congenita, 248 for neuromyotonia, 246
for pediatric seizures, 99 for status epilepticus, 89t
Pheochromocytoma, in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278 Phobia(s), 175
social, 175 specific, 175 treatment of, 175
Phonic tics, 192
Phosphate, abnormal levels of, 301t Phosphofructokinase deficiency, 243
Photic stimulation, in electroencephalogram, 80 Photomyoclonic response, in EEG, 80 Photoparoxysmal response, in EEG, 80 Photoreception, 37, 37f
Phrenic nerve, 207f
Phytanic acid, in Refsum’s disease, 282–283 Pial arterial network, 38
Pick body(ies), 160–161, 160f Pick cells, 160–161
Pick’s disease, 160–161. See also Frontotemporal lobar degeneration “Pie in the sky” visual defects, 41
Pimozide
for tic disorders, 193
for trigeminal neuralgia, 148 Pineal gland, 11f
in arousal/sleep, 164 Pineal tumors, 125
histology of, 125
pediatric, by occurrence, 125b Pineoblastoma, 125
epidemiology of, 125 genetics of, 125 histology of, 125 prognosis of, 125 treatment of, 125
Pineocytoma, 125
histology of (rosettes), 125, 125f prognosis of, 125
treatment of, 125
PINK1 gene, in Parkinson’s disease, 183 Piroxicam, for chronic headache, 144 Pituitary apoplexy, 133
Pituitary hormones, 17, 17t Pituitary stalk, 39f
Pituitary tumor(s), 132–133. See also specific types Plantar digital nerve, 227f
Planum temporale, 6
Plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 Plasmacytoma(s), monoclonal gammopathy with, 226 Plasmapheresis
for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112
for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 225 for cryoglobulinemia, 228
for Devic’s disease, 110
for Guillain-Barre syndrome, 223–224
for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for multiple sclerosis, 109
for neuromyotonia, 246 for Refsum’s disease, 283
Plasmodium falciparum, 264 Platelet-derived growth factor-
and astrocytoma, 119, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122
Plavix. See Clopidogrel
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 121 epidemiology of, 121
histology of, 121 location of, 121 treatment of, 121
Index
341
Index
342
Plexopathies, 207–210. See also specific types proximal diabetic, 206, 294
Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis, with glucocorticoid therapy, 132
POEMS syndrome, 226 Poland syndrome, 248t Polio, 259
Polio-related syndromes, 259
Poliosis, in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 268 Polyarteritis nodosa, 76, 226b
Polydipsia, psychogenic, 16t Polymicrogyria, 269
Polymorphic delta activity, in EEG, 81 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 76, 76b Polymyositis, 245
diagnostic testing for, 245 muscle biopsy in, 245, 246f pathophysiology of, 245 symptoms of, 245 treatment of, 245
Polysomnography
in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 in fatal familial insomnia, 266 in fibromyalgia, 151
in Lewy body dementia, 162 in narcolepsy, 168
in REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 Pons, 23–25, 24f
motor output centers of, 23 pathophysiology in, 25
sensory input centers of, 23–25
Pontine accessory ocular motor nuclei, 44–45 Pontine auditory hallucinosis, 51b
Pontine fibers, loss in multiple system atrophy, 189, 189f
Pontine locked-in syndrome, 24f, 25, 113 Pontine nuclei, 18, 18b, 24f
Pontine reticular formation, 24f, 28–29, 164 Pontine tracts, 24f
Pontocerebellum, 19
Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes, 164, 166 Porencephaly, 269
Port-wine stain, 278, 278f
Poser criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 107t, 110 Positron emission tomography (PET)
in Alzheimer’s disease, 158 in fibromyalgia, 150
in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 in Huntington’s disease, 194
in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 Postcentral gyrus, 11f
Posterior acoustic stria, 48f Posterior auricular nerve, 32f
Posterior cerebral artery, 15f, 18, 21f, 39f, 40–41, 43f, 57f Posterior choroidal artery, 15f
Posterior ciliary artery, 38 Posterior cingulate gyrus, 7 Posterior cochlear nucleus, 48f Posterior commissure, 10
nucleus of, 44
Posterior communicating artery, 15f, 18, 39f, 43f aneurysm of, 43
Posterior cord injury, 209 Posterior cord syndrome, 32
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, 209f, 228f Posterior funiculus, 30, 30f
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, 21f
Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 diagnostic testing for, 216 electromyography of, 216
nerve conduction study of, 216 pathophysiology of, 216 symptoms of, 216
treatment of, 216
Posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus, 17 Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy, 296, 296b Posterior spinal artery, 31f
Posterior spinocerebellar tract, 30f
Posterior tibial nerve, conduction studies of, 205 Posterolateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, 18 Posteromedial central arteries, 39f
Postpolio syndrome, 259 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 175–176
Potassium channel(s), diseases of, 200, 200b, 245, 245b Potassium supplementation, for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247 Pouch sign, in carotid dissection, 72f
Prader-Willi syndrome, 289 Pramipexole
for Parkinson’s disease, 186t for restless legs syndrome, 169
Praziquantel, for cysticercosis, 264 Preacher’s hand, 211f
Precerebellar nuclei of reticular formation, 29b Prednisolone, 118t
Prednisone, 118t
for Bell’s palsy, 34
for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 for dermatomyositis, 245
for Devic’s disease, 110 for hearing loss, 50
for multiple sclerosis, 108, 110 for myasthenia gravis, 235
for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 Prefrontal cortex, 4–5
bilateral damage to, effects of, 5t lesions of, 5, 5t
projections to and from, 4 unilateral damage to, effects of, 5t
Pregnancy
migraine in, 139, 141
multiple sclerosis in, 106b, 109, 109b Preictal pseudosleep, 100
Premotor area, 2
Premotor cortex, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Preoptic nucleus, 16–17, 16f
Preoptic region, 16–17
Presenilin 1, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156, 157b Presenilin 2, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157
Pressure palsies, hereditary neuropathy with predilection to, 220–221
Pretectal nucleus, 44 Primary lateral sclerosis, 197t Primary motor area(s), 2 Primary motor cortex, 1–2
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 lesions of, 2
somatotopic organization of, 2, 3f stimulation of, 2
Primary progressive aphasia, 161 Primary sensory area(s), 2
subdivision by sensory modality, 3–4 Primary sensory cortex, 3–4
lesions of, 4 stimulation of, 4
Primary visual cortex, 2, 41–42 |
Prosody |
blood supply of, 41 |
affective, 6 |
diagnostic testing of, 41–42, 41f |
lesions affecting, 6 |
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 |
propositional, 6 |
pathophysiology in, 41 |
Prosopagnosia, 42 |
representation of visual fields on, 41 |
progressive, 161 |
Primidone, 103t |
Prostaglandins, in migraine, 140 |
for essential tremor, 201 |
Protein C deficiency, 71–72 |
for pediatric seizures, 99 |
Protein S deficiency, 71–72 |
Primitive neuroepidermal tumors (PNETs), 125–126 |
Proteolipid protein (PLP) abnormalities, 113–114, 113b, 114t |
histology of, 125 |
Prothrombin G20210A resistance, 72 |
Principal trigeminal nucleus, 23, 24f |
Protozoan infection, 264 |
Prion diseases, 265–266 |
Prourokinase, intracranial, 59 |
dementia in, versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t |
Provigil. See Modafinil |
familial/inherited, 266 |
Proximal diabetic plexopathy, 206, 294 |
histology of, 265, 265f |
Prozac. See Fluoxetine |
iatrogenic, 266 |
Psammomatous meningioma, 123, 124f |
idiopathic, 265–266 |
Pseudoataxia, epileptic, 93b |
infectious, 266 |
Pseudobulbar palsy, 25 |
pathophysiology of, 265 |
Pseudodementia, versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t |
types of, 265–266 |
Pseudoephedrine, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 |
Prion protein, 265 |
Pseudo-pseudoseizures, 99b |
Procarbazine, for oligodendroglioma, 122 |
Pseudoseizures, 99–101 |
Procedural memory, 154b |
in conversion disorder, 177 |
Prochlorperazine |
developmental, 100 |
for status migrainosus, 141 |
diagnostic testing in, 100 |
and tardive dyskinesia, 201 |
epidemiology of, 100 |
Prodrome phase, of migraine, 137 |
pathophysiology of, 99–100 |
Progressive bulbar palsy, 197t |
posttraumatic, 99 |
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), |
prognosis of, 100 |
259, 262 |
risk factors of, 100 |
Progressive muscular atrophy, 197t |
symptoms of, 100 |
Progressive prosopagnosia, 161 |
treatment of, 100 |
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 187 |
Pseudosleep, preictal, 100 |
diagnostic testing for, 187 |
Pseudotumor cerebri, 146–147 |
genetics of, 187 |
diagnostic testing for, 147 |
histology of, 187 |
pathophysiology of, 146–147 |
pathophysiology of, 187 |
risk factors for, 146 |
prognosis of, 187 |
symptoms of, 147 |
symptoms of, 187 |
treatment of, 147 |
Projection neurons, 1 |
vision disorders with, 147 |
Prolactin levels |
Psoas muscle, 217f–218f |
in pseudoseizures, 100 |
femoral nerve entrapment in, 217 |
in seizures/epilepsy, 82 |
Psoas syndrome, malignant, 209b |
Prolactin-secreting adenoma, 133 |
Psychiatry, 154–182. See also specific disorders and therapies |
Pronation, upper extremity, 229t |
Psychogenic polydipsia, 16t |
Pronator quadratus, 210f |
Psychosis, 171–172 |
in anterior interosseous syndrome, 211 |
PTEN tumor suppressor gene, 120 |
Pronator teres, 210f, 214f, 229t |
Pterygopalatine ganglion, 33t |
Propanolamine abuse, 180 |
Pudendal nerve, 209f, 227f |
Propantheline, for bladder dysfunction, in multiple |
Puff of smoke sign, in Moyamoya disease, 79, 79f |
sclerosis, 109 |
Pulvinar, 14f, 15, 45 |
Propionic acidemia, 280b, 281 |
Punishment center, posterior nucleus as, 17 |
Propofol drip, for status epilepticus, 89t |
Pure motor syndrome, 9 |
Propositional prosody, 6 |
Pure sensory neuropathy, 223 |
Propoxyphene abuse, 181 |
Pure word deafness, 51 |
Propranolol |
Purkinje neurons, 18, 19f |
for essential tremor, 201 |
Putamen, 10f, 11–12, 11f |
for multiple sclerosis, 109 |
lesions of, 12 |
Proprioception |
Pyramidal neurons, 1, 2f |
loss of, lesions causing, 4 |
Pyramidal signs, in Alzheimer’s disease, 158 |
in multiple sclerosis, 106 |
Pyramidal tract, 24f, 26f |
ventral posterior nuclei in, 14 |
Pyrazinamide, for tuberculosis, 252 |
Propylthiouracil, for adenoma, 133 |
Pyridostigmine, for myasthenia gravis, 235 |
Prosencephaly |
Pyridoxine. See Vitamin B6 |
lobar, 270 |
Pyrimethamine, for toxoplasmosis, 261, 264 |
semilobar, 270 |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, 47, 287 |
Index
343
Index
344
Q
Quaalude (methaqualone), 179 Quadriceps muscle, 229t Quadriplegic cerebral palsy, 288 Quetiapine, 172t
as alternative in drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for Alzheimer’s disease, 158
for Lewy body dementia, 163 for Parkinson’s disease, 186
Quinine
for malaria, 264
for myotonia congenita, 248
R
Rabies immunoglobulin, 258 Rabies virus, 258
diagnostic testing for, 258 histology of, 258, 258f pathophysiology of, 258 symptoms of, 258 treatment for, 258
Race
and ischemic stroke, 55 and multiple sclerosis, 105
Radial nerve, 207f, 214f, 227f–228f, 229t anatomy of, 216f
compression syndromes of, 216–217 Radial nerve injury in brachium, 216
diagnostic testing for, 216 electromyography of, 216 nerve conductions study of, 216 pathophysiology of, 216 symptoms of, 216
treatment of, 216 Radiation therapy
for adenoma, 133 for astrocytoma, 121
for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 for chordoma, 130
for choroid plexus papilloma, 128 for germinoma, 130
for gliomatosis cerebri, 123
for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 135 for medulloblastoma, 126
for oligodendroglioma, 122 for pineoblastoma, 125
whole-brain, for metastasis, 131 Radicular artery, 31f Radiculopathy(ies), 152
C6, 211b L5, 218b
lumbar, 152, 152b, 152t
Radionuclide cisternography, in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163
Radiosurgery, stereotactic
for chronic cluster headache, 145 for metastasis, 131
for Parkinson’s disease, 186 for trigeminal neuralgia, 149
Rage, lesions causing, 7, 17 Ragged red fibers
in MELAS syndrome, 68f, 69 myoclonic epilepsy with, 95t
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, 257
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 166, 166f Rasmussen’s syndrome, 97–98
diagnostic testing in, 98
EEG findings in, 98 neuroimaging in, 98 pathophysiology of, 97 symptoms of, 97 treatment of, 98
Rathke’s pouch, tumors and cysts of, 133, 133b Raymond-Gestan syndrome, 24f, 25 Raymond’s syndrome, 24f, 25
Reactive automatism, 85 Rebound headaches, 144 Reciprocal (Ia) interneurons, 31 Recruitment principle, 232 Rectus femoris muscle, 217f
Recurrent artery of Huebner, 18, 39f Red nucleus, 21–22
connections of, 21, 21b pathophysiology in, 21–22
Reflex(es)
near triad, 44, 44b trigeminal, 25, 25t Reflex seizures, 86, 86b
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 149–150 pathophysiology of, 149
symptoms of, 149 Refsum’s disease, 282–283
diagnostic testing for, 283 histology of, 282 pathophysiology of, 282 symptoms of, 283 treatment of, 283
Reinnervation, EMG findings of, 232–233 Relaxation therapy
for insomnia, 167
for migraine prophylaxis, 141 Remeron (mirtazapine), 174t
Reminyl (galantamine), for Alzheimer’s disease, 158
Remote memory, 154b REM parasomnias, 170 REM sleep, 166, 166f
REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD), 162, 170 acute-onset, 170
diagnostic testing for, 170 epidemiology of, 170 insidious-onset, 170 pathophysiology of, 170 symptoms of, 170
Renshaw cells, 31
Repositioning maneuvers, for vertigo, 52 Requip. See Ropinirole
Reserpine, for tardive dyskinesia, 202 Restless legs syndrome, 169, 185
diagnostic testing in, 169 iatrogenic, 169 idiopathic, 169 pathophysiology of, 169 secondary, 169
subtypes of, 169 treatment of, 169
Reticular formation, 26f, 28–29 afferents of, 29
anatomy of, 28 efferents of, 29 medullary, 26f, 29, 164
mesencephalic, 22, 28, 164 paramedian pontine, 29, 29b, 44–45 pontine, 24f, 28–29, 164
precerebellar nuclei of, 29b subdivisions and key nuclei of, 28
Reticular thalamic nuclei (RTN), 15 Reticulospinal tracts, 29, 30f Retina, 37–38
diagnostic testing for, 38
fiber bundles of, subtypes of, 37, 38f fiber loss in, 37–38
hypertensive effects on, 296 macular, 41–42 pathophysiology in, 37–38 photoreception in, 37, 37f
Retinoblastoma genetics of, 120b
pineoblastoma with, 125 Retinoblastoma (RB) factor gene
and astrocytoma, 120, 120f, 125b and pineoblastoma, 125
and retinoblastoma, 120b
Retinopathy, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Retraction nystagmus, 23
Retrobulbar optic neuritis, 106–107 Retrocollis, 191
Retroflex tract, 18f
Rett’s syndrome, 291–292 histology of, 292 pathophysiology of, 291–292 prognosis of, 292
symptoms of, 292
Reward center, lateral hypothalamus as, 16 Reye syndrome, 243b
versus acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 Rhabdomyolysis, muscle biopsy contraindicated by, 234 Rheumatoid arthritis, 297
pathophysiology of, 297 symptoms of, 297
Rheumatoid factor, 297 Rheumatoid nodules, 297
juvenile, 297
Rhythmic delta activity, in EEG, 82, 82f Rhythmic movement disorder, 170–171 Ribavirin, for arboviruses, 258 Riboflavin, for migraine prophylaxis, 141
Rickettsia, 255–256 Rickettsia prowazekii, 256
Rickettsia rickettsia, 251b, 255–256 Rifampin
for leprosy, 253
for tuberculosis, 252 Rigidity
in Parkinson’s disease, 185, 186t
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Rinne test, 50
Risperdal. See Risperidone Risperidone, 172t
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for autism, 291
for Lewy body dementia, 163 for tic disorders, 193
Ritonavir, for HIV infection, 260 Rivastigmine, for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 Rizatriptan, 140t
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 251b, 255–256 diagnostic testing for, 256
epidemiology of, 256 pathophysiology of, 255 prognosis of, 256
symptoms of, 256 treatment of, 256 Rolandic epilepsy, 97
diagnostic testing in, 97 EEG findings in, 97, 97f pathophysiology of, 97 prognosis of, 97 subtypes of, 97 symptoms of, 97 treatment of, 97
Roller, nucleus of, 45 Ronne, nasal step of, 38, 38f Ropinirole
for Parkinson’s disease, 186t for restless legs syndrome, 169
Rosenthal fibers
in Alexander’s disease, 114–115 in giant axonal neuropathy, 221
in juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 121
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), 44
Rostral vermis syndrome, 19 etiology of, 19
symptoms of, 19 Round window, 49f Rubella
and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 intrauterine infection, 290
and multiple sclerosis, 104 Rubrospinal tract, 30, 30f Ruffnian corpuscle, 205t Ryanodine calcium channel, 247b Ryanodine mutations, 242, 242b
S
Saccades, 45–46
in Huntington’s disease, 194
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Saccular aneurysm, 78
Saccule, 49, 49f, 50t Sacral agenesis, 274
Saddle anesthesia, in multiple sclerosis, 106 SAH. See Subarachnoid hemorrhage
St. Louis encephalitis, 251t Salt intake, restricted
in Meniere’s disease, 53
in pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Salutary seizures, 3 Sanfilippo’s syndrome, 284t
Saphenous nerve, 217f, 227f–228f
Saposin B, in metachromatic leukodystrophy, 117 Sarcoglycans, in muscular dystrophy, 241, 242f, 242t Sarcoidosis, 298–299
diagnostic testing for, 299 pathophysiology of, 298 symptoms of, 298–299 treatment of, 299
Sartorius muscle, 217f Saturday night palsy, 216
Sawtooth waves, in REM sleep, 166 Saxitoxin, 267t
Scalp electroencephalogram. See also Electroencephalogram in seizures/epilepsy, 80–82
Scapular winging, in brachial plexopathy, 208 Scaritoxin, 267t
Scarpa’s ganglia, 33t, 49, 50t Scheie’s syndrome, 284t
Index
345
Index
346
Schilder’s disease, 111b |
with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 |
Schizencephaly, 269, 270f |
with adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 |
Schizophrenia |
with alcohol withdrawal, 179, 179b |
antipsychotics for, 172, 172t |
with Alexander’s disease, 114 |
catatonic, 170b |
with autism, 291 |
diagnostic testing for, 171–172 |
with Canavan’s disease, 115 |
disorganized, 170b |
with central pontine myelinosis, 113 |
EEG findings in, 171 |
diagnostic testing in, 80–82 |
genetics of, 171 |
diencephalic autonomic, 20 |
mood and affect in, 172b |
electroencephalogram in, 80–82, 81f–82f |
paranoid, 170b |
febrile, 91–92 |
pathophysiology of, 171 |
gelastic, 84b |
prognosis of, 172 |
generalized |
prognostic signs in, 171b |
atonic, 89 |
psychosocial factors in, 171 |
myoclonic, 89 |
somatosensory evoked potentials in, 172 |
nonsyndromal, 86–89 |
stress-diathesis model of, 171 |
tonic, 88 |
subtypes of, 170b |
tonic-clonic, 86–88 |
suicide risk in, 172 |
with gliomatosis cerebri, 123 |
symptoms of, 171 |
with glycine encephalopathy, 280 |
treatment of, 172 |
with herpes encephalitis, 256 |
Schizophreniform disorder, 172 |
inherited, 90–99 |
pathophysiology of, 172 |
with intracranial hemorrhage, 66, 91 |
prognosis of, 172, 172b |
with ischemic stroke, 57, 60 |
symptoms of, 172, 172b |
with megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical |
treatment of, 172 |
cysts, 116 |
Schwannoma, 134 |
with metastasis, 131 |
Antoni types A and B, 134, 134f |
with multiple sclerosis, 106 |
histology of, 134, 134f |
musicogenic, 86 |
location of, 134 |
neonatal, 90–91 |
in neurofibromatosis type 2, 275 |
with neurofibromatosis type 1, 275 |
symptoms of, 134 |
nonepileptiform, 99–101 |
treatment of, 134 |
partial, 82–86 |
Verocay body with, 134, 134f |
complex, 85–86, 98–99 |
Sciatic nerve, 209f, 229t |
simple, 82–85, 95–98 |
Scimitar scotoma, 38 |
pediatric, 91–99 |
Scotoma(s), 37–39 |
with phenylketonuria, 279 |
from arcuate bundle injury, 37–38, 38f |
prolactin level and, 82 |
Bjerrum, 38, 38f |
prolonged (status epilepticus), 89–90 |
centrocecal, in multiple sclerosis, 106 |
recurrence of, risk of, 82b |
junctional, 39, 39f |
reflex, 86, 86b |
from nasal bundle injury, 38, 38f |
remission from, 101, 101b |
from papillomacular bundle injury, 37, 37b, 38f |
with Rett’s syndrome, 292 |
scimitar, 38 |
salutary, 3 |
Seidel, 38, 38f |
sound-induced, 98–99 |
Seamont maneuver, 52 |
startle, 88, 88b |
Secobarbital abuse, 179 |
with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277 |
Secondary sensory cortex, 4 |
with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63, 65, 91 |
Secretory meningioma, 123 |
treatment of, 101–102 |
Sectoranopias, 40, 40f |
medical, 101, 101f, 102t–103t |
Sedative-hypnotic(s) |
medication failure in, management of, 101 |
abuse and dependence, 179 |
surgical, 102 |
symptoms of, 179, 179b |
with tuberous sclerosis, 276, 276b |
treatment of, 179–180 |
version, 84 |
acute intoxication, 179 |
vertigo with, 54t, 84–85 |
biochemical effects of, 179 |
with Zellweger’s syndrome, 283 |
for insomnia, 167 |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 174t |
and vertigo, 54 |
for alcohol dependence, 179 |
withdrawal, 179 |
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 |
and REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 |
for autism, 291 |
Seesaw nystagmus, 46f–47f |
benefits of, specific, 174t |
Segawa syndrome, 190b, 190t, 280b |
for frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 |
Segmental dystonia, 191 |
for generalized anxiety disorder, 175 |
Seidel scotoma, 38, 38f |
for insomnia, 167 |
Seizure(s), 80–102 |
in multiple sclerosis, 109 |
absence, 95 |
for phobias, 175 |
for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176 side effects of, 174t
for tic disorders, 193
Selegiline, for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t Selenium, abnormal levels of, 301t
Sella turcica, 43f Semantic dementia, 161
magnetic resonance imaging of, 161f Semantic memory, 154b
Semicircular canals, 49, 49f, 50t Semilobar prosencephaly, 270
Senile plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 Sensorineural hearing loss, 50
Sensory homunculi, 2, 3f, 4
Sensory nerve conduction studies, 205–206 Sensory neuron(s), types of, 205t
Sensory paralytic bladder, 36t
Sensory testing, in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 Sentinel hemorrhage, 63
Septal nuclei, 11
Septo-optic dysplasia, 270, 270f Septum pellucidum, 10f–11f Seroquel. See Quetiapine Serotonin, biosynthesis of, 165f
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 174t for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176
Serotonin syndrome, 202t Serpentine aneurysm, 78 Sertraline, 174t
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), in monoclonal gammopathy, 226
Setting sun sign, 45
Severe myoclonic epilepsy, 94 diagnostic testing in, 94 EEG findings in, 94 pathophysiology of, 94 symptoms of, 94
treatment of, 94 Sex (gender)
and ischemic stroke, 55 and multiple sclerosis, 105
Sexual function, 34 Sexuality
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157
in frontotemporal dementia, 161 in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7
Shagreen patch, in tuberous sclerosis, 277, 277b, 277f Sharp waves
on EEG, 80 on EMG, 233
Shawl sign, in dermatomyositis, 244 Shingles, 257
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome, 143
Short-term/anterograde memory, 154b Shoulder abduction, 229t
Shoulder adduction, 229t Shoulder pain, 153f
in brachial plexopathy, 208 Shunt(s)
lumboperitoneal
for normal pressure hydrocephalus, 163 for pseudotumor cerebri, 147
ventricular, for Dandy-Walker malformation, 274 ventriculoperitoneal, for normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163
Shy-Drager syndrome, 188–189
Sialidosis type 1, 95t Sicca syndrome, 299 Sickle cell crisis, 74 Sickle cell disease, 73–74
diagnostic testing for, 74 epidemiology of, 74 pathophysiology of, 73–74 and stroke, 74
symptoms of, 74 treatment of, 74
Simian cytomegalovirus, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Simple febrile seizures, 91
Simple partial seizures, 82–85 motor, 82–84
with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex focus, 84 with frontal operculum focus, 84
with insula cortex focus, 84 with premotor cortex focus, 84
with primary motor cortex focus, 84 with supplementary motor area focus, 84
pediatric, 95–98 sensory, 84–85
with occipito-parieto-temporal junction focus, 84 with parietal lobe focus, 84
with primary visual cortex focus, 84 with temporal lobe focus, 84–85
symptomatic manifestations of, 83f Simultanagnosia, in Balint’s syndrome, 43 Sinemet. See Levodopa-carbidopa Singing, lesions affecting, 6
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of Alzheimer’s disease, 158
in conversion disorder, 176
in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 in Lewy body dementia, 163
in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 Sjögren’s syndrome, 299 Skeletal muscle, 231, 231b Skew deviation, ocular, 45 Sleep
in cluster headache, 142
electroencephalogram in, 80, 164–166, 165f–166f in fibromyalgia, 151
non-REM/slow-wave, 165, 165b, 165f, 166 normal, 164–166
physiology of, 164
REM (rapid eye movement), 166, 166f stages of, 165–166
distribution of, 166 stage 1, 165f, 166 stage 2, 165f, 166 stage 3, 166
Sleep apnea, 168–169 central, 168 definition of, 168
number of episodes, 168b obstructive, 166, 168
risk factors for, 168 Sleep attacks, 167
Sleep breathing disorders, 168–169 subtypes of, 168
symptoms of, 168 treatment of, 169
Sleep disorder(s), 164–171. See also specific types in Alzheimer’s disease, 158
in Lewy body dementia, 162
Index
347
Index
Sleep hypopnea, 168 Sleep paralysis, 168
Sleep restriction therapy, 167 Sleep spindles, 165f, 166 Sleep terrors, 170
Sleep walking, 170 Slow-twitch motor units, 232
Slow-twitch muscle fibers, 231, 231b Slow-wave sleep, 165, 165b, 165f, 166 Small infarct dementia, 159
Smallpox, and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, 297t
Smoking, and ischemic stroke, 56 Sneddon’s syndrome, 73
Social phobia, 175
Sodium, abnormal levels of, 301t
Sodium channel(s), diseases of, 246–247, 246b
Sodium chloride, for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 247 Sodium oxybate, for cataplexy, 168
Soleus muscle, 229t
Solitary tract nucleus, 26, 26f Solumedrol, for dermatomyositis, 245 Somatic activity, in REM sleep, 166 Somatization disorder, 174, 174b, 176
pathophysiology of, 176 prognosis of, 176 symptoms of, 176, 176b treatment of, 176
Somatoform disorder(s), 176–177 Somatosensory evoked potentials, 205
in hereditary spastic paraplegia, 198 in multiple sclerosis, 108, 108f
in schizophrenia, 172 Somatosensory systems, 3–4 Somatostatin, in aspiny neurons, 11
Somatotopic ideomotor apraxia, lesions causing, 5 Somatotopic organization
of primary motor cortex, 2, 3f of primary sensory cortex, 3f, 4
of spinal cord gray matter, 31, 31f Somnambulism, 170
Somnogenic systems, 164 Sonata. See Zaleplon
Sonic hedgehog gene, 270, 270b, 274 Sounds, seizures trigged by, 98–99 Spasms, infantile, 92–93
Spastic bladder, 36t
in multiple sclerosis, 109, 109b
in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 Spastic dysphonia, 191
Spasticity
in Alexander’s disease, 114–115 in Canavan’s disease, 115 “clasp knife,” 2
in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in paroxysmal choreoathetosis, 190t in vanishing white matter disease, 115
Spastic paraplegia(s) conditions with, 197b hereditary, 197–198, 271b
Spatial disorientation, lesions causing, 5 Spatial inattention, lesions causing, 5 Special sensory systems, 4
SPECT. See Single photon emission computed tomography Speech prosody, lesions affecting, 6–7
Sphenoid electrodes, 80
Sphingolipid metabolic pathway, 283, 284f Sphingolipidoses, 283–284, 285t, 297t Spike-and-wave discharge, in EEG, 81f
in tonic-clonic seizures, 88, 88b Spina bifida, 274, 301
Spina bifida occulta, 274 Spinal cord, 29–32
connections with reticular formation, 29 gray matter of, 30–31
somatotopic organization of, 31, 31f long tracts of, 29–30, 30f
nerve conduction studies of, 206 pathophysiology in, 31–32 tethered, 274
vascular supply of, 31, 31f Spinal cord injury
incomplete, 31–32 lateral, 209 medial, 209
in multiple sclerosis, 106 posterior, 209
Spinal cord tumors, primary, 131 extradural, 131, 131f extraparenchymal-intradural, 131 imaging characteristics of, 131, 131f intraparenchymal, 131, 131f location of, 131
types of, 131
Spinal malformations, 274 Spinal metastasis, 130
Spinal muscular atrophy(ies), 197t arrested infantile-onset, 197t distal, 198b
infantile-onset, 197t juvenile-onset, 197t type IV, 197t
Spinal trigeminal nucleus, 26 Spinocerebellar ataxia, 198–199
subtypes of, 199, 199t symptoms of, 199
Spinocerebellar tracts, 30, 30f Spinocerebellum, 19 Spino-olivary tract, 30f Spinoreticulothalamic tract, 29 Spinotectal tract, 30f Spinothalamic tract, 24f, 26f
Spinothalamic tract/anterolateral system, 29, 30f Spinous process, 149f
Spiny neurons, 11 dopaminergic inputs to, 11
nondopaminergic inputs to, 11 type I, 11
type II, 11
Spirochetes, 253–255. See also specific diseases caused by
Spironolactone, for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 248 Spongiform vacuolation, 265, 265f
Spongy degeneration of infancy (Canavan’s disease), 115 Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147–148
diagnostic testing in, 147–148 pathophysiology of, 147 symptoms of, 147
treatment of, 148
SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Stabbing headache, idiopathic, 143
348
Stapedius acoustic reflex, 49 |
Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277–278 |
Stapedius nerve, 32f |
diagnostic testing for, 278 |
Stapes, 49f |
histology of, 277 |
Staphylococcus, and brain abscess, 250 |
pathophysiology of, 277 |
Staphylococcus aureus, 69, 250t |
port-wine stain in, 278, 278f |
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 250t |
symptoms of, 277–278 |
STaRCH infections, 290 |
tram-track calcifications of, 278, 278f |
Staring spells, 95, 95b |
treatment of, 278 |
Startle seizures, 88, 88b |
Stylomastoid foramen, 32f |
Static confusional state/encephalopathy, lesions causing, 5 |
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 259–260, 263f |
Static encephalopathy, 289–290 |
EEG findings in, 260, 260f |
causes of, 289–290 |
intrauterine, 290 |
genetics of, 289–290 |
prognosis of, 260 |
subtypes of, 289 |
symptoms of, 260 |
Statins, 62 |
treatment of, 260 |
Status dystonicus, 191b |
Subclavian nerve, 207f |
Status epilepticus, 89–90 |
Subcortical afferents, 4 |
causes of, 89 |
Subcortical aphasias, 13b |
definition of, 89 |
Subcortical cysts, megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with, 116 |
prognosis of, 90 |
Subcortical dementia, versus cortical, 154, 155t |
treatment of, 89–90, 89t |
Subcortical malformations, 271 |
Status migrainosus, 139, 141, 141b |
Subcortical projections, 3 |
Stavudine, for HIV infection, 260 |
Subcortical white matter, 8–10 |
Stellate cells, 1 |
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, 121 |
Stenting, endovascular, for arterial dissection, 71 |
histology of, 121, 121f |
Stereognosis, lesions causing, 4 |
treatment of, 121 |
Stereotactic radiosurgery |
Subiculum, 7 |
for chronic cluster headache, 145 |
Submandibular ganglion, 33t |
for metastasis, 131 |
Subpial transections, multiple, for seizure control, 102 |
for Parkinson’s disease, 186 |
Subscapular nerve, 207f, 229t |
for trigeminal neuralgia, 149 |
Substance abuse, 177–182. See also specific substances |
Stereotactic thalamotomy, for multiple sclerosis, 109 |
definition of, 177 |
Stereotypies |
epidemiology of, 177 |
in autism, 291 |
Substance dependence, 177–182. See also specific substances |
in frontotemporal dementia, 161 |
definition of, 177 |
in tardive dyskinesia, 201–202 |
epidemiology of, 177 |
Stiff man’s syndrome, 135, 136t, 201 |
Substance P |
diagnostic testing for, 201 |
in fibromyalgia, 150 |
pathophysiology of, 201 |
in migraine, 139 |
symptoms of, 201 |
in spiny neurons, 11 |
treatment of, 201 |
Substantia gelatinosa, 30, 30f |
Stokes-Adams attacks, 70 |
Substantia nigra, 12, 22 |
Strabismus, vertical, 45 |
lesions of, 12 |
Strategically placed infarct dementia, 159 |
output projections from, 13 |
Streptococcus, 191, 193 |
in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f |
and brain abscess, 250 |
subdivisions of, 12 |
and meningitis, 250t |
Subthalamic nucleus, 12–13 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 250t |
lesions of, 12–13 |
Streptococcus viridans, 69 |
Subthalamic stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 187 |
Streptomycin, for tuberculosis, 252 |
“Subtle” seizures, neonatal, 90 |
Stress-diathesis model, of schizophrenia, 171 |
Suicide, in schizophrenia, 172 |
Stress management, for tinnitus, 51 |
Sulfadiazine, for toxoplasmosis, 261, 264 |
Stria medullaris, 18f |
Sulfatides, urinary, in metachromatic |
Stria terminalis, 11f |
leukodystrophy, 117 |
Striatocapsular syndrome, 9 |
Sumatriptan |
differential diagnosis of, 9b |
for cluster headache, 142 |
lesions causing, 9 |
for migraine, 140t |
Striatonigral degeneration, 188–189 |
Super-fast muscle fibers, 231 |
Striatum, 11–12, 11f |
Superficial peroneal nerve, 227f |
lesions of, 12 |
Superficial peroneal nerve biopsy, 206 |
neurons of, 11–12 |
Superficial radial nerve biopsy, 206 |
in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f |
Superior cerebellar artery, 21f, 39f, 43f |
Stroke(s) |
Superior cerebellar peduncle, 21b, 24f, 45 |
intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), 65–67 |
Superior cervical ganglia, 164 |
subarachnoid hemorrhage, 62–65 |
Superior colliculus, 11f, 45 |
Index
349
|
Superior ganglion, 33t |
|
|
Superior gluteal nerve, 209f, 228f, 229t |
|
|
Superior longitudinal fasciculus, 9, 9f |
|
|
Superior nuchal line, 149f |
|
|
Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus, 9f, 10 |
|
|
Superior olivary nucleus, 48f, 49 |
|
|
Superior temporal gyrus, 10f |
|
|
Supination, upper extremity, 229t |
|
|
Supinator muscle, 216f, 229t |
|
|
Supplementary motor area, 2–3, 46 |
|
|
as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 |
|
|
as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 |
|
|
lesions of, 2–3 |
|
|
stimulation of, 3 |
|
|
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 17, 164 |
|
|
Supraclavicular nerve, 227f–228f |
|
|
Supramarginal gyrus, 4 |
|
|
Supraoptic hypophyseal tract, 18f |
|
|
Supraoptic nucleus, 16f, 17, 18f |
|
|
Supraoptic region, 17 |
|
|
Suprascapular nerve, 207f, 229t |
|
|
Supraspinatus muscle, 229t |
|
Index |
Sural nerve, 227f–228f |
|
Sural nerve biopsy, 206 |
||
|
||
|
Sydenham’s chorea, 193 |
|
|
Sylvian aqueduct, syndrome of, 23, 45 |
|
|
Sympathetic regulation, by hypothalamus, 16b |
|
|
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), 16t |
|
|
-Synuclein |
|
|
disorders associated with, 183, 183b |
|
|
in Parkinson’s disease, 183 |
|
|
Syphilis, 254–255 |
|
|
diagnostic testing for, 254–255 |
|
|
in HIV infection, 262 |
|
|
intrauterine infection, 290 |
|
|
latent, 254f, 255 |
|
|
primary, 254, 254f |
|
|
secondary, 254, 254f |
|
|
tertiary, 77t, 254f, 255 |
|
|
treatment of, 254–255 |
|
|
Systemic diseases, 293–301. See also specific types |
|
|
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 298 |
|
|
diagnostic testing for, 298 |
|
|
histology of, 298 |
|
|
pathophysiology of, 298 |
|
|
symptoms of, 298 |
|
|
|
|
|
T |
|
|
Tacrine, for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 |
|
|
Tacrolimus, for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135 |
|
|
Tactile hallucinations, 4 |
|
|
Tactile neglect |
|
|
lesions causing, 5, 14–15 |
|
|
symptoms of, 15 |
|
|
Taenia solium, 264 |
|
|
Takayasu’s arteritis, 76 |
|
|
Tangier’s disease, 297t |
|
|
Tapeworm, 264 |
|
|
Tardive dyskinesia, 172, 201–202 |
|
|
pathophysiology of, 201 |
|
|
symptoms of, 201–202 |
|
|
treatment of, 202 |
|
|
Taste, 4 |
|
|
Taste perception, distorted, 4 |
|
350 |
Tau protein |
|
in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 |
disorders associated with, 187b
in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 haplotypes of, 161, 161b
in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Tay-Sach disease, 285t
Tectospinal tract, 30f Tegretol. See Carbamazepine
Telethonin, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 242, 242t Temodar. See Temozolomide
Temozolomide
for astrocytoma, 121
for oligodendroglioma, 122 Temporal arteritis, 75–76
diagnostic testing for, 58, 76 epidemiology of, 76
erythrocyte sedimentation rate in, 58, 76 pathophysiology of, 75
prognosis of, 76 and stroke, 58, 76 symptoms of, 76 treatment of, 76
Temporal artery biopsy, 76
Temporal horns, in adult hydrocephalus, 35
Temporal lobe, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84–85 Temporal lobectomy, for seizure control, 102
Temporal pole lesions, 7
Temporomandibular joint disease, versus tension-type headache, 141b
Tensilon test, in myasthenia gravis, 235 Tension-type headache, 141
versus cervical spine disease, 141b chronic, 144–146
diagnostic testing for, 141 pathophysiology of, 141 symptoms of, 141
versus temporomandibular joint disease, 141b treatment of, 141
Tensor tympani acoustic reflex, 49 Teres major muscle, 229t
Terson’s hemorrhage, 63 Tertiary syphilis, 77t, 254f, 255 Tetanus, 267t
Tethered spinal cord, 274
Tetracycline(s), for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 256 Tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor, 279 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 181
Tetrathiomolybdate, for Wilson’s disease, 195 Tetrotoxin, 267t
Thalamic fascicles, 13
Thalamic stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Thalamocortical fibers, 1
Thalamogeniculate artery, 15f Thalamoperforate artery, 15f, 18 Thalamostriate vein, 11f Thalamotomy
for dystonia, 192
for multiple sclerosis, 109 for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Thalamotuberal artery, 15f, 18
Thalamus, 11f, 13–15, 13f in arousal/sleep, 164 chemoanatomy of, 15
functional divisions of, 13–15, 14f vascular anatomy of, 15, 15f vestibular, 50
Thenar atrophy, in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211
Theophylline, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 Thermoregulation, 17, 17b
Theta frequency, in EEG, 80b in REM sleep, 166
in schizophrenia, 171 in tonic seizures, 88
Thiamine
biochemical actions of, 299 deficiency of, 155, 178, 299–300 for maple syrup urine disease, 279 for status epilepticus, 90
Thiotepa, for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 Third occipital nerve, 149f
Third ventricle, tumors of, 128b Thomson’s disease, 248
Thoracic aorta operation, stroke risk with, 55b Thoracic intercostal artery, 31f
Thoracic outlet syndrome arterial, 208b neurologic, 208b venous, 208b
Thoracodorsal nerve, 207f, 229t Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 172t Thrombectomy, for venous infarction, 75 Thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, 61
Thromboembolic/large artery infarction, 71f Thrombolytic therapy
for ischemic stroke, 58–59 for venous infarction, 75
Thumb abduction, 229t
in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211 Thumb adduction, 229t
in MASA syndrome, 271 Thumb flexion
in anterior interosseous syndrome, 211 distal, 229t
proximal, 229t Thumb opposition, 229t
in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211
Thumb pronation, in anterior interosseous syndrome, 211 Thymectomy, for myasthenia gravis, 236
Thymoma, myasthenia gravis with, 234–236 Thymoma paraneoplastic syndromes, 234, 234b Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adenoma and, 133 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 17t
Tiagabine, 103t
Tibialis anterior muscle, 229t Tibialis posterior muscle, 229t Tibial nerve, 209f, 229t
Tibial nerve stimulation, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Tic disorder(s), 192–193
drug-induced, 193 idiopathic, 192 pathophysiology of, 192 postinfectious, 193 posttraumatic, 193 prognosis of, 193 secondary, 193 subtypes of, 192 symptoms of, 193 treatment of, 193
Tic douloureux. See Trigeminal neuralgia Tick(s), 251b, 251t, 253, 253b, 255, 255b Tick paralysis, 267t
Ticlopidine (Ticlid), for stroke prevention, 61 Tigroid leukodystrophy, 286, 286f
Tigroid myelination, 114, 114f Tinnitus, 50–51
in Meniere’s disease, 53
with neurofibromatosis type 2, 275 with pseudotumor cerebri, 147 treatment of, 51
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 58 complications of, 58
exclusion criteria for, 58 Tizanidine
for chronic headache, 144–145 for dystonia, 192
for multiple sclerosis, 109 Tobacco-alcohol nutritional amblyopia, 178
Tocainide, for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 Toe-walking
in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 219f in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 34t Tomaculae, 207, 220, 220f Tonic-clonic seizures, 86–88
cerebrospinal fluid analysis in, 88 clonic phase of, 87
diagnostic testing in, 87–88 EEG findings in, 87–88, 87f
anticonvulsant effects on, 88, 88b ictal, 87
interictal, 88
spike-and-wave discharges, 88, 88b epidemiology of, 87
immediately pre-tonic-clonic phase of, 86–87 interictal abnormalities in, subtypes of, 88 post-ictal phase of, 87
premonition phase of, 86 symptoms of, 86
tonic phase of, 87 Tonic muscle fibers, 231 Tonic seizures, 88
diagnostic testing in, 88 EEG findings in, 88, 88b, 88f
electrodecremental response in, 88, 88f neonatal, 90
symptoms of, 88 treatment of, 88
Tonic spasms, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Tonsillectomy, for sleep breathing disorders, 169 Topagnosia, lesions causing, 4
Topiramate (Topamax), 103t for alcohol dependence, 179
for chronic headache, 144–145
for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 for migraine prophylaxis, 140
Top-o’-basilar syndrome, 23, 42 TORCH infections, 290
Torsin-A gene mutations, 190t, 192 Torticollis, 191
Tourette’s syndrome, 192–193 Toxin syndromes, 267t Toxoplasma carinii, 261, 264 Toxoplasmosis, 264
diagnostic testing for, 261, 264 epidemiology of, 261 HIV-related, 261, 261b prognosis of, 261
symptoms of, 261 treatment of, 261, 264
Index
351
Index
352
Tracheostomy, for sleep breathing disorders, 169 Traction response, 288, 288b
Tram-track calcifications, of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278, 278f Transcortical aphasia
lesions causing, 6 mixed, 6
motor, 6 sensory, 6 subtypes of, 6
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 58 Transformed migraine, 143–144
Transient global amnesia, 7–8 diagnostic testing for, 7–8 epidemiology of, 7
lesions causing, 7 prognosis of, 8 symptoms of, 7
Transient insomnia, 167
Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 55 with arterial dissection, 71 diagnostic testing for, 57
Transitional meningioma, 123, 124f Transitional parasomnias, 170–171 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, 266 Transthyretin mutations, 66
Transverse carpal ligament release, 211 Transverse myelitis, 107 Tranylcypromine, 174t
Traumatic neuropathy, 210–218. See also specific nerves Trazodone
for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for insomnia, 167
Tremor(s)
with alcohol withdrawal, 179
in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 essential, 201
intention, 13–14, 21
in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in Parkinson’s disease, 185, 186t
Treponema pallidum, 254–255. See also Syphilis Triamcinolone, 118t
Triangle of Mollaret, 21, 21b
Triceps brachii muscle, 214f, 216f, 229t Tricyclic antidepressants, 174t
benefits of, specific, 174t for cataplexy, 168
for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151
for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 side effects of, 174t
Trigeminal dysesthesia, 148, 148b Trigeminal evoked potentials, 148 Trigeminal nerve, 43, 43f
disorders/syndromes of, 34t ganglion of, 33t, 43f
microvascular decompression of, 142, 148 innervation by, onion-skin pattern of,
26, 27f
Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 24f Trigeminal neuralgia, 32, 148–149
diagnostic testing in, 148 ephaptic transmission in, 148 in multiple sclerosis, 106 pathophysiology of, 148 symptoms of, 148
treatment of, 148–149
Trigeminal neuropathy, autoimmune sensory, 297b
Trigeminal nucleus mesencephalic, 25 motor, 23 principal, 23, 24f spinal, 26
Trigeminal reflexes, 25, 25t Trigeminal rhizotomy
for cluster headache, 142, 145 percutaneous, for trigeminal neuralgia, 149
Trigeminocervical complex, 139 Triglycerides, 56 Trihexyphenidyl
for drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for dystonia, 192
for Parkinson’s disease, 186t
Triiodothyronine, for major depressive disorder, 173 Trilateral retinoblastoma syndrome, 125
Trileptal. See Oxcarbazepine Triple H therapy, 65 Triptans
for chronic headache, 144–145 for cluster headache, 142, 145 for migraine, 139–140, 140t
overuse of, and chronic headache, 144 side effects of, 140
for tension-type headache, 141 Trisomy 18, 289
Trisomy 21. See Down’s syndrome Trochlear nerve (CN IV), 32, 43, 43f
disorders/syndromes of, 34t palsy of, 43–44
Trochlear nucleus, 21, 44 Troponin mutations, 240 True apnea, in children, 99 TSC-1 gene, 276
TSC-2 gene, 276 Tuber(s), 276 Tuberal nuclei, 16f Tuberal region, 17 Tuberculoma, 252
Tuberculosis, 252–253 diagnostic testing for, 252 epidemiology of, 252
in HIV infection, 262 pathophysiology of, 252 prognosis of, 253 symptoms of, 252 treatment of, 252–253 vasculitis with, 77t
Tuberculous leprosy, 253 Tuberohypophyseal tract, 18f Tuberous sclerosis, 276–277
angiography of, 277 computed tomography of, 277 diagnostic testing for, 277 genetics of, 276
histology of, 276
magnetic resonance imaging of, 277, 278f pathophysiology of, 276
seizures with, 276, 276b
skin lesions with, 276–277, 276f–277f symptoms of, 276–277
Tumor(s), 119–136. See also specific types calcified, 136t
central nervous system, 119–132 contrast-enhancing, 136t
hemorrhagic, 136t
with high seeding potential, 120b imaging characteristics of, 136t metastases from, 130–131 paraneoplastic syndromes with, 135–136 peripheral nervous system, 134–135 pituitary, 132–133
simple spread of, 249b spinal cord, primary, 131
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in migraine, 139 Turcot syndrome, 121, 126
Two-point discrimination, 4 Tympanic canal, 49f Tympanic membrane, 49f Typhus, 256
U
Ubiquitin
in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156
in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 in Parkinson’s disease, 183
“U” fibers, 9 Ulnar artery, 210f
Ulnar nerve, 207f, 210f, 214f, 227f–228f, 229t anatomy of, 212f
compression syndromes of, 212–216 Ulnar nerve entrapment
at elbow, 212–213 diagnostic testing for, 213
differential diagnosis of, 214f electromyography of, 213 Froment’s sign in, 213, 215f nerve conduction study of, 213 pathophysiology of, 213 symptoms of, 213, 213b
at wrist, 213–216 diagnostic testing for, 215
nerve conduction study of, 215 pathophysiology of, 213 symptoms of, 213–215 treatment of, 216
Ulnar wrist flexion, 229t Ultrasound
in sickle cell disease, 74 of vasospasm, 65
Uncinate fasciculus, 9, 9f, 19 Uncinate fits, 85
Unformed hallucinations, 4b
Ungual fibroma, in tuberous sclerosis, 276, 277f Unidentified bright objects (UBOs), in MRI, 275, 276f Unimodal somatosensory association area, 4 Unverricht-Lundborg disease, 95t
Upper extremity(ies), movements, muscles, nerves, and roots of, 229t
Upper motoneuron hypotonic disorders, 289 Upward gaze, 44
Urea cycle, 282f
Urea metabolism disorders, 279b, 281–282 diagnostic testing for, 282 pathophysiology of, 281, 282f symptoms of, 281
treatment of, 282
Urinary incontinence, normal pressure hydrocephalus and, 36, 163
Urination, 34, 35f
Urine acidification, for PCP/ketamine intoxication, 182
Urine protein electrophoresis, in monoclonal gammopathy, 226 Urokinase, 59
Useless hand sign of Oppenheim, 106 Uthoff’s syndrome, 106b
Utricle, 49, 49f, 50t
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), for sleep breathing disorders, 169
V
Vaccination(s)
and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 and dermatomyositis, 244
and febrile seizures, 91 and polio, 259
VACTERL syndrome, 271, 271b
Vacuolar myelopathy, in HIV infection, 261 Vacuolating leukoencephalopathy, 116
Vagal nerve stimulation, for seizure control, 102 Vagus nerve (CN X), 26, 26f
in alcoholic neuropathy, 178 disorders/syndromes of, 34t ganglia of, 33t
Valacyclovir, for herpes zoster virus, 257 Valium. See Diazepam
Valproate, 103t
for absence seizures, 95
for benign myoclonic epilepsy, 94 for bipolar disorder, 174
for chronic headache, 144–145
for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 for epileptic pseudoataxia, 93b
for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 94 for Klein-Levin syndrome, 15
for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for pediatric seizures, 99
for schizophrenia, 172
Valsalva maneuver, in labyrinthitis, 54 Valve abnormalities, and ischemic stroke, 56 Vancomycin, for brain abscess, 251 Vanishing white matter disease, 115–116
diagnostic testing for, 115–116 histology of, 115
magnetic resonance imaging of, 116 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of, 116 pathophysiology of, 115
symptoms of, 115
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), 266 Varicella zoster virus, 257
vasculitis with, 77t Vascular dementia, 159–160
versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t diagnostic testing for, 160 epidemiology of, 155f, 159 pathophysiology of, 159 prognosis of, 160
risk factors for, 159 subtypes of, 159 symptoms of, 160 treatment of, 160
Vascular disease, 55–79. See also specific types Vasculitis, 75–77
drug-induced, 77 infectious, 77, 77t isolated CNS, 76–77 subtypes of, 75–77 symptoms of, 75
Index
353
Index
Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Vasospasm
diagnostic testing for, 65
with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64–65 treatment of, 65
Vastus intermedius muscle, 217f Vastus lateralis muscle, 217f Vastus medialis muscle, 217f
Vein of Galen malformations, 78, 274–275
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), 254–255 Venlafaxine, 174t
for cataplexy, 168
in multiple sclerosis, 109
for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176 Venography, of venous infarction, 75, 75f Venous angioma, 79
Venous infarction, 74–75 computed tomography of, 75, 75f diagnostic testing for, 75
magnetic resonance imaging of, 75, 75f pathophysiology of, 74–75
symptoms of, 75 treatment of, 75
Venous thoracic outlet syndrome, 208b Ventral anterior nuclei, thalamic, 13, 14f Ventral lateral nuclei, thalamic, 13–14, 14f
Ventral nuclei group, thalamic, 13–14, 13b, 13f, 14b Ventral pontine syndromes, 24f, 25
Ventral posterior nuclei, thalamic, 14–15, 14f functions of shell and core of, 14
lesions of, 14–15 trigeminal inputs to, 14
Ventral reticulospinal tract, 29 Ventral spinocerebellar tract, 30 Ventral spinothalamic tract, 24f, 26f
Ventral tegmental area, 12, 19, 22, 28, 164 Ventricle system, 35–36
abnormalities of, 271 pathophysiology in, 35–36 tumors of, 128b
Ventricular shunts, for Dandy-Walker malformation, 274 Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, for normal pressure hydrocephalus,
36, 163
Ventromedial medullary syndrome, 28 Ventromedial nucleus, 16f, 17
Ventromedial pontine (Raymond’s) syndrome, 24f, 25 Ventroposterolateral nucleus, 14f
Verapamil
for chronic headache, 145 contraindicated in SUNCT syndrome, 143 for idiopathic stabbing headache, 143
Vernet syndrome, 34t
Verocay body, with schwannoma, 134, 134f Versed. See Midazolam
Version seizures, 84 Vertebral artery, 21f, 31f
Vertebral artery dissection, 70–71 Vertebroplasty, 153
Vertical one-and-a-half syndrome, 23, 25, 44–45 Vertical strabismus, 45
Vertigo, 51–54
benign paroxysmal, 51–52 central versus peripheral, 51t cervical, 54t
with head trauma/vestibular concussion, 54t
with labyrinthitis, 54 medication-induced, 54 with Meniere’s disease, 53 with migraine, 54t
with neurofibromatosis type 2, 275 with seizures, 54t, 84–85
with vestibular neuronitis, 53
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), in adrenoleukodystrophy, 116–117
Vestibular canal, 49f
Vestibular concussion, vertigo with, 54t Vestibular cortex, 50
Vestibular ganglion, 33t Vestibular neuronitis, 53
diagnostic testing for, 53 pathophysiology of, 53 prognosis of, 53 symptoms of, 53 treatment of, 53
Vestibular nuclei, 26, 49, 50t Vestibular sensation, 4 Vestibular system, 49–50
end organs of, 49 Vestibular thalamus, 50 Vestibulocerebellum, 19
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), 24f, 32f, 48f, 49 ganglia of, 33t
Vestibulospinal tracts, 26f, 29, 49, 50t Vigabatrin, 103t
for infantile spasms, 93
for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93 Villaret syndrome, 34t
Vincristine
for juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 121 for medulloblastoma, 126
for oligodendroglioma, 122 Viral encephalitis, 251t, 258
Virus(es), 256–262. See also specific types
Vision, 4, 37–47 Vision loss
in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 in Canavan’s disease, 115
in Cockayne’s syndrome, 286 in conversion disorder, 177 in Devic’s disease, 110
in multiple sclerosis, 106
in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 284 in pseudotumor cerebri, 147
in sarcoidosis, 298
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63
Visual agnosia, in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 Visual area I, 41–42
Visual area II, 42 Visual area III, 42 Visual area IV, 42 Visual area V, 42
Visual cortex. See Association visual cortex; Primary visual cortex
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 41–42, 41f in multiple sclerosis, 42, 108
uses of, 42, 42b
Visual field(s), representation on primary visual cortex, 41 Visual field defects
lateral geniculate nucleus lesions and, 40, 40f optic chiasm lesions and, 39–40
354
optic radiation lesions and, 41 optic tract lesions and, 40
primary visual cortex lesions and, 41 Visual hallucinations, 4b
in Lewy body dementia, 162 in peduncular hallucinosis, 22
Visual neglect, 42
in Balint’s syndrome, 43
Visual obscurations, with pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Visual system, 37–47
motor, 43–47 sensory, 37–43
Visuospatial impairment
in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 in Lewy body dementia, 162
Vitamin B complex
for Leigh’s disease, 47 for MELAS syndrome, 69
Vitamin B1
biochemical actions of, 299 deficiency of, 155, 178, 299–300 for maple syrup urine disease, 279 for status epilepticus, 90
Vitamin B6
biochemical action of, 300
for cystathionine -synthase deficiency, 73 deficiency of, 300, 301t
for infantile spasms, 93 for MHTR deficiency, 73 overdose of, 300b
for tuberculosis, 253
for Wilson’s disease, 195 Vitamin B12
deficiency of, 155, 178, 300–301 for methylmalonic aciduria, 281 for MHTR deficiency, 73
Vitamin deficiencies, 301t. See also specific vitamins Vitamin E
deficiency of, 301t
for tardive dyskinesia, 202
Vitamin K, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64 Vitamin supplementation. See also
specific vitamins
for Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 47 for Leigh’s disease, 47
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 268 Voltage-gated calcium channel, 200, 200b, 247 Voltage-gated potassium channel, 200, 200b,
245, 245b
Voltage-gated sodium channel, 246, 246b von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278
diagnostic testing for, 278 histology of, 278 pathophysiology of, 278 symptoms of, 278
von Monakow’s syndrome, 22, 22f von Recklinghausen’s disease, 275
W
Wada test, 102
Wakefulness, 165. See also Sleep; Sleep disorder(s) maintenance of, test of, 168
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, 226 Walker-Warburg syndrome, 271 Wallenberg’s syndrome, 26f, 28
Wallerian degeneration, 207, 207f, 210, 210b Warm dry foot syndrome, 209b
Water imbalance, neurogenic syndromes of, 16t Watershed infarction, 70, 71f
Weber’s syndrome, 22, 22f Weber test, 50 Wellbutrin. See Bupropion
Werdnig-Hoffman disease, 197t
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, dorsomedial nucleus in, 15b Wernicke’s aphasia, 6
characteristics of, 6 lesions causing, 6
Wernicke’s area, 6 components of, 6 lesions of, 6
subcortical connections of, lesions of, 6 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 300
and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Western equine encephalitis, 251t West Nile virus, 251t, 258
West’s syndrome, 92–93
Whipple’s disease, vasculitis with, 77t Wilbrand’s knee, 38f, 39
Willis, circle of, 39f, 79 Wilson’s disease, 194–195
diagnostic testing for, 195 dystonia in, 192 early-onset, 194 epidemiology of, 194 histology of, 194
Kayser-Fleischer rings in, 195, 195b, 195f late-onset, 194
Opalski cells in, 194, 195f pathophysiology of, 194 prognosis of, 195 symptoms of, 195 treatment of, 195
Working memory, 154b Wrist extension
in posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 in radial nerve injury, 216
Wrist flexion radial, 229t ulnar, 229t
Wrist pain, in ulnar nerve entrapment, 215
X
Xanthoastrocytoma, pleomorphic, 121 Xeroderma pigmentosa, 285–286
histology of, 286 pathophysiology of, 285, 285b symptoms of, 286
treatment of, 286
X-linked aqueduct stenosis, 271 X-linked hydrocephalus, 271 X-linked myopathies, 237–238 X-linked myotubular myopathy, 240
Z
Zalcitabine, for HIV infection, 260 Zaleplon, for insomnia, 167 Zarontin. See Ethosuximide Zellweger’s syndrome, 283
diagnostic testing for, 283 pathophysiology of, 283
Index
355
Zellweger’s syndrome (Continued) |
Zinn-Haller, circle of, 38 |
prognosis of, 283 |
Ziprasidone, 172t |
symptoms of, 283 |
Zolmitriptan, 140t |
treatment of, 283 |
Zoloft (sertraline), 174t |
Zic-2 mutations, 270 |
Zolpidem, for insomnia, 167 |
Zidovudine, for HIV infection, 260–261 |
Zonegran. See Zonisamide |
Zinc |
Zonisamide, 103t |
abnormal levels of, 301t |
Zoster sine herpete, 257 |
for Wilson’s disease, 195 |
Zyprexa. See Olanzapine |
Index
356