книги / Организационно-управленческая деятельность в индустрии перевода =Organizational and managerial activities in translation industry. Ч. 1

it contains and transmits semantic information to a person [19, 40]. Value of the document has several meanings:

-price, cost;

-significance, value;

-a valuable object, a phenomenon.

The document value is manifested in each of them. For example, the document has a different price (value) when it becomes an object of purchase and sale. It acts as a commodity, mostly being an operational document, mainly granting certain personal rights. The value of a document can be determined by its significance, the

importance of documented information. The more information helps to achieve the goal, the more valuable object the document becomes.

Accuracy is the ability of a document to adequately reproduce the data obtained in the course of research or discussion about a social object. Accessibility of the document lies in the fact that it should be understandable in terms of its content to the reader. It also presumes the presence of familiar terminology, a style of presentation, clarity of the text structure. Relevance is interpreted as the social significance of the document’s subject matter in a specific socio-political situation. It is determined by the interest in document topics by social groups and society as a whole. Indirect signs of the document relevance can be their circulation and place of publication.

At first glance, the study of the document information properties may seem somewhat distant from practice, but their knowledge should be taken into account at different stages of working with documents, e.g., when using unified texts, in the process of reducing information or, on the contrary, deliberately creating its redundancy in necessary cases, when determining the principles and criteria for its value, etc. In other words, the information properties of a document are realized in the process of directly working with documents, from their creation to archival storage.

Communicative Features of the Document

Any document is a non-verbal message which is considered to be more influential than verbal communication because “non-verbal communication is unconsciously motivated and more accurately indicates a person’s meaning than the words being spoken" [20]. Thus, the documented message needs to be very elaborate, especially to become a great communication tool. Documents are mandatory for many business processes but being means of interaction; they contribute the following values to the communication process:

-documentation keeps all the participants of the business process on the formal track and in one direction;

-there is no need to reinvent the wheel, there is no need to guess or invent anything regarding the business you are into, the document conveys all necessary information;

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-it is easier to identify the reasons for problems with the help of the document if there are disputes or misunderstanding, documentation eliminates potential

arguments and conflicts;

- your use or reference to documents signals that you are a professional. It makes a positive image of the person;

Any business activity involves many processes. Operating these processes requires many types of documents to communicate with a diverse group of partners, colleagues, customers, so to demonstrate the professionalism and high quality of work you need to be skillful at working with documents [21].

The efficient power of documents for proper communication is manifested in internal company business performance. “Internal documentation refers to the records that your organization keeps and uses to inform decisions within your company” [22]. It means recording issues like decisions, statuses, and algorithms to handle repetitive tasks. So, if an employee is unexpectedly absent and there is no certainty how to move forward, those records will communicate handy information. There is no need to spend hours tracking down credentials, details, or directions. Sometimes a single document saves a lot of time and energy as it cuts down duplicative work. In a business environment, some operations or whole projects are repeated, so with recorded documentation, we can refer to previous work and learn from it instead of doing it again and getting the same results.

Documents convey crucial information for new employees and save the time of other team members who can focus on other things but not repeatedly teach novices. As for the latter, they feel more confident and empowered, if they can apply to documentation but not ask someone else for help.

Another communicative feature of internal documentation is its encouragement for team members to share knowledge provided by available documents. It empowers personnel to understand how processes work and what final results look like. Surprisingly, but according to a survey, 60 % of employees are reluctant to share with their colleagues the information that is vital to work [https://www.atlassian.com/- work-management/documentation/importance-of-documentation]. In this case, documents enrich the collective knowledge of every team member. Corporate culture becomes more collaborative because essential information is not kept in just one person’s computer or their head. This is how documents make communication effective.

Documents to Provide Linguistic Services

A necessary document for the provision of translating services is “Rules for the rendering of translation and special types of linguistic services” which was introduced in 2014. The rules define the requirements for the main processes, resources, and other aspects involved in the provision of high-quality translation and special types of linguistic services. They are supposed to be used by suppliers and customers who need high-quality translation and special types of linguistic services,

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contributing to bringing the relationship between the Supplier and the Customer to a new qualitative level.

The document starts with normative references to some standards and classifiers, e.g., GOST 1.1-2002 “International system of standardization. Terms and definitions” or GOST 7.11-2004 “System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliography record. Abbreviations of words and phrases in foreign European languages”. The next part contains terms and their definitions corresponding to different types of translation activities. The first section is “General Terms” which gives definitions of the basic notions like “glossary”; “translation quality”; “competence” and “competence in a subject field”; “software localization” and some others. The subsequent sections introduce definitions of terms specific for translation (4.2) and interpreting (4.3). “Types of linguistic services in translation” is the name of the next part of the document. It stipulates that language-related services are not only translation or interpreting but also transcription and expert assessment of the translation quality. Many types of translation are mentioned here [23]. Then quite important rules of practice come which separately describe the processes of translation and interpreting services provision. The first subsection describes the stages of translation:

-Preparatory stage (the original from a paper document is converted into an electronic form using special software, or text is typed on a computer. The preparatory stage is usually necessary when the original quality is poor or if the original document is on paper);

-At the second stage, the original document in electronic form is transferred to translation. This is the main operation of the technological process, which is carried out following the technical requirements (technical task) of the customer. Normally, dictionaries and glossaries are agreed upon with the customer.

-At the next stage of the translation process, the translated document is edited by specialists competent in the subject area of translation.

-Then, the stage of processing the translated document under the customer's technical specifications begins. It is performed by the layout person.

-The translated, edited, and the processed document goes to the proofreading stage for verification, during which the corrector checks the document for compliance with the customer's technical specifications, corrects all spelling and punctuation errors, marks semantic, logical, and other errors for the editor. Depending on the identified errors, upon completion of proofreading, the document may proceed to the quality control stage, or return to one or more previous stages (translation, editing, or layout).

-After eliminating all the identified errors, the translated document is finally checked at the quality control stage in the Quality Control Department or the Technical Control Department. If there are no such departments, this stage is carried out by personnel specially appointed for that.

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Depending on the technological process of translation, the sequence and the number of stages may differ. Moreover, the customer has the right to refuse from some stages, but there should understanding that the quality of the work performed may significantly decrease.

Subsection 5.2.2 provides the requirements for the translation of technical documents. Some of them are:

-ensuring uniformity of terminology, abbreviations and acronyms, product, equipment and devices names, operational and warning labels, nameplates, and shipping documentation;

-when describing technological operations, it is necessary to use verbs in the second person, plural, imperative mood;

-based on the technical specification, the contractor performs the translation or transliteration of the following text blocks: names of equipment, systems, and names of enterprises, symbols of blocks and equipment, interlinear and superlinear indexes of formula elements, names of drawings, callouts in drawings and caption text, etc.

A separate subsection stipulates requirements for documents execution, for example, requirements for processing documents intended for delivery abroad, or that the translated documentation in electronic form is issued by the contractor according to GOST 2.051-2006 and technical specification, and many others.

The fifth section deals with interpreting in general (5.3) and with consecutive (5.3.2) and simultaneous (5.3.3) types of interpreting in particular. Apart from giving descriptions of these activities with their peculiarities and difficulties, there is interesting information regarding the possible length of the speech segment for consecutive interpreting: from a single statement to a text of the considerable volume, which the speaker has pronounced for 20–30 minutes or more.

The subsection about simultaneous interpreting also contains some information about its separate type – whispering translation as well as interpreting via remote communication channels, for example, translation of broadcast reports, conference calls, translation of video and web conferences, etc. When implementing it, the interpreter uses the technique of consecutive or simultaneous translation, in some cases – both.

Then there is a part with the list of particular types of linguistic services which include: localization of websites, localization of the software, localization of multimedia, scoring and dubbing of video and audio, subtitles, and translation of video games.

Of practical value is the 6th section of the document since it explains standards for the provision of translation and particular types of linguistic services. There are clarifications about a standard translation page, physical page, and standard document. The table of conversion rates shows what coefficients are used when calculating the volume of translated material if there is some change in it before and after translation depending on the language pair. The next subsection provides

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information about the measurement units of interpreting. For consecutive interpretation services, the following are used:

-astronomical hour (60 min),

-working day (8 hours).

For simultaneous type:

-half of the working day (4 hours);

-one working day (8 hours).

It is worth mentioning that the minimum order for consecutive interpretation must be at least two astronomical hours. When finding a place of rendering services outside the locality of the contractor's permanent location, the customer must include transport, travel, and other expenses related to the performance of the service in the total volume of rendering services. Other norms stipulate that, for the translator the number of standard translated pages in one working day should be 8-10 when translating from (to) European languages. The norms for other languages are given in a special table.

Section 7 is called “Translation and Other Special Linguistic Service Providers” and introduces the procedure for the selection of linguistic service providers, as well as basic requirements for them. The shortest section is about the translator’s competence which states that the translator must have higher education in this sphere; must have a professional command of the source language and the target language; must have knowledge of specialized terminology in the languages used for translation.

And the final section of the rules deals with the question of translation quality evaluation presenting indicators of such quality, error classification (insignificant, significant, major, and additional), the formula to determine the translation quality, and finally, acceptable norms of translation quality.

To start the provision of translation services “Translation Services Agreement” is needed to be concluded. The articles are standard like contract subject, statement

https://zakon.ru/blog/2020/9/29/dogovor_okazaniya_perevodcheskih_uslug [24].

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ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT COMMUNICATION

E-document and its Types

In the business world today, the circulation of digital documentation has become a norm and the use of electronic transactional documents or e-documents (e-docs) is still growing exponentially and even has begun to be a necessity. Most businesses prefer to send and receive e-documents rather than printing or mailing their physical copies. But what is an e-document? The definitions vary, from very general “an electronic document is any electronic media content that is intended to be used in either an electronic form or as printed output” [25] and “a document that is received by the recorder in an electronic form” [26] to rather specific “e-document refers to any transactional document which is exchanged between partners in an electronic format and manner. Distinct from PDF or image files, e-documents are machine-readable and typically exchanged via software or online platforms rather than email” [27].

Digitalization in business means that manual or semi-manual processes turn into fully automated processes that are simpler to manage. First of all, it refers to the use of electronic documents instead of paper ones. Companies make this transition for a variety of reasons. For example, electronic documents streamline company operations, save money and the environment, make business safer (e-signed documents can be locked with a password), facilitate international business. Besides, there are some regulatory and bureaucratic reasons from government authorities that require the use of electronic documents. And after all, as it makes no sense nowadays to keep savings in cash under the mattress, it does not make sense to store hard copies of documents anymore.

Some e-documents are:

-contracts

-purchase orders

-invoices of various types

-сredit/debit notes

-dispatch notes

-goods receipts

-payment instructions,

-HR forms,

-releases, but they are not limited to only these.

Which e-documents the company works with depends on its operations and local regulations. If it’s a multinational company, government-required requirements on business documentation will likely differ from country to country.

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Documentary Means of Electronic Texts

The existence of documentary texts makes the linguistic means for the creation, processing, and text data storage more diverse. These linguistic possibilities, as well as technological ones, are associated with the operations of preparing the text, changing it in real time, using fast-changing factual data. First of all, the creation of the document text in an electronic environment is accompanied by the emergence of new concepts that reflect the linguistic activities during this process. An increasingly expanding system of lexical and phraseological units appears, which reflects the movement of documentary activity into an electronic sphere. In addition to the special characters, penetrating e-texts, the medium itself contributes to the emergence of symbolic means, correlated with the possibilities of this medium, e.g., presentation of data in a 3-D format, the simplicity to form non-verbal table-graphic text components, etc. Documentary means of e-texts are not only alphanumeric characters but also any other characters that can be used to name the file. It significantly expands the range of possible text symbols, since the creation of various document information predetermines the variety of symbology. Even now, we can talk about the symbolic consequences of “documentary electronization”. Some typological groups of symbols generated by this trend are the following:

-with digitalization, there has been the emergence of specific lexical and phraseological units in oral or written speech. Such units (access, algorithm, banner, byte, bit (with corresponding derivatives), modem, demo, desktop, download, installed system, and many others) gradually get into documentary texts;

-inclusion in texts abbreviations of various complexities and formation, for example, sysadmin (System Administrator), RCC (Registration and control document card), DTP system (desk-top publishing system), DML (database manipulation language), etc.;

-inclusion in texts abbreviations of various complexity, borrowed from English, mainly: ID, ICQ, CD-RW, DSL, DVD, HTML, RAM, and others;

-the appearance of alphabetic and symbolic elements used with various levels of restriction in electronic communication texts, including official exchange: F2F (face to face – face to face, eye to eye), ASAP (as soon as possible), 4U (For You – for you), J – a sign of a smile, 0 – a sign of surprise;

-making the text in electronic form requires additional rules. They relate to the use of lowercase and uppercase letters, font selection, line organization, and compliance with the text design requirements that are developed in the electronic environment.

Apart from the given symbolic means of the e-texts affecting the composition of documentary texts, the development of electronic communication also changes the methods and results of traditional interaction by documentary means. Undoubtedly, there is a particular perception of the communication subjects and their symbolic representation as subjects of the electronic environment, represented by electronic addresses. There is a necessity for the system settings to view the sender e-signatures, e-mail address is not the equivalent of a signature. The resources of e-document constantly replenish as new forms of communication emerge. They involve the search for additional iconic means and do not resist their emergence and

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implementation. Such communication forms as teleconferences, chats, Internet meetings, communication under the FTP protocol have already contributed to the emergence of electronic texts new types [28].

Component Features of Electronic Business Document

To make the use of e-docs efficient, companies, especially foreign partners, need to be compliant while using e-documents. In most cases, regulatory and governing bodies have unified guidelines making them easily accessible and compliant. E-doc includes elements such as formatting, content, integrity, authenticity, archiving, consent, and data security and protection requirements. Companies should abide by these regulations to ensure compliance [29].

Interestingly, there is some difference between digital documents and electronic documents. A digital document is a readable document that is initially not supposed to have a paper variant. For example, an invoice is received as a PDF by email. Both the sender and the receiver can easily interpret the document information. Although digital documents are viewed on an electronic device, in general, they are very similar to paper documents, and moreover, on getting them, companies quite often print them for various users and purposes.

“Unlike a digital document, an electronic document is pure data” [30]. It is meant to be understood by a computer and transferred from one computer to another without human intervention. Non-specialists can find it difficult to interpret electronic data, so real electronic document exchange takes place with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) software which creates a data exchange between two or more systems. EDI is usually used for the quick transfer of business documents within companies or between business partners, e.g., suppliers and customers. This software will typically translate common file types into a unified format and provide templates for a standard format used in transfers [31].

If there is no EDI solution or some sort of electronic document management system in the company, there is an exchange of digital documents or even their printed copies. Besides, a digital document can easily be converted into an electronic format. If a company-partner keeps sending PDF invoices (presumably having no necessary software), it is hardly a problem for you, as with the right application, the PDFs will be automatically converted into an appropriate electronic document format, and there is immediate access to the data from your computer.

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Intellectual property (IP) results from human creativity, which can take many different forms, be it a work of art, invention, computer program, trademark, or other commercial designation [32]. IP is protected in law by different instruments such as, for example, copyright, patents, or trademarks which usually bring people recognition or financial benefit from what they create or invent. Intellectual property is the right to stop others from doing certain things, to stop imitations, pirates, counterfeits, etc.

Objects of Intellectual Property

The objects of intellectual property are the creations of the human mind and can be classified into several groups:

1.Industrial Property Rights (Patents, inventions, trademarks and service marks, brand names, production secrets (know-how), trade secrets, industrial designs, commercial designations, utility models, topography of integrated circuits, and geographical indications).

2.Copyright (Works of science, literature, and art; computer programs, database; broadcasts, performance, phonograms; integrated circuits topology)

3.Protection of New Varieties of Plants (Breeding achievements).

There is another more detailed distribution of intellectual property based on the type of the right (table 2).

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There is an opinion that copyright is one of the most commonly used as it manifests itself in the simplest form. Patents are highly valuable, at the same time challenging to acquire; they usually cost more than other objects of intellectual property. If someone is ready to patent their idea, they will first need to verify their product, and then complete the necessary documentation. In case of favourable consideration, the patent is granted, and it usually remains valid for 20 years. Being the owner of a product patent does not mean that one has an exclusive right to use it. In fact, licenses to others who can use the invention are offered but, of course, at a fee.

In the business sphere, trade secrets are the simplest form. “These are facts or ideas that have not yet been released by an organization, but they retain the full rights for them. The organization may choose to keep such secrets confidential for a lifetime, just like Coca Cola did with their sacred recipe” [34]. However, not everything having the fleur of an old thing can be called a ‘trade secret.’ Specific demands must be met, like being able to provide financial benefits or competitive advantages for the owner. Trade secrets may cover such things as business strategies, tactics, and methods, or even a recipe.

Intellectual Property Management

Intellectual property management (IP) is a system that manages intangible creations of the human intellect, and intellectual property rights management / intelligent property rights strategy (IPR strategy) is a strategy for managing a company’s intellectual property rights portfolio [35]. In the broad sense, it covers the management of all the above given intellectual property rights. The term “intellectual property rights management” sometimes refers to a comprehensive strategy for managing a business’s intangible asset, for example, the name of the

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