книги / Организационно-управленческая деятельность в индустрии перевода =Organizational and managerial activities in translation industry. Ч. 1
.pdfcompany or a brand, the logotype, a service, internal manuals, working methods, business concept, computer programs, music, etc. Such a strategy helps the entrepreneur to manage these intangible assets professionally, maximizing commercial benefits. Examples of IPR include issues such as which type of patent can be purchased, what kind of patent should be licensed out or sold, how to commercialize intellectual properties rights, and other ways to use them and possibly make money. Good IPR management relies on both competitors’ analysis and an analysis of risks. Moreover, it should also consider the company’s long-term commercial perspectives.
Nowadays, the keystone of IPR management is an advanced technology, which means to use such devices that handle piracy, infringement, or unauthorized use. Big companies have employees with a degree or qualification in this sphere. In small and middle businesses, there may be just someone with experience as a paralegal in IT management.
But things are changing, and nowadays, intellectual property is not always considered to be the only legal matter. It is now becoming a more business problem. Organizations are more enthusiastic than ever to release their intellectual property value by obtaining new patents to prove or raise their status and compete successfully in their market niche.
Is Translation Intellectual Property?
In the translation business, translation formally done by translation agencies is not treated as intellectual property. They often insist that human translation is a mere commodity that does not involve any intellectual property. Another factor making the situation even more complicated is widely and usually free used machine translation. More and more human translators have already switched from paper dictionaries to machine translation tools such as Google Translate, Yandex Translate, or Reverso, or at least components thereof. Thus, machine translation is already, in many cases, an integral part of human translation. So, where is the borderline between intellectual property and its absence in the translation business?
Translation agencies have people on staff, and translation services are provided by them. They do understand that unlike translations produced by hardware and software, human translation is intellectual property. “Many of them even try to put into their contracts clauses stipulating that any intellectual property created by a human translator (1) while working on an agency’s (2) project for a third party, namely a direct customer such as a law firm (3), who then bills its direct customer (4), belongs to the translation agency, which would be the second link (link 2) in the chain from the provider (translator, link 1) to the final customer (a law firm’s client, link 4)” [36].
When it comes to translations of literary works, a translator’s final result can definitely be referred to as creative activity, and thus, translations logically should be protected by copyright. But what is the reality?
It goes without saying that the level of creativity in the translation process depends on the type of material being translated. With a specialist text (e.g., legal, technical), the translator is supposed to adhere to the source as close as possible, while with general language
31
translation, there may be more freedom. And with a poem or novel, translator’s creativity is vital as they are written by authors for the reader’s enjoyment, so the translated version needs to keep that appealing content and resemble the author’s style as much as possible. So, this proves that creativity is essential for a good translation. “This is exactly what copyright law is all about: creativity” [37].
According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (articles 1228, 1229, 1259, and 1260), any translation, except machine translation, is a subject of copyright. The exclusive right (that is, the right to reproduce, distribute, copy, and process) for a translation belongs to the translator who created it [38]. So, having done the translation, its author is automatically granted all intellectual rights for this work. It means the translator does not need to specially register their rights for the translation, but legal relations arise from the moment when the translation is first used by the translator themselves or someone else.
Simultaneous and consecutive interpreters have exclusive rights to the translation performed. Article 1259 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that copyright applies to works (which are translations) expressed in any form, including oral and in the form of audio or video recordings. It presumes that the customer or any other person can record interpreting only with the translator’s permission. The possibility of the recording should be stipulated separately in the contract with the client.
The translator can transfer the rights to their translation to someone else, and there are two ways to do it:
–the alienation of the exclusive right is suitable for translators who do not plan to use their work themselves in the future, so the alienation of exclusive rights is irreversible. In this case, the translator will have only personal non-property rights for translated work;
–the license agreement preserves the exclusive right of the translator, i.e., they can still use the translated material. There are exclusive and non-exclusive licenses. They differ in that an exclusive license is issued only once, i.e., the author is deprived of the opportunity to issue such a license to someone else, whereas a non-exclusive license can be issued to several people or organizations.
Translators who are full-time employees of an organization and perform translations as part of their work duties have the copyright to their translations, but the exclusive right to them belongs to the employer according to the article of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 1295). The exception is when an employment or civil law contract between the translator and the employer stipulates other conditions (see above). However, the exclusive right may return to the translator, if within three years from the date on which translation was done, the employer:
–did not transfer the exclusive right to transfer to someone else;
–did not notify the author of the need to keep the translation secret;
–did not start using the translation.
Translation of legal and official documents can be a subject of some uncertainty from the point of view of its creativity. In the case of documents, characterized by their simplicity and uniformity (passports, certificates, and similar standard documents) they are not protected works. Although they must be used following the provisions of the Federal Law "On Personal Data". Other types of legal documents are a product of creativity, which means that the rights to such materials and their translations are the same as in the cases described above. Official documents include laws, court decisions, various administrative,
32
judicial, and legislative materials, and official documents of international organizations. Their official translations are removed from legal protection. However, an unofficial translation of any official document is considered an author's work, the rights to which belong to the translator. According to Article 1259 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, anyone can use official documents of municipal and state bodies without any permits and restrictions, and thus, anyone can translate them without any restrictions.
The translation is the use of a work, so from a legal point of view, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the author (or the one to whom the author has transferred the exclusive right) of the work in order to translate it. Even if you are an amateur, not a professional, and you translate the text for publication in your blog, without planning to earn money from translation, you still need the permission of the original author.
There are, however, works whose translation does not require permission. The exclusive right to the work is valid for all author’s life and seventy years after the death. Therefore, for translations of classical fiction, as a rule, permission is no longer required – for example, the work of Chekhov or Tolstoy can be translated by anyone.
There is always a tricky question “How does privacy affect copyright?” Most translators regularly face the need to keep the content of translated materials secret. However, this condition conflicts with the exclusive copyright that allows the translator to publish the results of their work. There is no unambiguous answer to the question of which norm has priority in this case. Therefore, translators are usually recommended to indicate in the contract that the exclusive right to the translation work will belong to the customer, and the personal non-property copyrights retained by the translator will be implemented, taking into account the non-disclosure agreement. This option is considered optimal because it sufficiently protects both sides – the translator is not deprived of the copyright, and the customer retains confidentiality [39].
Finally, I suggest analyzing a situation from the translator’s practice and trying to answer the questions of possible copyrights to translation. Imagine you have translated patents, and this is intellectual property. But who owns it? During the translation process, the translator created intellectual property regardless of the tools that were used during this process, such as paper dictionaries or machine translation. Then this translation is sold, and the translator only keeps the rights to the intellectual property that is stored on the computer or in his brain. If a translation agency buys the translation, it owns it and can do anything with it they want. But does this ownership include ownership of intellectual property?
The agency may sell the translations to its customer, then does it still own the intellectual property for the sold translation? Logically, the final client in the chain should be the owner of intellectual property, or possibly a co-owner with the translator, who still safely retains translation in the brain or on a hard drive.
So, who is the rightful owner of intellectual rights to the translation? Is translation a commodity?
33
REFERENCES
1.Translation Industry Statistics [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://redokun.com/blog/translation-statistics#translation-industry-statistics.
2.Общая картина рынка переводческих услуг в России [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://blitz-perevod.ru/articles/obshchaia-kartina-rynka-perevodcheskih- uslug-v-rossii.
3.12 Different types of translation [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://translateday.com/different-types-of-translations.
4.51 common types, methods and techniques of translation [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://pactranz.com/types-of-translation/.
5.4 common translation methods & what they're good for [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://pactranz.com/translation-methods/.
6.Tavajoh Z., Yaqubi M. Personality Traits and Translation Quality: An Investigation of the Relationship in Iran Context // Studies in Linguistics and Literature. – 2019. – Vol. 3, no. 4.
7.8 Traits of a great translator [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.lionbridge.com/blog/8-traits-of-a-great-translator/.
8.Schweda Nicholson N. Personality characteristics of interpreter trainees: the Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI) [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/2476/1/08.pdf.
9.Personality traits of a great translator [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://aiaconnect.wordpress.com/2016/05/30/personality-traits-of-a-great-translator/.
10.Jääskeläinen R., Kujamäki P., Mäkisalo J. Towards professionalism – Or against it? Dealing with the changing world in translation research and translator education // Across Languages and Cultures. – 2011. – Vol. 12 (2). – P. 143–156. DOI: 10.1556/Acr.12.2011.2.1
11.An effective 3-step translation quality assessment method [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.pactranz.com/translation-quality/.
12.Defining_translation_quality [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318749292_.
13.Характеристика личности и психология переводчика [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://forpsy.ru/works/konspekt/harakteristika-lichnosti-i-psihologiya- perevodchika/.
14.Лицензия переводчика что такое [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://vmalevany.ru/licenzija-perevodchika-chto-takoe/.
15.Профессиональный стандарт. Специалист в области перевода [Элек-
тронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/56714265/ #review.
16.Юридическая сила и обеспечение сохранности электронных докумен-
тов [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://studme.org/82167/pravo/yuridicheskaya_ sila_obespechenie_sohrannosti_elektronnyh_dokumentov.
34
17.Двоеносова Г.А. Признаки, свойства, функции документа: опыт рационализации понятий // Вестник архивиста. – 2012. – № 3.
18.Зиновьева Н.Б. Документоведение: учебно-методическое пособие. –
М., 2001.
19.Швецова-Водка Г.Н. Общая теория документа и книги: учеб. пособие. –
М., 2009.
20.Communication, consultation and documentation [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.glowm.com/pdf/AIP%20Chap22%20Communication.pdf.
21.Documentation – an important communication tool [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://continualselfimprovement.wordpress.com/2015/03/13/doc- umentation-an-important-communication-tool/.
22.Building better documentation [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.atlassian.com/workmanagement/documentation/importance-of-docu- mentation.
23.Правила оказания переводческих и особых видов лингвистических услуг [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://library-full.nadzor-info.ru/doc/44549.
24.Договор оказания переводческих услуг [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2020/9/29/dogovor_okazaniya_perevodcheskih_uslug.
25.What does electronic document mean? [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.definitions.net/definition/Electronic+document.
26.Electronic document definition [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/electronic-document.
27.What is an e-document [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.pagero. com/blog/what-is-an-e-document/.
28.Лингвистика электронной документной коммуникации [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://studopedia.org/3-165800.html.
29.What Is An E-Document? A Clear Definition + Business Leader Insights [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.glasscubes.com/e-document/.
30.Difference-between-digital-electronic documents [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://tiekinetix.com/en/difference-between-digital-electronic-documents.
31.Best electronic data interchange (EDI) software [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.g2.com/categories/electronic-data-interchange-edi.
32.Что такое интеллектуальная собственность? [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.wipo.int/publications/ru/details.jsp?id=4528.
33.Обзор законодательства Российской Федерации: Объекты интеллектуальной собственности [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://digital.report/ zakonodatelstvo-rossii-v-sfere-intellektualnoy-sobstvennosti-obektyi/.
34.Why is intellectual property management important? [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.symfact.com/2020/10/30/why-is-intellectual-property- management-important/.
35
35.Intellectual property (IP) rights management [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.rsgmedia.com/term/i/intellectual-property-rights-management/.
36.Is translation intellectual property or a mere commodity? [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://patenttranslator.wordpress.com/2012/04/30/is-translation- intellectual-property-or-a-mere-commodity/#:~:text=Translations%20are%.
37.Copyright in translation: is a translator also an author? [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.inter-contact.de/en/blog/copyright-for-translations?dt= 1632502185490.
38.ГК РФ Статья 1228. Автор результата интеллектуальной деятельности
[Электронный ресурс]. – URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_ LAW_64629/61d6709b930465436b5adb0943843ed28ff5dd8e/.
39.Переводчик и авторское право [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.primavista.ru/blog/2018/01/26/perevodchik-i-avtorskoe-pravo.
36
Учебное издание
Перлова Ирина Вениаминовна
ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ В ИНДУСТРИИ ПЕРЕВОДА
Часть 1
ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGERIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE TRANSLATION INDUSTRY
Part I
Учебное пособие
Технический редактор М.Н. Афанасьева
Подписано в печать 28.01.2022. Формат 60×90/8. Усл. печ. л. 4,6. Тираж 28 экз. Заказ № 10/2022.
Издательство Пермского национального исследовательского
политехнического университета.
Адрес: 614990, г. Пермь, Комсомольский пр., 29, к. 113.
Тел.: + 7 (342) 219-80-33.
37