7259

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belongs to me.” Do you agree that the process of turning design into reality is really exciting? Why?

Learning strategy

By paying attention to a number of examples you can come to conclusions about rules

Examples: 1…when the concrete foundation was cured, large truckloads of lumber rolled in…

2. After two weeks the wall panels, punctuated with window and door openings, were stood upright as if the building had suddenly been inflated.

1. Study the table and fill in the missing active or passive forms:

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2. Complete the sentences choosing the correct form of the verb:

1.A wealth of opportunities ………by the civil Engineering profession. a) are provided b) has been provided c) is provided

2.The Institution of Civil Engineers ………by eight young men in a fleet Street coffee house in 1818.

a) established b) had been established c) was established

3.– “The noise is horrendous! What is happening over there?”

–“Oh! The piles ………

a) are driven b) are being driven c) have been driven

4.On Wednesday morning next week the building ………

a) was decorated b) will be decorated c) is being decorated

5.After the legal geometric boarders ………, the hubs were driven into the ground.

7.Yesterday while the steel frame ………, the wall planks and floor units were fixed.

a) was being fixed b) was fixing c) had been fixed

8.By the end of the next month the site works ……….

a) will be completed b) is being completed c) will have been completed

3. You are going to read a civil engineering magazine interview with a professor of architecture, Aston University, UK, about the causes of a building collapse. Before reading match the following words to their Russian equivalents:

4. Now read the dialogue and put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive form.

Interviewer: Professor, why do buildings sometimes fall down?

Professor: Basically, a building 1) …………… (collapse) because of some kind of structural failure.

Interviewer: And what is the cause of such structural failure?

Professor: Well, there are many causes of structural failure, but they all generally can 2) …………… (divide) into two categories.

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Activity 7 Lara is going to sell her new building to a businessman. She has to inform him what stage the building is at and what site work has been done. Make up their conversation. Ask all possible questions both active and passive. (Use the flow diagram from Activity 3 and the table below). Then act out their conversation.

Learning strategy

Role-play helps you prepare for a real-world experience.

You are working on the project of building a new trade centre. Choose the role and act out the conversation.

Chief Engineer:

You are inspecting the work on the construction site to find out whether the work is going according to the schedule. Ask the foreman what site work has been done.

Foreman:

You have to report to the chief engineer about the progress on the construction site. Describe the situation using the following schedule of the work performance. It is week 30 and you have to be finishing the work. However, due to some reasons you are behind the schedule.

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Schedule of the work performance

Survey team Machine drivers

Steel erectors

Concrete workers

Plumbers

Carpenters

week number

3.Now as a chief engineer write an e-mail to the building owner about the delay in the construction process. Use the example of an e-mail:

Dear Yuri

We are sorry, however despite our best efforts our manufacturer Robert H. Peterson has not yet supplied the bricks you ordered. As a result your order delivery date has been extended to 15 March 2006.

Order: 000855205 Brick: 9" Single Bullnose/ Pacific Clay Bullnose Your order tracker has been updated with the revised expected delivery

date. As soon as we have received the bricks from Robert H. Peterson we will send it to you immediately. Thanks for your patience.

Best Wishes

Frank Thompson

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2.Read the descriptions of the major types of prefabricated buildings and complete the table:

Quick Guide to Choosing Prefab Buildings

IIf you need a permanent structure, you'll be choosing between steel buildings and modular buildings. Both are "alternative" construction methods, as opposed to traditional ground-up construction. Here are some of the important distinctions:

IIPrefab Building Construction

Up to 90% of the work in creating a modular building is done at the factory, including both the interior and exterior: walls, roof, doors, wiring, carpeting,

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and more. They're built using standard construction materials like lumber and drywall. The mostly-finished building is then delivered and installed at your site.

In contrast to the modular building process, only the components of steel buildings are fabricated at the factory. Steel beams, sheeting, and fasteners are delivered to your site, and the building is pieced together on site. Any interior work is done after the construction is complete.

Because of the specific skills needed to assemble modular buildings, you'll need a specialized contractor to do your on-site work. Steel buildings are delivered with detailed blueprints and require only general construction skills to assemble - any qualified general contractor should be able to handle the job.

Both modular and steel prefab buildings shorten construction times over traditional buildings. Modular buildings require much less work to be done on site but take longer for the factory to produce. From initial order to completion, total construction times for these structures can be fairly similar. However steel buildings are often simpler structures with less finishing work; in practice they tend to take less time.

VCost

Modular buildings can range from $35 to $100 per square foot. The range is so large because the price includes finishing: a basic classroom or office will usually fall on the low end of that scale, while a fancy retail outlet with lots of customization will be more expensive.

Steel buildings are less expensive, often because they are less finished on the inside. Very basic steel buildings can be put up for as little as $16 to $20 per square foot. More finished metal buildings are usually $20 to $30 per square foot, and extensively customized buildings with brick facades, unusual shapes, or complicated construction can reach $40.

VI Aesthetics

Both steel and modular buildings have improved appearances in recent years. Modular buildings can be constructed with wood, steel, brick, or stucco exteriors, and steel buildings can add facades using the same materials. However, if the appearance of your buildings is important, modular buildings provide more flexibility at a lower cost than steel.

VII Office trailers

You should also consider if an office trailer is all you need. Office trailers - also known as mobile offices - are the cheapest and most temporary type of pre-manufactured building. They range in size from 8' x 20' to 12' x 60' (a "singlewide") and can be combined into double, triple, or larger groups.