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What are the main components of clinical examination?
History of presenting complaint, history of present illness, systemic enquiry, past medical history? Drug history, family history, Social history
Why does taking history come first?
The main symptoms should be clearly defined as soon as possible, to find out the cause of admission or seeking medical advice.
How does an interview usually start?
Say hello and start taking an anamnesis
Why are systems reviewed?
The history is taken of the main symptoms of the major bodily systems
Why are patients asked about their previous medical diseases?
it can be important for your current health
What may drug history reveal?
Information is obtained on any medication prescribed, self-administered drugs.
What recommendations should be followed to get accurate information?
Show the patient your attention.
Start by eliciting the presenting complaint.
Let the patient tell story in their own words.
Try not to interrupt.
Use the language which the patient understands.
Summarize the story for the patient to check, correct and add more
relevant details.
Obtain the patient's history also from other sources of information.
What is crucial in history taking?
its main aim is to find out the patient's present problem and how it affects the quality of their life.
Is it necessary to obtain the patient's history from different sources of information?
Yes, it is important
What information should be defined during taking history of presenting complaint?
its main aim is to find out the patient's present problem and how it affects the quality of their life.
Текст №3
What is surgery? What does it deal with?
Surgery is one of the most important fields of health service. Traditionally, it has been described as a branch of medicine which treats diseases, injuries, deformities, malformations and other pathological conditions by methods which involve opening, manipulating and repairing a part of the body.
What are the main controlling factors in surgery?
The main controlling factors in surgery are anesthesia and asepsis.
How are anesthetics administered? What for?
is used to avoid shock in a patient and to make him insensitive to pain. It is produced by anaesthetic drugs which are administered either locally to reduce feeling in the area of the operation or to put a patient to sleep
What should be done before the decision to make an operation?
So, surgeons put themselves many questions before they make their decision to perform an opera-
tion. Among them, for example: Is the patient fit for the operation? What sort of recovery will the patient make? Do the final results justify such method of operation or treatment?
What are the methods of sterilization?
The methods of sterilization include boiling, low (or high) pressure steam sterilization and cold sterilization by strong antiseptics (applied to edged instruments that would be blunted by boiling).
How is a patient prepared for an operation?
It is also necessary to prepare the patient for the operation. So he/she shouldn't eat or drink anything for twelve hours before the operation to avoid complications with anaesthesia. A patient is often given an enema before the operation to empty the colon from wastes.
What must be done at the end of an operation?
When the operation is coming to the end, the surgical instruments and dressing materials are counted. The doctor closes the wound by sutures and dresses it with sterile gauze.
What does postoperative care of a patient include?
The surgeon prescribes the patient proper post-operative treatment. When the stitches are due for removal - this is usually done a week after the operation - the patient is discharged.
What instruments and equipment are used during surgery?
The surgical nurse should prepare the necessary set of surgical instruments, prepare the apparatuses for blood transfusion, check up the presence and state of blood substituting solutions and preserved blood. The main instrument table is covered with a large collection of scalpels, forceps, suture needles, retractors, and other instruments
Why is surgery still considered to be dangerous?
due to the risks associated with anesthesia, possible complications during the operation itself, the possibility of infections, as well as the possibility of consecutive complications during the rehabilitation period.