IV. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE MASCULINE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS ENDINGS

The following nouns having masculine endings are feminine:

a.arbor, ōris f – tree (arbor vitae cerebelli – medullary body of vermis)

b.gaster, tris f (Greek) - stomach;

c.mater, tris f – cerebral coat

•pia mater - pia mater of brain

•dura mater - dura mater of brain

Attention!!! - In these terms the noun «mater» follows an adjective.

The following nouns having masculine endings are neuter:

a.cor, cordis n - heart;

b.os, ossis n - bone;

c.os, oris n - mouth;

d.tuber, ĕris n - tuber.

V. LATIN MUSCLE NAMES

The Latin muscle names are composed of two elements: 1) the first element is the noun «muscle» - «muscŭlus»;

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2) the second element is a masculine noun ending in –or (-ōris) or –er (-

ēris).

E.g.: muscŭlus flexor – flexor muscle

In the Latin Anatomical Nomenclature all the muscle names are masculine third declension nouns ending in:

-or, ōris m (e.g.: rotātor, ōris m);

-er, ēris m (e.g.: massēter, ēris m).

The Latin muscle names are usually translated into English without a word “muscle”, cf.:

•muscŭlus massēter - chewer;

•muscŭlus levātor – elevator etc.

Most of the muscle names are not translated but transliterated, i.e. reproduced with the Latin letters:

E.g.: muscŭlus pronātor – pronator.

Word order in the Latin muscle names:

1)word muscŭlus in Nominative;

2)name of the muscle – a masculine noun in Nominative ending in –or (-ōris) or –er (-ēris).

3)any other noun is in Genitive;

4)adjectives are placed at the end of the term.

E.g.:

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VI. EXERCISES

1. Make up grammatical agreement of the adjectives with the given nouns:

1)tuber (frontālis, e; parietālis, e; major, jus; minor, us)

2)pulmo (dexter, tra, trum; sinister, tra, trum)

3)mater (pius, a, um; durus, a, um)

4)venter (posterior, ius; frontālis, e)

5)os (nasālis, e; hyoiděus, a, um; frontālis, e; parietālis, e)

6)paries (laterālis, e; jugulāris, e; anterior, ius; tympanĭcus, a, um)

2. Translate into Latin:

1)tensor muscle of tympanic membrane

2)inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx

3)elevator muscle of scapula

4)rotator muscle of neck

5)elevator muscle of thyroid gland

6)depressor muscle of lower lip

3. Translate into Latin:

cortex of cerebellum, cortex of brain, cortex of lymphatic node, small (great) trochanter, heart apex, left (right) lung, sublingual bone, first chamber of the heart (atrium), dura mater of brain, frontal tuber, sulcus of vomer, medial surface of lung, floor of tympanic cavity, wedge-shaped bone, membranous wall of trachea, frontal wall of stomach, small horn of sublingual bone, zygomatic process of temporal bone, ethmoidal sulcus of nasal bone, notch of heart apex.

21. pius, a, um

22. pulmo, ōnis m

lung

23. pulmonālis, e

pulmonary

24. spinōsus, a, um

spinous

25. tympanĭcus, a, um

tympanic

26. trochanter, ēris m

trochanter

27. vomer, ěris m

vomer