- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Properties of Radio Waves
- •Introduction
- •The Radio Navigation Syllabus
- •Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation
- •Polarization
- •Radio Waves
- •Wavelength
- •Frequency Bands
- •Phase Comparison
- •Practice Frequency (
- •Answers to Practice Frequency (
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 Radio Propagation Theory
- •Introduction
- •Factors Affecting Propagation
- •Propagation Paths
- •Non-ionospheric Propagation
- •Ionospheric Propagation
- •Sky Wave
- •HF Communications
- •Propagation Summary
- •Super-refraction
- •Sub-refraction
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Modulation
- •Introduction
- •Keyed Modulation
- •Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- •Single Sideband (SSB)
- •Frequency Modulation (FM)
- •Phase Modulation
- •Pulse Modulation
- •Emission Designators
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Antennae
- •Introduction
- •Basic Principles
- •Aerial Feeders
- •Polar Diagrams
- •Directivity
- •Radar Aerials
- •Modern Radar Antennae
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Doppler Radar Systems
- •Introduction
- •The Doppler Principle
- •Airborne Doppler
- •Janus Array System
- •Doppler Operation
- •Doppler Navigation Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 VHF Direction Finder (VDF)
- •Introduction
- •Procedures
- •Principle of Operation
- •Range of VDF
- •Factors Affecting Accuracy
- •Determination of Position
- •VDF Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
- •Introduction
- •Non-directional Beacon (NDB)
- •Principle of Operation
- •Frequencies and Types of NDB
- •Aircraft Equipment
- •Emission Characteristics and Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)
- •Presentation of Information
- •Uses of the Non-directional Beacon
- •Plotting ADF Bearings
- •Track Maintenance Using the RBI
- •Homing
- •Tracking Inbound
- •Tracking Outbound
- •Drift Assessment and Regaining Inbound Track
- •Drift Assessment and Outbound Track Maintenance
- •Holding
- •Runway Instrument Approach Procedures
- •Factors Affecting ADF Accuracy
- •Factors Affecting ADF Range
- •Accuracy
- •ADF Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
- •Introduction
- •The Principle of Operation
- •Terminology
- •Transmission Details
- •Identification
- •Monitoring
- •Types of VOR
- •The Factors Affecting Operational Range of VOR
- •Factors Affecting VOR Beacon Accuracy
- •The Cone of Ambiguity
- •Doppler VOR (DVOR)
- •VOR Airborne Equipment
- •VOR Deviation Indicator
- •Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
- •Questions
- •In-flight Procedures
- •VOR Summary
- •Questions
- •Annex A
- •Annex B
- •Annex C
- •Answers
- •Answers to Page 128
- •9 Instrument Landing System (ILS)
- •Introduction
- •ILS Components
- •ILS Frequencies
- •DME Paired with ILS Channels
- •ILS Identification
- •Marker Beacons
- •Ground Monitoring of ILS Transmissions
- •ILS Coverage
- •ILS Principle of Operation
- •ILS Presentation and Interpretation
- •ILS Categories (ICAO)
- •Errors and Accuracy
- •Factors Affecting Range and Accuracy
- •ILS Approach Chart
- •ILS Calculations
- •ILS Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Microwave Landing System (MLS)
- •Introduction
- •ILS Disadvantages
- •The MLS System
- •Principle of Operation
- •Airborne Equipment
- •Question
- •Answer
- •11 Radar Principles
- •Introduction
- •Types of Pulsed Radars
- •Radar Applications
- •Radar Frequencies
- •Pulse Technique
- •Theoretical Maximum Range
- •Primary Radars
- •The Range of Primary Radar
- •Radar Measurements
- •Radar Resolution
- •Moving Target Indication (MTI)
- •Radar Antennae
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Ground Radar
- •Introduction
- •Area Surveillance Radars (ASR)
- •Terminal Surveillance Area Radars
- •Aerodrome Surveillance Approach Radars
- •Airport Surface Movement Radar (ASMR)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Airborne Weather Radar
- •Introduction
- •Component Parts
- •AWR Functions
- •Principle of Operation
- •Weather Depiction
- •Control Unit
- •Function Switch
- •Mapping Operation
- •Pre-flight Checks
- •Weather Operation
- •Colour AWR Controls
- •AWR Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
- •Introduction
- •Advantages of SSR
- •SSR Display
- •SSR Frequencies and Transmissions
- •Modes
- •Mode C
- •SSR Operating Procedure
- •Special Codes
- •Disadvantages of SSR
- •Mode S
- •Pulses
- •Benefits of Mode S
- •Communication Protocols
- •Levels of Mode S Transponders
- •Downlink Aircraft Parameters (DAPS)
- •Future Expansion of Mode S Surveillance Services
- •SSR Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
- •Introduction
- •Frequencies
- •Uses of DME
- •Principle of Operation
- •Twin Pulses
- •Range Search
- •Beacon Saturation
- •Station Identification
- •VOR/DME Frequency Pairing
- •DME Range Measurement for ILS
- •Range and Coverage
- •Accuracy
- •DME Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Area Navigation Systems (RNAV)
- •Introduction
- •Benefits of RNAV
- •Types and Levels of RNAV
- •A Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Principle of Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Limitations and Accuracy of Simple RNAV Systems
- •Level 4 RNAV Systems
- •Requirements for a 4D RNAV System
- •Control and Display Unit (CDU)
- •Climb
- •Cruise
- •Descent
- •Kalman Filtering
- •Questions
- •Appendix A
- •Answers
- •17 Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
- •Introduction
- •EHSI Controller
- •Full Rose VOR Mode
- •Expanded ILS Mode
- •Full Rose ILS Mode
- •Map Mode
- •Plan Mode
- •EHSI Colour Coding
- •EHSI Symbology
- •Questions
- •Appendix A
- •Answers
- •18 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
- •Introduction
- •Satellite Orbits
- •Position Reference System
- •The GPS Segments
- •The Space Segment
- •The Control Segment
- •The User Segment
- •Principle Of Operation
- •GPS Errors
- •System Accuracy
- •Integrity Monitoring
- •Differential GPS (DGPS)
- •Combined GPS and GLONASS Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Specimen Examination Paper
- •Appendix A
- •Answers to Specimen Examination Paper
- •Explanation of Selected Questions
- •20 Index
Questions
Questions
1.The accuracy required of a precision area navigation system is:
a.0.25 NM
b.2 NM
c.1 NM
d.0.5 NM
2.A basic 2D RNAV system will determine tracking information from:
a.twin DME
b.VOR/DME
c.twin VOR
d.any of the above
3.An aircraft using a basic 2D RNAV system is on a section between WP1 and WP2, a distance of 45 NM. The aircraft is 20 NM from the phantom station, which is 270°/30 NM from the VOR/DME. The aircraft is 15 NM from the VOR/DME. The range readout will show:
a.15 NM
b.20 NM
c.25 NM
d.30 NM
4.The sequence of displays accessed on initialization is:
a.POS INIT, IDENT, RTE
b.IDENT, RTE, POS INIT
c.IDENT, POS INIT, RTE
d.POS INIT, RTE, IDENT
5.The IRS position can be updated:
a.on the ground only
b.at designated positions en route and on the ground
c.on the ground and overhead VOR/DME
d.at selected waypoints and on the ground
6.Refer to Appendix A. What are the correct selections to insert the most accurate position into the IRS?
a.3R then 4R
b.2R then 4R
c.4R then 3R
d.3L then 4R
16
Questions 16
279
16 Questions
Questions 16
7.The position used by the FMC in the B737-400 is:
a.an average of the two IRS positions
b.an average of the two IRS positions, smoothed by the Kalman filtering process
c.taken from the selected IRS, smoothed by Kalman filtering and updated to the external reference
d.generated from the external reference and updated by the IRS as part of the Kalman filtering process
8.The FMC position will be at its most inaccurate:
a.on take-off
b.at TOC
c.at TOD
d.on final approach
9.Which positions can be input to the FMC using a maximum of 5 alphanumerics?
a.SIDS & STARS, reporting points and airways designators
b.Navigation facilities, reporting points and airways designators
c.SIDS & STARS and latitude and longitude
d.Latitude and longitude, reporting points and airways designators
10.The FMC navigational database can be accessed by the pilots:
a.to update the database
b.to read information only
c.to change information between the 28 day updates
d.to change the information to meet the sector requirements
11.Above latitudes of 84° a twin FMS/triple IRS system will go to de-coupled operations. The reason for this is:
a.to prevent error messages as the IRS longitudes show large differences
b.to ease the pilot’s workload
c.to improve the system accuracy
d.because the magnetic variation changes rapidly in high latitudes
12.The maximum range at which VOR bearing information will be used by the B737-400 FMC for fixing is:
a.10 NM
b.25 NM
c.50 NM
d.60 NM
13.Concerning FMC operation, which of the following is true:
a.the FMC combines the long term accuracy of the IRS with the short term accuracy of the external reference
b.the FMC combines the long term accuracy of the IRS with the long term accuracy of the external reference
c.the FMC combines the short term accuracy of the IRS with the short term accuracy of the external reference
d.the FMC combines the short term accuracy of the IRS with the long term accuracy of the external reference
280
Questions 16
14.The correct format for the input of position 50N 00527E to the CDU is:
a.5000.0N00527.0E
b.N50E00527
c.N5000.0E00527.0
d.N5000E00527
15.The period of validity of the navigational database is:
a.28 days
b.1 month
c.determined by the national authority and may be from 28 days to 91 days
d.91 days
Appendix A
Questions 16
281
16 Answers
Answers
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a |
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c |
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b |
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13 |
14 |
15 |
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d |
c |
a |
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Answers 16
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