- •Contents
- •In English and Ukrainian languages 79
- •Fundamentals
- •1. Basic units of language and speech
- •2. Word as a basic language unit. The structure of words
- •3. The classification of words
- •4. The combinability of words
- •6. Part of speech as one of the main grammatical notions
- •7. Contrastive studies of languages
- •8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic
- •9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
- •10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies
- •12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
- •Chapter 1 Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The category of gender
- •5. The category of the names of living beings and lifeless objects
- •IV. Define the type of declension (I, II, III or IV) and the gender of the given Ukrainian nouns. Think up at least five sentences, using some of these nouns, and render these sentences
- •Into English. Do the case and gender characteristics coincide in both languages?
- •V. A) Define to which semantic group of Singularia Tantum nouns belong the following English and Ukrainian nouns:
- •Languages
- •1. Adjective as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •II. Find all the adjectives in the following piece of writing. Classify these adjectives being either qualitative or relative (if possible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Identify whether adjectives used in each sentence are in the positive, comparative or superlative form. Define whether each form is synthetic or analytical.
- •Languages
- •1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Grammatical categories of numeral
- •II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
- •IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
- •Languages
- •1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun
- •2. Personal and possessive pronouns
- •3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns
- •6. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns in English and
- •II. Underline the pronoun in the following pieces of text, conversation. Identify the type of each pronoun; comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. The category of person
- •4. The category of aspect
- •4. The category of aspect
- •5. The category of tense
- •5.1. The Present Tense
- •5.2. The Past Tense
- •5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language.
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of mood
- •7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods
- •7.2. The Conditional mood
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •Languages
- •2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. The English gerund
- •Languages
- •1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks)
- •VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or some other type).
- •VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination. Think of their English equivalents.
- •Languages
- •1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •3. Particle as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. Modal words as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •6. The English article
- •II. Underline prepositions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found prepositions.
- •III. Underline conjunctions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found conjunctions.
- •V. Underline parenthetic words and word-combinations in the sentences below. Analyze them according to the modal meaning they express in the sentence.
- •1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax
- •2. The expression of syntactic relations
- •3. The classification of sentences as to their structure
- •1. The subject
- •2. The predicate
- •2.1. The simple predicate
- •3. The object
- •4. The attribute
- •5. The adverbial modifier
- •6. Complex parts of the sentence
- •1. The composite sentence
- •2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
- •2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
- •2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
- •2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness (складносурядне речения i3 значениям раптовостГ)
- •3. Compound sentences with asyndetically joined clauses (складносурядш речения без сполучникав)
- •1. The subject clause / Шдметове шдрядне речения
- •2. The predicative clause / Присудкове пвдрядне
- •3. The object/objective clause / Шдрядне додаткове
- •4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
- •5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
- •5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
- •5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
- •5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
- •5.9. Adverbial clauses of result / шдрядш речении наелвдку.
- •II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.
- •References
УДК 811.111 = 161.2*362 (075.8)
К211 ББК [81.2-2 Англ + 81.2-2 Укр] я 73
Рекомендувала Науково-методична рада
Нацгонального утверситету "Львгвська полтехтка"
як навчальний поабник для студентгв базового напряму "Фтолог1я"
фахового спрямування "Прикладна лшгвктика"
(протокол № 6 eid 23.06.2008р.)
Рецензенти:
Андрейчук Н.1., кандидат фиюлопчних наук, доцент, Нацюнальний ушверситет "Льв1вська псштехнка"
Бик I.C., кандидат фшолопчних наук, доцент, Львшський нацюнальний ушверситет iiweHi Гвана Франка
Карамишева 1.Д.
К 211 Контрастивна граматика англшсько'1 та укра'шськоУ мов:
Навч. пос1бник. - JlbBie: Видавництво Нацюнального утверситету "Льв1вська полггехнка", 2008. - 300 с.
ISBN 978-966-553-734-2
Поабник за змютом вщповщае вимогам програми з дисциплши "Контрастивна граматика англшсько!' та укртнсько!' мов". Мютить тлумачення основних теоретичних понять контрастивно1 лшгв1стики загалом i контрастивно!' граматики зокрема. Описана методика контрастивних дослщжень та висвгглен! найважлив1ци стлып й вщмшш риси морфолопчного та синтаксичного piBHie англШсько'1 та украгасько'1 мов. Кожен розд1л посЮника зак1нчуеться контрольними питаниями для визначення р1вня засвоення опрацьованого теоретичного Marepiany. Низка вправ забезпечуе можлив1сть удосконалити Ha6yri теоретичн! знания на практичних заняттях та самостийно.
Призначений для студен™ базового напряму "Фшологк" фахового спрямування "Прикладна лшгв1стика", а також може защкавити викладач1в англ!йсько'1 мови вищих i спец1альних середшх навчальних заклад1в, acnipaHTie, студент1в та перекладач1в.
ББК [81.2-2 Англ + 81.2-2 Укр] я 73
© Карамишева 1.Д., 2008 © Нацюнальний ун1верситет ISBN 978-966-553-734-2 "Льв1вська полгтехтка", 2008
Contents
Передмова Ю
Fundamentals 13
Basic units of language and speech 13
Word as a basic language unit.
The structure of words 16
The classification of words 20
The combinability of words 21
The notions of grammatical opposition
and grammatical category 23
6. Part of speech as one of the main
grammatical notions 27
Contrastive studies of languages 30
Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic discipline: its subject matter and tasks 34
Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
linguistics: its tasks 38
Methods of research, used in contrastive studies 41
The problem of the language-etalon
for comparison (tertium comparationis) 46
12. Parts of speech classification in English
and Ukrainian languages 48
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 52
Morphology Chapter 1. Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages 54
Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics 54
The category of number 59
The category of case 64
The category of gender 71
The category of the names of living beings
and lifeless objects 73
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 75
Chapter 2. Adjective as a part of speech
In English and Ukrainian languages 79
5
1. Adjective as a part of speech: general
characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective 79
2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives 84
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 89
Chapter 3. Numeral as a part of speech
in English and Ukrainian languages 94
Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics 94
Grammatical categories of numeral 97
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 100
Chapter 4. Pronoun as a part of speech
in English and Ukrainian languages 103
Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun 103
Personal and possessive pronouns 107
Reflexive and strengthening pronouns 113
Demonstrative pronouns 115
Interrogative and relative pronouns 116
Indefinite and negative pronouns 118
Allomorphic classes of pronouns
in English and Ukrainian languages 120
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 123
Chapter 5. Verb as a part of speech
in English and Ukrainian languages 125
Verb as apart of speech: general characteristics 125
The category of person 132
The category of number and the category of gender 136
The category of aspect 138
The category of tense 143
The Present Tense 147
The Past Tense 149
The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language 150
6. The category of voice 153
The passive voice 157
The reflexive voice 159
7. The category of mood 161
The Indicative and Imperative moods 162
The Conditional mood 164
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 167
Chapter 6. Non-finite forms of the verb in English
and Ukrainian languages 175
Non-finite forms of the verb: general characteristics 175
Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages 177
The English participle versus Ukrainian д1шрикметник andдieпpиcлiвник 182
4. The English gerund 190
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 193
Chapter 7. Adverb as a part of speech
in English and Ukrainian languages 197
Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics 197
Degrees of comparison of adverbs 201
Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks) 202
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 205
Chapter 8. Functional parts of speech
in English and Ukrainian languages 210
1. Preposition as a part of speech
in English and Ukrainian languages 210
2. Conjunction as a part of speech in English
and Ukrainian languages 214
3. Particle as a part of speech in English
and Ukrainian languages 216
4. Modal words as a part of speech in English
and Ukrainian languages 217
5. Interjection as a part of speech in English
and Ukrainian languages 218
6. The English article 220
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 224
Syntax Chapter 9. Syntax: introduction into basic notions 232
Sentence as the basic unit of syntax 232
The expression of syntactic relations 235
5
7
The classification of sentences as to their structure 236
One-member sentences 237
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 238
Chapter 10. The simple sentence.
Parts of the sentence 241
The subject 241
The predicate 244
The simple predicate 244
The compound nominal predicate 245
The compound verbal predicate 246
3. The object 247
The direct object 247
The indirect object 249
The attribute 250
The adverbial modifier 251
Complex parts of the sentence 253
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 260
Chapter 11. The composite sentence. The compound
sentence 266
The composite sentence 266
The compound sentence with conjunctions 267
The copulative compound sentence 267
The disjunctive compound sentence 270
The adversative compound sentence 270
The causative-consecutive compound sentences .... 272
Compound sentences with the meaning
of suddenness 273
3. Compound sentences with asyndetically
joined clauses 273
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 274
Chapter 12. The composite sentence.
The complex sentence 277
The subject clause 278
The predicative clause 279
The objective clause 279
Attributive clauses 280
5. Adverbial clauses 281
Adverbial clauses of place 281
Adverbial clauses of time 282
Adverbial clauses of manner
(attending circumstances) ^OJ
Adverbial clauses of measure or degree 284
Adverbial clauses of purpose 284
Adverbial clauses of cause 284
Adverbial clauses of condition 285
Adverbial clauses of concession 286
Adverbial clauses of result 286
Discussion questions and exercise tasks 287
991 Conclusion ^x
993 References ^yj
Further suggested readings 295
Зютавне вивчення обох мов сприяе 'гхньому взаемному засвоенню. Осюльки тд час вивчення шоземнсм мови з'являеться MaTepian для порйзняння, то багато явищ рщно\' мови усвщомлю-ються краше i засвоюються глибше. 3i свого боку, й рщна мова чинить вплив на засвоення шоземно'1, адже у вивченш чужо! мови використовуеться той досвщ, якого студента набули, оволод!ва-ючи певними мовними вмшнями i навичками рщно*1 мови. Отож, безперечно, усшшне вивчення шоземшм мови майбутшми професюналами у галуз1 перекладу та комп'ютерного опрацю-вання MOBHo'i шформацй" неможливе без порЬзняння i"i з рщною мовою, без виявлення под1бностей та вщмшностей у способах вираження думки цими двома мовами.
Завгдувачка кафедри прикладное лтгвютики,
канд. фглол. наук, доцент H.L Андрейчук