rybina_ea_i_dr_angliiskii_iazyk_dlia_magistrov_i_aspirantov

21

OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

There are nine planets in our solar system. The smallest planet is Philo. It is also the coldest because it is a long way from the sun. The Earth goes around the sun in 365 days (one year) but Pluto takes 248 years!

The Universe Is Expanding!

Astronomers know that the universe is expanding. The stars are moving away from each other. They are not sure why this is happening. Our sun is a star too. We are moving with the sun.

The Earth from Space.

From space, you can see that 75% of the Earth’s water. There is life on

Earth because it is not too hot or too cold and there is air. Is there life on other planets? Astronomers don’t think so but it is possible that there are more planets in the universe. Perhaps there is life there.

The Moon

Our nearest neighbour is the moon. In the sky, the moon and the sun have the same size because t h e moon is much nearer!

The moon is very different from Earth. Gravity on the moon is six times weaker than on the Earth. There isn’t any air. During the day, it is very, very hot but at night it is very, very cold. Nothing can live on the moon.

The moon makes the tides - the changes in the level of the sea. The moon and the sun together pull the sea. In some parts of the world the difference between “high tide” (when the sea is very near to the land) and “low tide” (when the sea is far away from the land) is very big. This is very important for ships.

If the moon goes between the Earth and the sun, we have an eclipse of the sun. The moon stops the light from the sun and we have night in the day.

If the Earth goes between the moon and the sun, we have an eclipse of the moon. The moon goes into the shadow and it disappears for a few minutes.

Упражнение 2. Поставьте вопросы ко всем членам предложения.

1.In the sky the moon and the sun have the same size.

2.Gravity on the moon is six times weaker than on the Earth.

3.Astronomers know that the universe is expanding.

4.The moon makes the tides - the changes in the level of t h e sea.

Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных.

1.The (cold) planet in our solar system is the Philo.

2.The Moon is much (near) to our planet than the Sun.

3.The Moon is our (near) neighbour in the solar system.

4.Gravity on the moon is six times (weak) than on the Earth.

5.Water covers a (great) part of the Earth.

22

Ч А С Т Ь 2

Раздел I Повторение грамматики

Повторите соответствующий раздел грамматики в приложении и выполните перевод предложений:

А. Времена английского глагола

а) нефтегазопромысловое дело

1.The catalyst manufacture has developed a group of catalysts called PremAir that, in initial laboratory and field tests, has shown potential for reducing atmospheric pollutants.

2.Growth in Chinese imports of crude and products had been strong until last year, when market reforms reserved those trends.

3.China has made several attempts to reform its petroleum sector the past 2 decades.

4.It was said in the report that the number of U.S. oil wells had declined substantially. Many wells will soon reach a point that is not economically reasonable to continue their operation.

5.Prospective areas in Madagascar are distributed across five offshore and onshore basins covering more than 123,500 sq miles.

6.An environmental report gives a company a chance to put forth its view on environmental priorities and detail spending on “green” projects.

7.The rate of job related injuries and illnesses among petroleum workers fell 3, 5% in 1998.

8.The scientists of Unocal Corporation pursued their own theories on how to reduce vehicle emissions.

9.As expected, President Bush signed an executive order that bans all U.S. trade with Iran, most of which is in the oil sector. The administration said the action was justified by Iran’s sponsorship of terrorism, actions against the

Middle East peace progress.

10.Some countries in southern Africa are looking hard for their natural gas prospects and trying to attract foreign capital and technology to help develop markets and resources.

11.Gas supplies for Hong Kong power generation plant will start later this year through a 440 mile subsea pipeline from the South China Sea.

12.Marine pipeline design has evolved in mature provinces where the environmental data are highly developed.

23

13.The first stage of subsea pipeline construction included collection of oceanographic and meteorological data such as currents, waves and water levels.

14.Well test and model data indicated the reservoir would produce heavy oil under active water drive with high initial production.

15.The subsea systems are among the most innovative components of the shelf development.

16.The possibility of sea tide influencing the interpretation was investigated because tidal effects had been observed frequently in nearby reservoirs during previous well tests.

17.Ocean-tide effects normally are observed in reservoirs with a relatively high Kh (permeability times reservoir height).

18.The surface oil seeps have been known for many years in Uganda.

19.Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries oil ministers agreed to maintain current production ceilings for the rest of 2002. But they warned the ceiling for 2003 might be raised at its February meeting.

20.Lack of a legal framework for production sharing agreement law has stalled major oil and gas projects in Russia for a number of years.

21.Many companies are working on projects that combine construction of gas pipelines and gas fired power plants throughout Mexico.

22.The use of air drilling techniques offers several advantages over drilling with conventional mud systems.

23.An analysis of the economic and political factors affecting the petrochemical industry in Latin America indicates that the region still holds excellent prospects for petrochemical companies.

24.Because of its geographical size and population Brazil always has attracted global attention.

25.Submarine pipelines in Artic seas have been under consideration for more than 25 years but few have been built.

б) гражданское строительство

1.Cement factories are being built with annual output capacities far in excess of 500,000 tons per year.

2.Housing construction is growing from year to year in our country.

3.A great percentage of the houses are constructed by house building plants.

4.New building methods are successfully applied in different cities of the country.

5.Reinforced concrete is being paid special attention to and a number of methods of prestressing the reinforcement are employed.

6.New models of up-to-date building equipment are being continuously introduced at our construction sites.

24

7.The tremendous scale of construction has been achieved mainly by prefabrication.

8.Most of the building of old times was based upon the column and beam methods of construction.

9.Since the Middle Ages, brickwork has been in constant use everywhere.

10.At the beginning of the 19th century, mechanical processes came into everyday use and by the end of the century had almost entirely replaced the ancient hand-fashioned methods.

11.During recent years the value of aluminium as an architectural metal has been increasingly recognized.

12.It is known that the wind load on a structure is influenced by its shape.

13.A brick is a fabricated component and it makes no difference to the building operation where it is fabricated.

14.Large factories producing reinforced concrete elements and units have been built all over the country.

15.The construction work was considerably speeded up as a result of using the new method as compared with the conventional one.

16.Plastics have now been developed to suck an extent that they can be applied to almost every branch of building.

17.After the building material had been thoroughly tested it showed no change of properties.

18.As clay forms the soil in many areas, it has been used for making bricks.

19.This factory has been specially designed and constructed for the sole purpose of manufacturing industrialized building components.

20.In all forms of slab construction the main reinforcement runs parallel to the direction in which the slab is spanning.

21.In the earliest times the beam was the only method employed in spanning opens.

22.Concrete was employed by the Egyptians and the Romans, but the use of steel reinforcement didn’t begin until the nineteenth century of our era.

23.Glass is unaffected by gases and most acids.

24.Pharaohs built massive stone pyramids in which their dead bodies would be stored and preserved against decay until their souls would once more return to their bodies.

25.Steel has come into general use as building material with the development of industry.

в) информационные технологии

1. Up to now general-purpose computers with fixed hardware have been in the mainstream, but computer systems in the future will be required to have much wider adaptability.

26

components-disk drives, monitor, and etc. to be activated to execute the functions specified.

22.By the year 2030 human labor in industry will have been replaced by robots.

23.In twenty years’ time people will be living in space, inside a computerized colony.

24.Software manufacturers will have made hundreds of new programs by this time next year.

25.In the past ten years the world of computers has witnessed the

“postscript” revolution. Post Script was developed by Adobe Systems, Inc, in 1982 as a page description language for printers like Apple Laser writer and Allied Linotronic photo setters, among other output devices. Today it is used in most laser printers and is becoming a standard for high quality type and graphics.

г) экономика

1.When you use credit card it is enabling you to transfer money from your account to that of the shop, but the card itself is not the money.

2.The better you understand the forecasting techniques, their applicability, and constraints, the more useful the resultant forecast will be for effective marketing decision making.

3.The globalization of financial markets fragments traditional transactions marketplaces (the trading floors) and then fragments them via computer network.

4.In the security business underwriting or financing has become to mean the purchase from a government body or a company of a new issue of securities on a given date at a specified price.

5.Work force diversity means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity.

6.Precious metals have been used as money for thousands of years.

7.There is no central marketplace for most principal or dealer market activities. Instead, transactions are routinely conducted on the over-the-count market by means of computer systems of inter-dealer brokers which link dealers and large institutions.

8.Goldsmiths also realized that only a small fraction of the gold in their vaults would be withdrawn at any one time, and even then there would be other people who were making new deposits.

9.The favourable conditions in Komi have already been assessed by many financial institutions.

10.Sceptics say globalization is nothing more than the latest incarnation of a process that has been going on for many centuries.

27

11.In general, however, the cost per mile within a given diameter indicates that the longer the pipeline, the lower the incremental cost for construction. And broadly, lines built nearer populated areas tend to have higher unit (per-mile) costs. Additionally, road, highway, river, or channel crossings and marshy or rocky terrain each strongly affects pipeline construction cost.

12.Economic activity around the world is declining and threatening to plunge the world into global recession.

13.To a certain extend Moscow is the investment gateway of the country as a whole, and this gives added importance to the infrastructure of the Moscow stock market.

14.It is widely believed that the main role in the development of the market is played by the stock exchanges, but without a reliable system for the keeping of securities it is virtually impossible to introduce any new initiatives in this area.

15.Money is the oil that lubricates the wheels of economic activities.

16.Half of the Russian Petroleum Legislation Project is being financed by big oil companies in the United States.

17.If you are attending a state university, taxpayers are helping to pay the cost of providing your education; you are being subsidized as much as 80 per cent of the total price.

18.In spite of the fact they have been focusing on domestic activities in recent years, their international operations are still sizeable.

19.As the firm crosses its national borders, it usually faces an environment that is riskier and more complex than its domestic surrounding.

20.The sector of the market is not developed in Moscow or in Russia as a whole.

21.The first decree on construction of a stock exchange was issued in 1789.

22.Much has been done since Russia joined the International Monetary Fund in 1992; much remains to be done.

23.Physical marketplaces (the trading floors) are becoming obsolete, while virtual marketplaces (networks of computers and computer terminals) are emerging as the site for transactions.

24.Instead of printing money the government borrowed at home and abroad.

25.During a trading day, an exchange member will be both buyer and seller of many listed stocks.

Б. Модальные глаголы

а) нефтегазопромысловое дело

1. To assess the petrochemical prospects in Latin America one must consider the state of both economic and political reform in the six countries that account for almost 100% of Latin America petrochemical capacity.

28

2.Continuous well monitoring can lead to increased production rates through optimized production systems.

3.In a mature area, synergy among fields should be regularly reviewed to optimize new development plans and seek alternative cost savings for existing fields.

4.Under-water pipeline can be damaged by being dragged with the seabed soil below an ice mass.

5.Full-scale tests and field experience have demonstrated that pipelines can be bent to very high curvatures before a leak limit state is reached.

6.Whether in winter or summer, Arctic off shore-construction teams have to work within limited weather windows when ice conditions are favorable.

7.Once the gas-well fire is extinguished, the wellhead must then be inspected closely to determine whether the existing equipment can be used to attach capping devices or if any of the well-head must be removed.

8.Once the new control device (for example, a blowout preventor) is positioned over the well must be some means of attaching the device to regain pressure integrity.

9.A vibration-reducing design should not impose bit limitations and should not confine a bit’s range of operational parameters (weight on bit, rotational speed).

10.The total energy available to a bit can be divided into two components, in terms of drilling and vibrating.

11.The conditions for the mitigation one type of vibration may easily establish the environment in which another form of vibration flourishes.

12.In order to provide the conduit for the petroleum to flow to the surface, a hole must be bored or drilled to the petroleum-bearing formation.

13.Something must be known of the character of the formations to be penetrated in reaching the producing horizon in order to select the proper drilling system.

14.The problem of under balanced pressure drilling has to be carefully examined as it is of great importance for the development of oil industry.

15.Holes may be drilled from the earth surface, from underground mine openings, from the surface of water bodies, from the surface of the Moon, and in the future, from the surface of other planets.

16.If the permeability of rocks is low, measures should be taken to improve the filtration properties of the bottom-hole zone.

17.The choice of the bits which should be used in any particular instance is governed primarily by the characteristic of the rock to be penetrated and the conditions under which the rock must be drilled.

18.According to the opinion of some scientists there may be still undiscovered oil deposits that will be very great.

19.One ought to be very careful when working with contaminant-bearing fluids.

29

20.It should be said that great progress has been mode in all the branches of oil industry recently and still greater progress is yet to be mode.

21.If natural gas is used, care must be taken to avoid the formation of explosive mixture with air.

22.In cases where the oil is struck at high pressures or where it is essential that upper water shows must be permanently sealed off from each other, each casing string is cemented in place.

23.According to the plan, the operators should have finished the completion of the well by the end of the year.

24.Before a well can begin produce, it must be completed. Considerable drilling must be done in the field in question to define its producing limits.

б) гражданское строительство

1.Prefabricated rooms and flats can be quickly assembled into houses.

2.Plastic materials have been so greatly developed that they can be used almost everywhere in building.

3.In a built-in beam the ends are so fixed that they cannot turn when a load is applied.

4.Only high quality cement should be employed for reinforced concrete

work.

5.In designing a building one should take care that most comfortable living conditions are created.

6.One may say with certainty that one of the greatest advantages of manmade materials is their low cost compared to the cost of natural ones.

7.In building structures special attention must be paid to the proper use of materials.

8.Concrete should never be dropped from a height, as this is likely to cause segregation.

9.An increase in the volume can only be achieved by greater productivity.

10.When any concrete work is to be carried out, the cheapest coarse aggregate which will give good results is chosen.

11.The designing engineer must always keep in mind three things-strength, cost, and practicability.

12.The cost of a building is a consideration that cannot be forgotten by any designer.

13.A synthetic product must be both better and cheaper than the natural material it is to replace.

14.Concrete must be thoroughly worked into the forms to fill them entirely and the reinforcement should be tied together so that it forms a stable frame work.

30

15.At the end of any run of concreting, the mixer should be charged with a supply of water and run for at least 15 minutes.

16.Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements.

17.According to the plan, one of the towers of Brooklyn Bridge in New York was to be very strong.

18.The workers had to remove some the rock in order to make a good base for towers of the bridge.

19.Large downdrag forces can be induced in end-bearing piles due to the downward movement of the surrounding soil.

20.The inner piles in a group may be subjected to a smaller downdrag force than outer piles.

21.The number of equations to be solved may be large for general pile configurations, but for pile groups arranged in a square configuration use may be made of symmetry to reduce the number of equations.

22.In can be seen that the relation between the downdrag force in a group and that in a single pile is similar for both homogeneous soils.

23.The great interest with which the book was received is to be attributed to the difficult problem of corrosion and protection concrete.

24.It should always be remembered that there are significant differences between the properties and effects of the various corrosive substances.

25.The initial phase of the formation of cement stone may be regarded primarily as hydration, while the subsequent processes as hydrolysis.

в) информационные технологии

1.Storage devices or memories must have capacities sufficient not only for immediate results but also for the input and output data and the programs.

2.Random-access memories can complete read and write operations in specified minimum period known as the cycle time.

3.Some records must be kept of where the file of information has been stored.

4.Other fields might have to be deleted in order to assemble enough continuous blank sectors.

5.Architectures should provide adequate flexibility to support the growing trend to distributed systems.

6.Human needs and conventions have to be identified first and then converted to programs in the best possible way.

7.Sometimes the microcomputer system is to be used as a general-purpose computer.

8.Individuals will be able to have personal computers, which are comparable in functions and performance with present day large-size computers.