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при помощи вспомогательного глагола will be и смыслового глагола в -ing форме (причастие I ).

Например: Не will be carrying out an experiment tomorrow at 5 o’clock. – Он будет проводить эксперимент завтра в пять часов.

Следующие глаголы, которые описывают состояние более нежели действие, обычно не используются во временах группы continuous: believe, contain, exist, forget, hate, hear, know, like, need, prefer, realize, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want.

Exercises

1. A lecturer is showing a DVD of a test. Complete the description. Use the Present Continuous.

Hello. Now we can watch the DVD of a car crash. Here they (1) are testing (test) the material for the seatbelt. The human dummy (2)

______(sit) in the test car. This dummy weighs 90 kilos. Here the technician (3) ___________(tighten) the nylon seatbelt around the dummy. Now the technician (4) ______________(start) the engine of the radio-controlled car.

Look at the crash in slo-mo (= slow motion). The car

(5)________(run) in to the concrete block at 40 k/ph. The body of the dummy (6) _______(stretch) the nylon seatbelt. And see, the dummy

(7) _______(touch) the airbag.

Look carefully. (8)_____ the dummy’s face (strike) the front window?

No, it isn’t. There is no contact with the front window.

2. The lecturer is testing materials. Complete his description.

Now I (1) ‘m heating (heat) this plastic to 100 °C. Can you see? It (2)_________________ (not melt).

OK, now I (3) _____________ (put) this helmet on the floor. And now the machine (4) ___________ (drop) a 10 kg weight on it. Right, now look at Dr.Wilson . He (5) ____________(strike) the metal plate with a hammer. But the plate (6) _________________(not bend).

OK, now the jaws of the vice (7) ____________(compress) plastic block. The block (8) _______________(not break).

Now Dr. Wilson (9) __________(hang) a weight of 500 kg from the ropes. But the ropes (10) _______________(not stretch).

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Simple vs Continuous

1.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the Present Simple or Present Continuous .

1.Our company____ (manufacture) household goods. At the moment I___ (work) on a condenser for a new refrigerator.

2.The Red Sea____ (form) part of the Great Rift Valley fault. At this point in history it _____ (widen) at a rate of approximately half an inch per year.

3.Acme Avionics ___________ (specialize) in missile guidance systems for the Air Force. They currently______(invest) heavily in research.

4.Modern astrophysics______ (tell) us that galaxies_____ (fly) apart, somewhat like dots on the surface of an expanding balloon.

5.Despite the fact that fossil fuels______(run out), they still_______(provide) most of our energy.

2.Complete the conversations with the correct form (Simple Present or Present Continuous) of the given verbs.

1.We__________ (manufacture) LEDs. I_________(spend) most of the day in a clean room.

2.This company__________ (make) computer hardware. Right

now, I _______ (work) on a design for a new mouse.

3. I ______ (design) navigation systems for the Air Force. At the moment, I________ (work) on a new radar system.

4.I _________ (work) at a chemical plant. I ______ (supervise) the filtration processes.

3.Circle the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1.We (know/are knowing) that the universe has two poles.

2.Right now we (stand/are standing ) on the surface of the Earth.

3.At this moment our planet (spins/is spinning) around the sun.

4.Cosmologists (believe/are believing) that gravity and electromagnetism are only one force.

5.Magnets (attract/are attracting) metals.

4. Past Indefinite Active or Past Continuous Active? Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense form.

ON THE PLATFORM

1. The train (to stop) at the station. A passenger (to look out) of the window and (to see) two women who (to sell) cakes. The man (to want) to buy a cake. The women (to stand) rather far from the

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carriage. The man (to call) a boy, who (to walk) on the platform near the carriage and (to ask) him: “How much does the cake cost?” “Three pence, sir” – (to answer) the boy. The man (to give) him six pence and (to say) to him: “Bring me a cake, and with other three pence buy one for yourself.” Some minutes later the boy (to return). He (to eat) the cake. He (to give) the man three pence change and (to say): ”There was only one cake, sir.”

Perfect Tenses.

Времена группы Perfect

Формы Perfect выражают действие, совершённое к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

The Present Perfect Tense выражает действие,

завершившееся к моменту речи. Этот момент: а) может быть совсем не обозначен. Например:

The car has been repaired. – Машину отремонтировали.

б) может быть выражен обстоятельствами типа already уже, recently, lately недавно, ever когда-либо, never, никогда, Just только того, not yet ещё не, today сегодня, this week (month, year) на этой неделе (месяце, году), for ages целую вечность.

Например: I have never been to London. – Я никогда не был в Лондоне.

The Present Perfect Tense также может выражать действие, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту. Часто в этом случае употребляется предлог since с. Например:

– She has not been to Moscow since 1990. – Она не была в Москве с 1990 года.

The Past Perfect Tense выражает действие, завершённое до какого-либо момента или действия в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством с предлогом by к, либо придаточным предложением с глаголом в Past Indefinite.

Например:

By the 1st of September all the road works had been finished. – К

первому сентября все дорожные работы были завершены.

When we came to the station, the train had already left. – Когда

мы пришли на станцию, поезд уже ушёл.

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The Future Perfect Tense выражает действие, которое будет завершено до определённого момента, или действия в будущем. Этот момент уточняется обстоятельством с предлогом by или придаточным предложением с глаголом в Present Indefinite.

Например:

When you come I shall have finished translating the text. – Когда ты придёшь, я закончу переводить текст.

Bythe end of the year the railway will havebeen opened for traffic. –

К концу года железная дорога будет открыта для движения.

Таблица Perfect Tense в действительном залоге (Tensesin Active Voice)

1.Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous.

1.___________________you___________________(finish) that report yet? What ____________you ________________(do)?

2.Sorry I’m late. I’________________________(talk) to the

boss.

3.______________you ever______(experience) a severe earthquake?

2. Complete the sentences with:

Have/has, haven’t/ hasn’t

1.Scientists ____________explained many of the mysteries of

nature.

2.The application of knowledge _______always been constructive.

3.We ___________worried much about our problems yet.

4.Knowledge _______expanded the limits ofo ur minds.

5.Our hopes for a better world _______vanished.

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3. Fill in the blanks with present perfect form of the verbs in the list.

offer, consider, develop, increase, change

1.Communication systems _________________greatly in the past thirty years.

2.The quantum theory _________________us many answers.

3.Science ______________________________our lives.

4.We _____never___________our planetas a unit of life.

5.We ____________our understanding of the world.

4. Past Indefinite or Present Perfect? Put the verbs into the correct tense forms.

1) The engineer to show his foreign friends the bridge in the building of which he to take part in 1980. 2) He not/to decide yet what to do. 3) Are you still studying or you already to find a job? 4) Don’t worry! The equipment already to pack. 5) They spoke so quickly that I didn’t understand what they to talk about. 6) The journey from Paris to London to take much longer before the Channel Tunnel was built.

Passive Voice.

Страдательный залог

Времена страдательного залога (The Passive Voice) образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (The Past Participle) смыслового глагола. При спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be.

Таблица времён в страдательном залоге (Tenses in Passive Voice)

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Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге

Примечания:

1)Подлежащее в английском предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык в винительном или дательном падежах.

Не was asked many questions. Ему задали много вопросов.

2)За сказуемым в страдательном залоге в английском предложении может следовать предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.

This accident is much spoken about. Об этом несчастном случае много говорят.

Exercises

1. Choose the required voice form of the predicates (Active or Passive).

1) A new device (has tested; has been tested) in the lab. 2) A taxi (called; was called) 15 minutes ago; so we (are expecting; are being expected) it any moment. 3) At the corner of the street we (saw; were seen) a car. The driver (was examining; was being examined) the engine. 4) The railway bridge is closed because the track-works (are conducting; are being conducted). 5) Powerful tunnel boring machines (have developed; have been develop) for the building of tunnels. 6) A new railway underground line (is constructing; is being constructed) in our city. One of the Metro stations (will build; will be built) near my house. 7) The manager (has offered; has been offered) me several jobs.

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2. In the following sentences replace Active with Passive:

1)The builders have finished the construction of the foundations ahead of time. 2) Russia developed the first automatic engine driver in 1960. 3) Air-conditioning system always maintains the optimum temperature and humidity in the metro tunnel. 4) People build viaducts in order to cross gorges, canyons and ravines. 5) Engineers are busy now; they are testing new equipment. 6) He reported that the firm was holding talks about tire construction of the beam plant in our city. 7) The scientific journal has published an article about the transport of future this month. 8) The new subway line will connect central and eastern districts of the city. 9) The lecture is over. You may ask your questions. 10) Ecologists say that we should take care of our planet. 11)You must not exceed the speed limit if you don’t want to be fined by the traffic policeman. 12) You must do it without delay.

3. Put questions to the underlined words.

1)The length of the route has been increased by 3 km. [How many... ?]

2)The bridges are called arch bridges because of their shape. [Why...?]

3)For some period of time one underground railway line in London was working entirely without drivers. [Where...?]

4)The concrete is setting in the false-work. [Where... ?]

5)The two-speed escalators are being installed at new Metro stations. [Where... ?]

6)The service life of steel girders lasts to 80 years. [How long...?]

7)The piers in this span are made of reinforced concrete blocks. [What... ?]

4. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to different tense forms and voice of the predicates.

1)После реконструкции моста его пропускная способность будет увеличена. 2) Ты обычно покупаешь билеты заранее или в день отъезда? – Это зависит от обстоятельств (circumstances). 3) Когда начнется возведение временных опор? 4) Поезд проходит расстояние от Москвы до Самары за 20 часов. 5) Текущий ремонт необходим всем искусственным сооружениям. 6) Когда мы пришли на станцию, все билеты были уже проданы. 7) Машины медленно двигались по горной дороге. 8) Главный инженер

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сказал, что наш проект обсуждали долгое время, но в конце концов (eventually), он был принят.

5. Make up sentences using the verbs in the Passive Voice. Model: the meeting/for some time/to put off. The meeting was

put off for some time.

1)tomorrow/ a film about the history of the tunnel excavation/ the students/ to show.

2)to put off/ the experiments/ after the accident/ for an indefinite

time.

3)to buy/ in this travel agency/ last week/ the train tickets.

4)to equip/ with up-to-date computers and other electronic devices/ our plant.

5)next week/ an interesting exhibition/ to open/ in the Hermitage.

6)by them/ in the working plan/ no changes/ to make.

7)soon after his departure/ to receive/ his letter.

8)up-to-date/ to sell! in this shop/ computers.

9)to the chief engineer/ yesterday/ two new engineers/ to introduce.

10)to reconstruct/ next month/ the old bridge.

6.Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense form and translate the sentences.

1) Hundreds of jobs [to create] after the building of this plant.

2)Special equipment [to use] for the tunnel lining. 3) This [to be] an excellent computer which [to serve] you many years. 4) Four million passengers a year [to travel] the Helsinki-Tallinn route. 5) All metro tunnels [to equip] with electric heating system. 6) A large number of cars [parked] near the station. 7) The speed of Metro trains [reaches] 90 km/h. 8) Wood [replaced] by steel as a material for construction.

9)I [work] for a construction company which has a lot of contracts in other countries. 10) You [will meet] by an agent from the travel bureau at the airport. 11) The driver [told; was told] his passengers to fasten their safety belts.

7.Change the following sentences:

construction. 3) We shall discuss their project next week. 4) The state spends large sums of money to highly-qualified engineers. 5) Ventilation provides a constant supply of fresh air in hot weather.

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6) Our scientists solve many important problems. 7) The engineers increased the speed of the new TBM. 8) They obtained similar results in all the experiments.

b) from Passive into Active.

1)Several cities will be linked by this line. 2) This river is crossed by 29 bridges. 3) The out-of-date computers were replaced by modern electronic machines. 4) The new project was given much attention by all the newspapers. 5) General engineering subjects are included in the program of the second-year students. 6) The course of lectures in Physics will be delivered by our dean. 7) Entrance exams are taken in summer [applicants]. 8) Theseblocks were produced at our plant. 9) I was given an interesting article to read, [my friend]

10)Houses, bridges, railways are built by civil engineers. 11) John will be appointed monitor of the group [the dean]. 12) The Earth is surrounded by atmosphere. 13) The lecturer was listened to with great attention [all the students]. 14) A profound study of theory will be accompanied by practical training.

8. Find grammar mistakes in the following sentences and correct them. The number of mistakes is pointed out in brackets.

1)The first automatic driver tested under the Moscow Underground. [2] 2) Nowadays all the reinforcement ismake of steel. [2] 3) Themaintenance crew consist in four people [2]. 4) Electrical equipment will produced in the France. [2] 5) Was anybody advise you to enter in the Institute? [2] 6) He return at home late often. [3]

6)There are 12 bridges and viaducts at these railway line. [2] 7) The profession of an engineer require special training. [1].

9. Read and translate the following sentences. State the voice and tense form of the predicates.

1)The tunnels are equipped with sensors to monitor air contamination and temperature. 2) The speaker was being listened tovery attentively. 3) The examination papers are being checked at the moment. 4) When I came to Leningrad in 1957, the first underground line was still being built. 5) The bridge, which is being built now, will

be used for the movement of both road and railway traffic. 7) Automobiles were rushing in both directions and it was impossible to cross the street. 8) The Konkani Railway has the longest tunnel in India; the tallest viaduct in Asia. There are 2134 bridges on the line.

10. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.

1) When I came to Baku in 1962, the first Metro line ____there.

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d)repairs

4)Such materials as reinforced concrete [железобетон] and steel ___widely for the constructionof modern bridges.

a) are used b) were being used c) will be used d) use

Библиографический список

1.Английский язык: Учеб.-метод. пособие для студентов I курса железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения. Самара:

СамГАПС, 2005. 155 с.

2.Бахтин С.А., Демина О.А. Мосты, тоннели, метрополитены. Книга для чтения на английском языке: Учеб. пособие. Новосибирск: Изд-во СГУПСа, 2009. 132 с.

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