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past few years. Each of these events results in loss of tourism for the area affected, until travellers begin to feel safe to travel to these areas again.

The tourism industry is greatly affected by the economy. If people are losing their jobs and worrying about how they are going to pay for rent or for their mortgage then they are certainly not going to worry about taking a Caribbean cruise and may choose to save their money right now instead of spending it on something like travel.

The economic health of a host country has an impact on the travel and tourism industry. A country that has a strong economy can afford to invest in tourism, in terms of new infrastructure. However, the strength of the economy will result in a strong currency and therefore, impact on the affordability of a destination for visitors.

The effects of political revolutions on tourism are all too evident. Tourism is always vulnerable to such crises. For example, tourism is one of the most important sectors in Egypt's economy. Egypt received 14.5 million tourists in 2010, making tourism the second largest revenue source. It forecast 16 million tourists for 2011 before the revolution, which began on January 25, 2011. But in just a few days, a million tourists fled the country, abandoning the hotels and restaurants in Cairo, Luxor, Aswan and the Red Sea resorts of Hurghada and Sharm el Sheik. Egypt’s tourism industry lost over $1 billion in 2011 as tourists didn’t feel safe and avoided the country in the wake of the revolution that toppled Hosni Mubarak as president.

There can be no doubt that international events enable cities to expand their tourist capacity, and help them become the world’s main tourist destinations. Such events include carnivals, cultural festivals, anniversary celebrations, political events, agricultural and business shows and exhibitions, international sporting events: Football World Cups, Olympic Games. For example, a total of 309,554 foreign tourists arrived in South Africa for the primary purpose of attending the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Total awareness of South Africa as a leisure destination increased by 9% and the intention to visit South Africa in the short term increased by 35% following the event.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

1.According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, say why.

1)Destructive power of natural disasters can change tourists’ preferences.

2)Minor climate changes don’t influence tourism.

3)Tourists often worry about personal security.

4)The terrorist attacks on New York’s World Trade Centre in 2001 led to the increase in travel to Europe.

5)Tourists return to the areas affected by terrorist bombings when they don’t feel anxiety.

6)The exchange rate of one currency against another currency is important for tourists.

7)International events make cities and countries the world’s tourist destinations.

8)Tourists don’t leave holiday resorts if there is an armed uprising in the capital of the country they are staying in.

2.What do these numbers in the text refer to?

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3. Match the years, the things which affected tourism industry and the places.

4. Match the words from the text with their definitions.

1.In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1)How does tourism influence the world?

2)Does tourism bring more benefits or problems?

2.Each of the five advertisements below refers to a change or development due to tourism. Discuss the probable impact of each one on the local area. Think of the pros and cons.

3. Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to an area. The impacts can be economic, environmental, social and cultural. Put the following advantages and disadvantages in the correct section of the chart below, and add any others you can think of.

1)brings money into a country and to local people

2)introduces facilities and services, which can be used by tourists and local people alike

3)preserves cultural identity, traditional customs, crafts and historic sites

4)creates pollution from noise and petrol fumes

5)causes conflicts between tourists and the host community (irritation and offence by failing to respect the customs and traditions of the host country)

6)creates jobs both directly and indirectly in related industries

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7)changes the real meaning of festivals and traditions to suit the needs of tourists

8)leads to overuse of water and other natural resources

9)destroys the natural habitat of some animals and birds, as well as people

10)creates traffic congestion where there is a high concentration of popular tourist attractions

11)helps people from different countries and cultures understand each other

12)encourages greed

13)causes beach and cliff erosion

14)broadens people’s knowledge of the world

Read the text and explain what sustainable tourism is.

Global economists forecast continuing international tourism growth, ranging between 3 and 6 percent annually, depending on the location. This continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and indigenous cultures, which are often used to support mass tourism as the effects of tourism are incredible. Tourism is the industry which is difficult to control and regulate. It has a tendency to destroy itself. That is why it is necessary to develop sustainable tourism policies, a thoughtful consideration of negative effects.

Sustainable tourism is tourism attempting to make a low impact on the environment and local culture. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development brings a positive experience for local people, tourism companies and the tourists themselves. It also means that local people get a fair say about tourism and also receive some money from the profit which, for example, the game reserve makes. We shouldn’t try to stop the growth of tourism, but make sure that tourism grows in a way that allows tourists to see what they want to see, experience what they want to experience, but doesn’t destroy the things they are seeing and experiencing. At the same time, the society, culture and environment of the people who live in the tourist destinations, their whole way of life, is not damaged or destroyed either. It is important that each destination is able to remain in keeping with its original beauty and charm. How does it work in practice? There are some principles:

–adoption of environmental policies towards waste disposal, recycling, and water conservation;

–creating game reserves;

–using traditional designs and techniques, local materials and agricultural produce;

–employment of local people;

–ownership of the hotel sites by the local people;

–talking to local communities and organizations and involving them in development.

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COMPREHENSION CHECK

1.According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, say why.

1)There will be a steady increase of tourism.

2)The growth of tourism doesn’t influence natural habitats and local cultures.

3)Sustainable tourism policies can help to minimize negative effects of tourism.

4)One of the aims of sustainable tourism is to stop the growth of tourism.

5)Sustainable tourism makes tourists, tourism companies and local people feel positively.

6)As a result of sustainable tourism each destination should remain unspoiled.

2.Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.

3. Fill in the words from the box in the given sentences.

1)What is the probable … of tourism on the local area?

2)The … of the city affects the local climate.

3)Tour operators … 1.6 billion international tourist arrivals in 2020.

4)New York is a very culturally … city.

5)The noise from the crowd was … .

6)This trip is an opportunity to witness a unique way of life of … population.

7)With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural… .

8)Many … are located in Africa. Most are open to the public, and tourists commonly take sightseeing safaris.

1. Read the text and choose the correct word.

Lanzarote is one of the seven Canary Islands/beaches. Today it is one of the most popular holiday destinations/accommodations in Spain. Tourism has certainly left its mark/stain on some of the larger islands such as Tenerife and Gran Canaria. On Lanzarote visitors can encounter a holiday destination that still retains much of its original charm/benefit thanks in no small part to

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the efforts of a local artist called Cesar Manrique. He campaigned for the controlled evolution/attraction of tourism during the 1970’s. Manrique went on to develop some unique visitor attractions that would highlight/devastate the island’s unique volcanic scenery to the best effect as an alternative to building ecologically unfriendly golf courses and water parks.

The island practices a model of development that preserves/decreases nature, but prevents/ increases destruction and degradation of its values. For this reason the island government is trying to stop the building of new tourist accommodations to avoid the negative effects/affects that tourism has on the island. There is an outright ban on all high rise buildings and advertising billboards, ensuring that the island would remain largely as nature intended. And today visitors can enjoy a destination that remains pretty much unspoiled.

2.Answer the following questions.

1)What influence does tourism have on Lanzarote?

2)What is done to retain its original charm?

SECTION 4

1.In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1)What makes a good tourist?

2)What do you understand by the term a ‘green tourist’?

3)What advice can a ‘green tourist’ give on the following things: local customs and traditions, transportation, accommodation, meals, souvenirs?

Read the text and compare your ideas from exercise 1 with the information given in the text below.

Many people hear the term ‘green tourist’ and picture someone sleeping in a treehouse in the jungles of Borneo. But this type holiday is just one end of the green travel spectrum. You don’t need to sacrifice comforts or go off into the middle of nowhere to be a green traveller; you can visit big cities or small villages, and stay in small lodges or luxury hotels. All that is required is an effort to preserve and protect the environment of the place you love to visit, not just for yourself but for the travellers who come after you and for the people who will continue to live there long after you’ve flown home. And it’s easier than you might think.

Want to learn how? Here are some suggestions on how to be a ‘green tourist’.

1)Travel light. Extra luggage means extra airplane fuel.

2)Treat the locals with respect. Learn a few words in the native language and be open to cultural differences.

3)Walk, bike or use the local transportation. If everyone uses cars, pollution and traffic congestion will become an enormous problem.

4)Stay in small hotels and eat local food. It’s important that the money you spend on accommodation and food remains within the local area.

5)Always ask before you take someone’s photograph. Never pick up any plants or flowers. Take a picture instead – you’ll find it lasts longer in any case.

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6)Find out as much information as possible about the place you’re visiting.

7)Use less water than at home. In certain places, swimming pools in the hotels are full, lawns are watered, and showers are always available. At the same time the local inhabitants have to raise water from hand-dug holes. Reuse towels and sheets instead of having them changed every day.

8)When you leave the room, turn off all electric devices.

9)Enrich your experience while supporting the local economy. Hire local guides or ask tour operators to use local guides.

10)Learn about the local arts and crafts and try to buy local products whenever possible instead of those that have been flown or shipped in from overseas. Do not, however, buy souvenirs or other products made from endangered animals or plants.

11)Save trees. Go paperless by downloading tickets, maps, travel guides, boarding passes to a handheld device.

12)Respect the natural environment and don’t disturb the natural habitat.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

1.Find in the text all the phrases with the adjective local and then give their Russian equivalents.

2.Which words make up word combinations according to the text? Give their Russian equivalents.

1.Think of a place in your country or abroad which attracts lots of tourists. What are the positive and negative effects of tourism there?

2.Venice is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city is one of the World’s Heritage Sites. However, critics say that unregulated tourism is destroying Italy’s beautiful and fragile lagoon city. What do you think the changes due to tourism in Venice are? Now, read the text and fill in the gaps with the words on the right.

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3. Tourist Motivations

For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go.

WARMING-UP

I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move.

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894), а Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer

In pairs, comment on the quotation. Make use of the word combinations below and clichés on page 108.

1. Match the character-sketches below with the people: a businessman, an experienced traveller, a professor of History, a couch potato.

2. Complete the sentences given in the table. Add more ideas and share your story with the group.

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3. Look at the diagram showing the reasons for travel of British tourists. Answer the following questions.

1)What do you think the ‘other’ section could include?

2)Do you think the bar chart would be very different for your city or country? Why?

1.Leisure tourism

2.Visiting friends and relatives

3.Business tourism

4.Other

4. Think of five people that you know well. Make a list of all places they have travelled to in the past two years. In groups, put your lists together and make a bar chart similar to the one above.

Read the text and define the types of trips for each reasons of travel in italics.

Why do people travel? One view is that there are two groups of people. Many people have the desire to travel and see other cultures and experience how other people live. Other people want to go somewhere warm and escape from cold climate for a while. There are other motivating factors or reasons for travel. They include rest, socialization with friends, business, and escape from a boring job. According to the purpose of the visit, tourism is divided into leisure, business and visiting friends and relatives (VFR).

Leisure tourism is a travel that is done just for pleasure, so tourists are likely to be on holiday or taking a short break. Leisure tourism can mean anything from excursions, day sightseeing trips, weekend breaks to package holidays and longer independent trips. It also includes cultural trips (music festivals), educational trips (study tours) and religious trips (pilgrimages).

Business tourism includes any travel away from one’s main place of residence, for such events as meetings, conferences, trade fairs or events associated with the tourist’s business. It also includes incentive tours when workers are given a reward for good work and familiarization (fam) trips when tour operators and travel agents can get to know the facilities and services offered.

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) tourism is a travel in order to visit friends, family or relatives. It can be a special family party or a regular trip made every year. Tourists are unlikely to spend much on tourism as they are not using accommodation facilities.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Match the words and word combinations on the left with the definitions on the right. What is the purpose of each of the travel activities: leisure, business, or VFR?

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1. When we look at the movement of tourists (or tourist flow), there are three types of tourism. Match the types of tourism with their definitions.

2. The table below will help clarify the meaning and use of some vocabulary related to travel.

3. Complete the sentences using the words from the table above. Sometimes more than one word might fit.

1)For general advice about the … go to a travel agent.

2)We’re going on a ... of Europe, visiting 11 countries in five weeks.

3)We went on a three-week … around the Mediterranean. The ship called in at Venice, Athens and Istanbul.

4)The … from Heathrow airport to the centre of London takes about 45 minutes by taxi.

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