720

2)legality

3)lasting only a short time

4)a written note by a receiver of smth that it has been delivered

5)to agree to take smth

6)prevented from happening

7)single

8)transfers (two verbs)

9)not full

10)a front of a document

11)a large bag made of strong cloth, thick paper, etc., used as a container

12)similar

13)to inform smb

14)gives back

1e. Comprehension

Number the following events in the right order.

1f. Reading

Types of Bills of Lading

Short-form bill of lading¹

In a short form B/L the terms and conditions of carriage² on the reverse (back) of the bill of lading³ are omitted and listed on another document.

Long-form bill of lading

In a long form B/L the terms and conditions of carriage are printed on the reverse (back) of the bill of lading. This type is widely used in international shipping.

Received bill of lading

This kind of B/L is issued when the goods have been inspected but haven’t yet been loaded onto the ship. Such bills may be necessary when the ship has been delayed and hasn’t yet reached the port where the goods are waiting.

On-board bill of lading (shipped bill of lading) 6

In contrast to the received B/L, this kind is issued for goods which have already been loaded onto the ship. Such bills contain the following words - "on board" , "laden on board" or "shipped on board" . Banks may insist on on-board bills of lading as they are safer.

Straight bill of lading9 (non-negotiable bill of lading¹º)

In a straight bill of lading the title to the goods is conferred directly to a party named in the letter of credit¹¹ (the importer usually), so the title to the goods is not transferable to another party by endorsement¹². The named party can obtain the goods directly from the carrier at destination. Therefore, unless the cash payment has been received by the exporter or the buyer's integrity is unquestionable, the use of a straight bill of lading is risky.

Order bill of lading¹³ (negotiable bill of lading¹ )

In an order bill of lading the title to the goods is conferred to the order of the shipper¹ or to the order of a named party16 in the letter of credit (the issuing bank¹ usually). The title to the goods is transferable to

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another party by endorsement, usually on the reverse (back) of the bill of lading (B/L) by the title holder¹ of the B/L. If the endorsement of B/L is required in the letter of credit (L/C), all the originals must be endorsed. The letter of credit may demand an order bill of lading that is “to order blank endorsed”. "To order" means to order of the shipper, the "blank endorsed"19 means without specifying to whom the bill of lading (B/L) is transferred. In such a case, those who bear the B/L after endorsement hold the title to the goods. These phrases are indicated in the box “consignee”.

Through bill of lading (combined transport bill of lading)²º

The through B/L is used when there are at least two different modes of transportation²¹, known as multimodal transport²². The words "Through Bill of Lading", "Combined Transport Bill of Lading", or "Combined Transportation" or the like are usually printed on such bills of lading. It is valid for the whole journey and each individual carrier doesn’t have to issue its own transport document.

Container bill of lading²³

This is used for the transportation of containerized goods (goods packed in standard-sized containers which are then sealed and not opened until they reach their destination). As the carrier cannot be sure of the number of units² reported on the B/L, he often adds the words "said to contain" or "said by shipper to contain"² before the number of units of a commodity, for example, "3 40-FT. CONTAINERS SAID TO CONTAIN 4,095 CARTONS RUBBER SHOES".

Groupage bill of lading26

This B/L is issued for grouped consignments² . It has the name of the forwarding agent² who arranged the grouped consignment in the box “Shipper”, and the forwarder in the importing country in the box “Consignee”. The forwarding agent then issues a house bill of lading (freight forwarder's bill of lading)29 to each of the exporters whose goods are included in the grouped consignment. The house B/L then serves as the collection document³º for the importer.

Charter party bill of lading³¹

It is issued by the carrier or its agent in the charter shipping³². The documentary requirements in a charter party bill of lading are similar to the ocean (marine) bill of lading.

Notes:

¹ short-form bill of lading – краткая форма коносамента

² the terms and conditions of carriage – условия перевозки

³on the reverse (back) of the bill of lading – на обратной стороне коносаментаlong-form bill of lading – полная форма коносамента

received bill of lading – коносамент на проверенный, но не погруженный товар 6 on-board (shipped) bill of lading– коносамент на груз, принятый на борт судна"on board" – «на борту»

"laden on board" ("shipped on board") – «погруженный на борт» 9 straight bill of lading – именной коносамент

¹º non-negotiable bill of lading – необоротный коносамент, не подлежащий передаче, без права передачи

¹¹ letter of credit – аккредитив

¹² the title to the goods is not transferable to another party by endorsement – право на владение грузом не может быть передано (уступлено) другой стороне индоссаментом

¹³ order bill of lading – ордерный коносамент (на предъявителя)

¹ negotiable bill of lading – оборотный коносамент, подлежащий передаче ¹ to the order of the shipper – по приказу, распоряжению грузоотправителя

16 to the order of a named party – по приказу, распоряжению указанной стороны ¹ issuing bank – банк – эмитент (банк, открывающий аккредитив)

¹ title holder – обладатель правового титула (права на имущество)

19 “ blank endorsed” – «неименная передача права собственности» (без указания лица, которому переуступается документ)

²° through (combined transport) bill of lading– сквозной (комбинированный) коносамент ²¹ modes of transportation – виды транспорта (транспортировки)

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²² multimodal transport – мультимодальные (смешанные) перевозки

²³ container bill of lading – коносамент на провоз товаров в контейнере ² units – грузовые единицы

² "said by shipper to contain" – «содержание контейнера на ответственности грузоотправителя» 26 groupage bill of lading – сборный коносамент

² grouped consignments – сборный груз ² forwarding agent – экспедитор

29 house (freight forwarder's) bill of lading – внутренний (экспедиторский) коносамент ³° collection document – документ, служащий основанием для получения груза

³¹ charter party bill of lading – коносамент чартер – партии ³² charter shipping – чартерные перевозки

1g. Vocabulary

Complete the following sentences with the verbs from the box in the correct form:

omit obtain list confer indicate endorse demand delay arrange seal

1.If the shipper can __________ a bill of lading, it is called negotiable.

2.The consignee __________ the goods when he has all necessary shipping documents.

3.The captain of the ship __________ the mate’s receipt immediately after the first officer completed it.

4.This information is not mandatory and can __________ in the document.

5.The type of a bill of lading (negotiable or non-negotiable) usually __________ on the face of the document at the top.

6.The title of goods __________ to the issuing bank if its name is stated in the letter of credit.

7.__________ arrival of ships can cause payment problems.

8.In international shipping the terms and conditions of carriage __________ on the reverse side of a bill of lading.

9.In the case of a __________ container the carrier may not be sure of the accuracy of the given data about the goods.

10.The forwarding agent __________ the consolidation of the cargo takes into consideration the compatibility of different consignments.

Complete the table to have names of bills of lading which have similar meanings:

1. on-board

1h. Comprehension

On what kind of B/L can you see these words?

1.Consignee: P. Smith

2.Case no. 5 missing

3.Consignee: to order

4.Shipper: Fred’s Forwarding Agency

5.Goods shipped and waiting to depart

6.Goods received in apparent good order

7.2 40-ft. containers said to contain 4,000 model shoes.

8.Combined Transportation

Complete each gap with one suitable word:

The bill of lading is one of the most important transport _______ in international shipping and serves as an _______of the contract of carriage, a _______ for goods from the shipping line and a document of

_______ to the goods.

The exporter sends the cargo to the port and _______ a form of a bill of lading ______ from the shipping line which he then gives to the ship _______. The ship owner ________ up a bill of lading on the

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_______ of the _______ receipt and _______ it to the shipper. It can be _______ which means that the goods are all _______ and correct, and that there are no ______. If there are some differences in the _______ and kind of _______ or damage, the bill is called _______ (dirty or unclean or claused). Dirty bills of lading should be _______ at all costs because the importer’s bank may not _______ them.

One copy of the bill is _______ for the _______, the other copies are sent to the _______ or to his

_______. The exporter then sends a copy to the _______ or his bank. The importer _______ the bill and other documents to the shipping _______ when the ship _______ and _______ the goods. The originals are

_______ as "original" on their _______ and all have the same _______.

There are _______ types of bill of lading. It can be a _______bill which is _______ when the goods have been inspected but not _______onto the ship or on-board. In a _______ or non-negotiable bill of lading the _______ to the goods is _______ directly to a party named in the _______ of credit, so the title to the goods is not _______ to another party by _______. If the title to the goods is conferred to the _______ of the shipper or a named party, the document is _______ an order or _______bill of lading. For _______transport a through or _______ transport bill is issued. A _______ bill of lading is used for the _______ of containerized goods and a groupage one for _______ consignments.

1i. Writing

You are a Sales Manager. You have written a letter to the buyer informing him about the dispatch of his consignment. Complete the bill of lading (Fig. 4) with the given data.

Richard Allen

Publishing House, Inc

455 Rue Sainte Antoine

Quebec, H2Z6

Canada

Andrew Morris

International Booksellers, Inc

120 Cedar Grove Lane

Somerset, NJ, 08873

United States

Dear Sirs,

We have pleasure in informing you that your consignment of paint has been dispatched. As agreed, we have fulfilled the following conditions:

Packing: in 25 boxes. The measurements of each box: 120 cm. x 60 cm.x50 cm. The weight per box - 12 kg.

Shipment: ShipNorthAmerica Transportation, per S/S Elizabeth which sailed from Queen’s Quay, Quebec on 15 March, 2007, and is due to arrive in Somerset on 2 April, 2007. We have paid freight and other charges.

Marks and numbers:

EXPORT – SOMERSET

KEEP DRY

Boxes numbered 1 to 25.

The value which was declared – $6,426.00

We enclose your copy of the Bill of Lading.

We look forward to hearing of the safe arrival of the consignment in due course.

Yours faithfully,

Richard Allen

Sales Manager

Encl. Bill of Lading (1 copy)

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Figure 4. Bill of Lading Form

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2. Air Waybill

2a. Reading

Air Waybill

The air waybill¹ is used for the air shipment and serves as:

•documentary evidence of the conclusion of a contract of carriage ²;

•proof of receipt of the goods for shipment;

•an invoice³ for the freight;

•a certificate of insurance ;

•a guide to airline staff for handling, dispatch and delivery of the consignment.

It is not a document of title to the goods and cannot be negotiable. The goods in the air consignment

are consigned directly to the party (the consignee) named in the letter of credit5. The nature of carriage6 by air is such that to use an air waybill as a negotiable document is generally invalid as the goods would arrive at the airport of destination days or weeks before the air waybill arrived via the banking system, which allows the consignee to take delivery of his goods. As a result, the document often travels forward with the goods and unless the goods are consigned to a third party like the issuing bank, the importer can obtain the goods from the carrier at destination without paying the issuing bank or the consignor. That’s why, if a cash payment hasn’t been received by the exporter or the buyer's integrity isn’t unquestionable, consigning goods directly to the importer is risky.

For air consignment to certain destinations, it is possible to arrange payment on a COD (cash on delivery) basis and consign the goods directly to the importer. The goods are released to the importer only after he makes the payment and meets all the requirements9 in the AWB.

In principle, the shipper is required to complete the AWB but, in practice, the carrier or an agent authorized by the carrier normally completes the AWB on behalf of the shipper¹°. The AWB is issued usually in a set of twelve copies: three originals and nine copies. Copies 1, 2 and 3 of AWB are originals and have the same validity. The originals are usually marked as:

Copy 1 - Original for Carrier or Original 1 - (For Carrier)

It is to be signed by the consignor or his agent.

Copy 2 - Original for Consignee or Original 2 - (For Consignee)

It accompanies the goods through to the airport of destination, and is signed by the carrier and by the consignor or his agent.

Copy 3 - Original for Shipper or Original 3 - (For Shipper)

It is signed by the carrier, and is handed over to the consignor or its agent after the goods have been accepted for carriage.

The AWB also acts like a through bill of lading. It can be used in transshipment¹¹, that is, unloading and reloading from one aircraft to another aircraft during the course of carriage from the airport of departure to the airport of destination indicated in the L/C. A set of air waybills issued by the first carrier usually includes a For Second Carrier copy and a For Third Carrier copy.

The issuance date of the air waybill is considered to be the date of shipment. If the letter of credit calls for an actual date of dispatch, the AWB must indicate a specific notation of the date of dispatch.

The basic information to be shown on the air waybill is as follows:

•the shipper's name and address;

•the consignee's name and address;

•the customs reference/status;

•the agent's IATA12 code;

•the airport of departure and destination;

•the first carrier;

•the value of goods and currency, if no value is declared, "NVD" is marked.

•the description of goods, dimensions, commodity code, rate class, chargeable weight and freight rate;

•freight charges (prepaid or payable at destination);

•other charges.

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Notes:

¹ air waybill (AWB) (air consignment note or airway bill of lading) – авиагрузовая накладная ² conclusion of a contract of carriage – заключение контракта на перевозку

³ invoice – счет-фактура

certificate of insurance – страховой сертификат (свидетельство)letter of credit – аккредитивное письмо, аккредитив

6 nature of carriage – сущность перевозкиtravels forward – сопровождает

on a COD (cash on delivery) basis – на условии (основе) оплаты при доставке, наложенным платежом 9 meets all the requirements – выполнит все требования

¹° on behalf of the shipper – по поручению грузоотправителя

¹¹ trans(s)hipment – перегрузка, перевалка (с одного судна на другое)

12 IATA (the International Air Transport Association) – Международная ассоциация воздушного транспорта (ИАТА)

2b. Vocabulary

Find the italicized words in the text which mean the following:

1)people employed by an airline

2)plane

3)through

4)demands

5)proof

6)instruction

7)honesty

8)permitted (someone to do or be something) with official sanction

9)in the process of smth

10)real

Find derivatives of the following verbs in the text and complete the sentences with the words in the right form:

1.to issue

2.to consign

3.to carry

1.The __________ must have the air waybill number to collect the goods from the airline.

2.The cost of __________ by air is usually rather high.

3.The third original copy of an air waybill is given to the __________ .

4.The date of __________ of an air waybill may not be the date of shipment.

5.The information about the cargo includes the total number of pieces which __________ .

6.When the air waybill __________ by an airline, it has a unique reference number which begins with a carrier prefix.

7.The forwarder in the exporting country can consolidate together the __________ to be shipped, booking them as a single shipment with an airline.

8.Instead of the importer, the consignee can be a third party, for example, the __________ bank.

2c. Comprehension

Decide whether the statements are true or false:

1.Carriers may use an AWB as a source of information about how to handle the goods.

2.An AWB shows the amount for which the goods are to be insured.

3.An AWB can be endorsed.

4.If the goods are sent directly to the buyer, it may be risky for the seller.

5.A COD basis helps to avoid payment problems.

6.Only consignors may issue AWBs.

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7.All originals should be signed by the carrier.

8.Goods sent by air can be loaded to another aircraft in transit.

Complete each gap with a suitable word:

The air waybill is used for the air _______ and _______ as an evidence of the _______ of carriage, a

_______of receipt for the goods, a certificate of _______. It is not a _______ of title to the goods and cannot be _______. The document often _______ forward with the goods and the importer can _______ the goods from the _______ at destination without paying the _______ bank or the _______. So consigning goods

_______to the importer is quite _______ but it is possible to _______ payment on a _______ on delivery basis. The goods are _______ to the importer only after he _______ the payment and _______all the requirements in the air waybill.

In practice, the carrier or an agent _______ by the carrier normally _______ the air waybill on

_______of the shipper. It is _______ usually in a set of _______ copies: _______ originals which have the same _______ and _______ copies. The first original is for the _______ and signed by the _______or his agent. The second original signed by the _______ or the consignor is for the _______ and _______ the goods through to the airport of _______. The third one signed by the _______ is _______ over to the _______or his agent.

The _______ information on the air waybill _______the shipper's and consignee's _______and address; the agent's IATA code; the _______ reference/status; the airport of _______ and _______; the _______ carrier; the _______of goods and currency; the _______ of goods, dimensions, _______ code, rate class, _______

weight and _______ rate; freight and other _______.

Study an air waybill form (Fig. 5) and a sample of the air waybill (Fig. 6) and answer the following questions:

1.Who is the consignor?

2.Who is the carrier?

3.Who issued the air waybill?

4.Who is to receive the goods?

5.What airport are the goods to leave from?

6.What airport will the goods arrive at?

7.What goods are being transported?

8.How many units of the goods are there?

9.What is the weight of the goods with the tare?

10.Who is to pay freight charges?

11.What is the freight rate per kg?

12.How much does the carriage cost including all charges?

13.What is the currency of the transaction?

14.What is the value of the goods for Customs?

15.Who is this original copy for?

16.When was the air waybill signed?

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Figure 5. Air Waybill Form

29

Figure 6. Sample Air Waybill

30