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Knowledge is Power

We would love to shield our children from knowing about terrorism, but doing so may undermine their safety. Providing accurate information and addressing fears is the best protection we can provide.

It is important to determine what type and how much information is appropriate. A news report suitable for teens is likely to terrify a school-aged child. A youngster's age and personality are the best guides for deciding how and what information to share. Elementary-age and younger kids are incapable of distinguishing between reality and make-believe. They are overwhelmed by details. An attack on a school anywhere leads them to believe their school or daycare center must be a target too. Middle-school children have developed more refined faculties to distinguish reality. They may wonder about consequences of an attack. Teens understand even finer nuances, such as the political climate surrounding an attack.

Further, consider your child’s personality. Information suitable for one child may be too troubling for a more sensitive child of the same age.

Whenever possible, watch or read information on terrorism together. No matter their age, your presence provides a sense of security and an opportunity for discussion.

Starting a Dialogue

It's not exactly run of the mill dinner conversation, so what is the best way to bring up terrorism? Any parent knows lectures are met with glazed eyes and closed ears. Your best bet is to introduce the topic through conversation. Look for opportunities to relate terrorism to another occurrence within your child's day. A bully or fire drill at school, for example, provides an occasion to discuss handling conflict or safety.

A few tips to remember:

•Ask your child's opinion, listen to what he or she says, and what he or she doesn't

•Keep the discussion age appropriate

•Without passing judgment, encourage your child to express fears

•Be informed and confident, as children take cues from adults

•Remember kids process information as they are able -- they may need several conversations to feel reassured

•Acknowledge your child's fears and counter with concrete information

•Attend to your child's body language and behavior. When he or she has had enough, end the discussion

Mobilize Your Family

Beyond talking, we can empower children with action. Fear is a natural response to the unknown and the uncontrollable. Information and readiness keep fear at bay and reduce feelings of powerlessness. Put together an emergency kit with your children.

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•Create a family plan together, outlining where to meet, emergency numbers, escape routes, etc.

•Point out the presence of police, firefighters, paramedics, and other emergency personnel as indicators of our country’s preparedness

•Remember consistency and structure are reassuring to children -- keep your normal routine in place

Terrorism is a frightening topic, but it does not have to be paralyzing. By opening a dialogue, demonstrating informed confidence and including children in our readiness plans, adults model healthy coping skills that speak louder than any terrorist act.

6. Terrortips

Acts of terrorism range from threats of terrorism, assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, cyber attacks (computer-based), to the use of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. High-risk targets include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities and high-profile landmarks. Terrorists might also target large public gatherings, water and food supplies, utilities, and corporate centers. Further, they are capable of spreading fear by sending explosives or chemical and biological agents through the mail. In the immediate area of a terrorist event, you would need to rely on police, fire and other officials for instructions. However, you can prepare in much the same way you would prepare for other crisis events.

Preparing for Terrorism:

1.Wherever you are, be aware of your surroundings. The very nature of terrorism suggests there may be little or no warning.

2.Take precautions when traveling. Be aware of conspicuous or unusual behavior. Do not accept packages from strangers. Do not leave luggage unattended. Unusual behavior, suspicious packages and strange devices should be promptly reported to the police or security personnel.

3.Do not be afraid to move or leave if you feel uncomfortable or if something does not seem right.

4.Learn where emergency exits are located in buildings you frequent. Notice where exits are when you enter unfamiliar buildings. Plan how to get out of a building, subway or congested public area or traffic. Note where staircases are located. Notice heavy or breakable objects that could move, fall or break in an explosion.

5.Assemble a disaster supply kit at home and learn first aid. Separate the supplies you would take if you had to evacuate quickly, and put them in a backpack or container, ready to go.

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6. Be familiar with different types of fire extinguishers and how to locate them. Know the location and availability of hard hats in buildings in which you spend a lot of time.

Preparing for a Building Explosion.

Explosions can collapse buildings and cause fires. People who live or work in a multi-level building can do the following:

1.Review emergency evacuation procedures. Know where emergency exits are located.

2.Keep fire extinguishers in working order. Know where they are located, and learn how to use them.

3.Learn first aid. Contact the local chapter of the American Red Cross for information and training.

4.Building owners should keep the following items in a designated place on each floor of the building:

•Portable, battery-operated radio and extra batteries.

•Several flashlights and extra batteries.

•First aid kit and manual.

•Several hard hats.

•Fluorescent tape to rope off dangerous areas.

What to do to Prepare for a Chemical or Biological Attack.

Assemble a disaster supply kit and be sure to include:

•Battery-powered commercial radio with extra batteries.

•Non-perishable food and drinking water.

•Roll of duct tape and scissors.

•Plastic for doors, windows and vents for the room in which you will shelter in placethis should be an internal room where you can block out air that may contain hazardous chemical or biological agents. To save critical time during an emergency, sheeting should be pre-measured and cut for each opening.

•First aid kit.

•Sanitation supplies including soap, water and bleach.

Preparing for a Nuclear Attack.

Nuclear explosions can cause deadly effects-blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and secondary fires caused by the destruction. They also produce radioactive particles called fallout that can be carried by wind for hundreds of miles. Terrorist use of a radiological dispersion device (RDD)-often called "dirty nuke" or "dirty bomb"-is considered far more likely than use of a nuclear device. These radiological weapons are a combination of conventional explosives and radio-

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active material designed to scatter dangerous and sub-lethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area. Such radiological weapons appeal to terrorists because they require very little technical knowledge to build and deploy compared to that of a nuclear device.

Terrorist use of a nuclear device would probably be limited to a single smaller "suitcase" weapon. The strength of such a weapon would be in the range of the bombs used during World War II. The nature of the effects would be the same as a weapon delivered by an inter-continental missile, but the area and severity of the effects would be significantly more limited. There is no way of knowing how much warning time there would be before an attack by a terrorist using a nuclear or radiological weapon. A surprise attack remains a possibility. The danger of a massive strategic nuclear attack on the United States involving many weapons receded with the end of the Cold War. However, some terrorists have been supported by nations that have nuclear weapons programs.

© Copyright 2003 by EMA Resources.com.

7. Mysterious Plane Crashes

by Lexi Krock

In the year 1020, Oliver of Malmesbury, attempting to fly, donned a homemade pair of wings and leapt from the top of an English abbey. He broke both his legs. Though humans have harbored the sometimes perilous dream of flying for millennia, they succeeded in achieving sustained flight only in the past century. In the nearly 100 years since Orville Wright's first shaky, 12-second aircraft flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, airplane travel has become a way of life, allowing millions of people each day to zigzag from coast to coast and continent to continent at greater speeds and higher levels of comfort and safety than ever before.

Though relatively rare, incidents of airplane tragedy make up a significant element of 20th century aviation history. Studying the cause of air disasters helps engineers design safer planes and prompts officials to initiate better air travel guidelines, yet a number of crashes have remained unsolved. In this illustrated timeline, follow a century's worth of mysterious plane crashes, from Orville Wright's ill-fated flight of September 1908 to the October 1999 crash of EgyptAir flight 990.

September 17, 1908.

Over Fort Meyer, Virginia, Orville Wright's co-pilot H. Thomas Selfridge was killed when their plane plummeted from the sky. Wright suffered only a broken leg and hip. For nearly a decade, the exact cause of the crash remained undetermined. Then the plane's shattered propeller turned up, revealing the structural failure that probably brought the early aircraft down.

July 2, 1937.

In 1932 Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the At-

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lantic. Emboldened by this accomplishment, Earhart set out to fly around the world in 1937. With more than two thirds of the journey completed, the twinengine Lockheed Electra carrying Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, disappeared near Howland Island in the central Pacific. Despite an intense investigation in 1937 and decades of subsequent speculation, the cause and location of the crash remain unknown.

December 5, 1945.

In the event that launched the so-called Bermuda Triangle legend in earnest, five Navy Avenger bombers mysteriously vanished while on a routine training mission, as did a rescue plane sent to search for them. In all, six aircraft and 26 men were lost without a trace somewhere within the vast, three-sided segment of the Atlantic Ocean. No fewer than 200 prior and subsequent mysterious airplane and boat losses have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle. Though theories abound about everything from strange magnetic fields to ancient curses, no evidence has appeared that would convincingly suggest these events were anything more than coincidence.

August 2, 1947.

A civilian version of the Lancaster bomber named Stardust disappeared over the Andes Mountains shortly before it was scheduled to land in Santiago, Chile. Minutes or even moments before the plane's tragic end, its radio operator tapped out a final, mysterious Morse code message: "STENDEC." For half a century following the disappearance, no trace of the aircraft or the 11 people on board was found. Then, in 1998, climbers high in the Andes discovered fragments of the plane coughed up by a glacier. Investigators now speculate that Stardust's navigator, not knowing that the newly identified jet stream could slow westwardflying planes, called for the plane's descent too early, before it had safely cleared the cloud-covered Andes. But the meaning of the flight's last radio transmission remains unknown.

July 12, 1953.

On its way from Guam to Honolulu, Hawaii, a Transocean Air Lines (U.S.) Douglass DC-6A crashed at night approximately 350 miles east of Wake Island. Searchers turned up only a small amount of debris and 14 bodies out of the 58 total people aboard. Investigators found no evidence of sabotage or an in-flight fire, but the lack of sufficient evidence kept them from ever identifying the true cause of the disaster.

March 16, 1962.

A four-engine Lockheed 1049H Super operated by The Flying Tiger Line (U.S.) failed to arrive at its destination near Manila. Traveling in darkness but in good weather conditions, the plane had simply vanished in the Philippine Sea. Its final radio transmission gave no indication of difficulty. A week-long search encompassing 114,000 square miles of ocean failed to turn up any trace of the plane or its 107 passengers, and investigators never determined the cause of the crash.

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October 1, 1972.

All 109 people aboard were killed when an Aeroflot (Russian) Ilyushin Il18B crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Alder on its way to Moscow. The accident occurred in good weather and visibility, and ground controllers received no distress message prior to the crash. An investigation failed to reveal its cause.

November 28, 1987.

Traveling from Taipei, Taiwan to Johannesburg, South Africa, South African Airways Flight 295 flew without incident for nine and a half hours before tragedy struck. As the Boeing 747 flew over Mauritius in the middle of the Indian Ocean, the pilot reported smoke in the cabin. A few minutes later, the plane crashed into the ocean, killing all 159 passengers and crew. Debris washed ashore on the beaches of Madagascar but could not be retrieved due to political troubles between that island nation and South Africa at the time. To this day, the precise cause of the accident remains shrouded in mystery.

September 8, 1994.

The crash of U.S. Air flight 427 near Aliquippa, Pennsylvania is one of the worst U.S. airline disasters still assigned to the unexplained category. All 132 people aboard (126 passengers and a crew of six) perished when the Boeing 737 mysteriously plunged to the ground while preparing to make a stop at Pittsburgh International Airport while en route from Chicago to West Palm Beach, Florida. A five-month study by the Federal Aviation Administration failed to reveal even a single clue to the cause of the disaster.

July 17, 1996.

TWA Flight 800 exploded not long after takeoff en route from New York to Paris. All 230 people aboard the Boeing 747 died. A range of unofficial theories as to the cause of the crash have been advanced over the years, including the notion that the plane was brought down by one or more shoulder-launched missiles. (A Saudi Arabian Airlines crew did report seeing a bright greenish object streaking by their plane not far from the Flight 800 crash site just seconds before the TWA flight met its demise.) For its part, the National Transportation Safety Board determined in August 2000 that a fuel-air explosion took place inside the center wing tank, precipitating the crash.

October 25, 1999.

The tragic crash of the Learjet carrying golf champion Payne Stewart and five other people near Mina, South Dakota will go down as one of the eeriest plane crashes in history. The plane fell straight down into a field after flying over 1,000 miles on autopilot and then running out of gas. Approximately 30 minutes after the Learjet 35 left Orlando, Florida on its way to Dallas, flight controllers lost radio contact with the pilot. Though the plane climbed to altitude and continued flying, officials suspect (but could not prove) that rapid and complete depressurization rendered the passengers and crew unconscious hours before the plane finally crashed, killing everyone aboard.

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October 31, 1999.

About 1:50 a.m. Egypt Air flight 990 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just south of Nantucket Island, off Massachusetts. The airplane involved was a Boeing 767, and all 217 aboard were lost. Investigators have speculated that the flight's relief co-captain, First Officer Gamil El Batouty, was suicidal and deliberately took the plane down, but this theory remains unsubstantiated. Examination of the wreckage turned up few clues as to why the plane suddenly plummeted into the ocean.

8.Helmet use laws

•Laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet are in place in 20 states and the District of Columbia

•Laws requiring only some motorcyclists to wear a helmet are in place in 27 states

•There is no motorcycle helmet use law in 3 states (Illinois, Iowa, and New Hampshire)

•Some bicyclists are required by law to wear a helmet in 21 states and the District of Columbia

•There is no bicycle helmet use law in 29 states

The history of motorcycle helmet laws in the United States is characterized

by change. In 1967, to increase motorcycle helmet use, the federal government required the states to enact helmet use laws in order to qualify for certain federal safety programs and highway construction funds. The federal incentive worked. By the early 1970s, almost all the states had universal motorcycle helmet laws ("universal" in the sense that they covered all riders). Michigan was the first state to repeal its law in 1968, beginning a pattern of repeal, reenactment, and amendment of motorcycle helmet laws. In 1976, states successfully lobbied Congress to stop the Department of Transportation from assessing financial penalties on states without helmet laws. By 1980, most states had repealed or limited their motorcycle helmet laws to cover riders younger than 18, but not older riders. Later states that had repealed the law, reinstated it but only for young riders. All but 3 states (Illinois, Iowa, and New Hampshire) now require some or all motorcyclists to wear helmets. Since 1997, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Texas have changed their laws covering all riders to apply only to young riders. And most recently, Louisiana moved from a partial to a universal motorcycle helmet law.

The changes in helmet laws have created a natural laboratory for researchers to study the effects of the laws on helmet use rates and on motorcycle deaths and head injuries. Helmet use rates approach 100 percent under universal laws (currently, in 20 states and the District of Columbia), but partial laws that cover only some motorcyclists (currently, in 27 states) are widely disobeyed. Repeatedly, research has shown that universal helmet laws reduce deaths and serious in-

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juries among motorcyclists. The sharp reductions in helmet use resulting from weakening or repealing motorcycle helmet laws are followed by significant increases in injuries and deaths. Research in Texas is illustrative. The universal helmet law in Texas is estimated to have saved 650 lives between 1968 when it went into effect and 1977 when it was first amended. The amended law covered only riders younger than 18 and its enactment was followed by a 35 percent increase in motorcyclist fatalities. Texas reinstated universal coverage in 1989. Helmet use which had dropped to 41 percent under the partial law, promptly rose to 98 percent and serious injury crashes per registered motorcycle decreased by 11 percent. The pattern repeated in 1997 when Texas again rolled back the law to apply only to riders younger than 21. In less than a year, helmet use was down to 66 percent, and operator fatalities increased 31 percent in the first full year of the new law.

Bicycle helmets also prevent injuries, but no state has a universal bicycle helmet law. Only 21 states and the District of Columbia have statewide bicycle helmet laws, and they apply only to young riders (often riders younger than 16). Local ordinances in a few other states require bicycle helmets for some or all riders.

9. Cellphone laws

A jurisdiction-wide ban on driving while talking on a hand-held cellular phone is in place in 6 states (California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Utah, and Washington) and the District of Columbia. Utah has named the offense careless driving. Under the Utah law, no one commits an offense when speaking on a cellphone unless they are also committing some other moving violation other than speeding.

The law in 6 states (Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) specifically authorizes a locality to ban cellphone use. Localities in other states may not need specific statutory authority to ban cellphones. Localities that have enacted restrictions on cellphone use include: Chicago, IL; Brookline, MA; Detroit, MI; Santa Fe, NM; Brooklyn, North Olmstead and Walton Hills, OH; Conshohocken, Lebanon and West Conshohocken, PA; and Waupaca County, WI.

Localities are prohibited from banning cellphone use in 8 states (Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Utah).

The use of all cellular phones while driving a school bus is prohibited in 17 states and the District of Columbia.

The use of all cellular phones by novice drivers is restricted in 20 states and the District of Columbia.

Text messaging is banned for all drivers in 11 states (Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, Utah, Virginia, and Washington) and the District of Columbia. In addition, novice drivers

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are banned from texting in 9 states (Delaware, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, and West Virginia) and school bus drivers are banned from text messaging in 2 states (North Carolina, and Texas).

*An officer in California can stop a person, regardless of age, holding a cellphone and talking or texting on it, but they may not use checkpoints to enforce the all cell ban for drivers younger than 18.

**During the 2008 legislative session, Louisiana passed 3 different cellphone laws addressing teen drivers. The governor signed all three. As of September 12, 2008, it is unclear whether both hand-held and hands-free phone use is prohibited, or whether only hand-held phone use is banned. All 3 laws prohibit text messaging. A 4th cell phone law prohibits cellphone use by school bus drivers.

***Utah's law defines careless driving as committing a moving violation (other than speeding) while distracted by use of a hand-held cellphone or other activities not related to driving.

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Использованная литература

1.Richard Acklam with Sally Burgess First certificate Gold. Coursebook. – UK: Longman, 2005 - 205 P.

2.Hugh Dellar and Andrew Walkley Innovations. Coursebook. – UK: Thomson, 2006. – 186 P.

3.Sarah Cunningham, Peter Moor Cutting edge. Intermediate. New. – UK: Pear- son-Longman, 2008 – 180 P.

4.Christian J Bezick Child Safety Book Guide for New and Expecting Parents. – New-York Publishing, 2007. – 235 P.

5.Geoff Craighead High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Second Edition. - ISBN: 0750674555

6.John Myre Live Safely in a Dangerous World. - ISBN: 0756474555

7.Thomas, Pat I Can Be Safe: A First Look at Safety. - UK, 2006 – 380 P.

8.Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley Wishes. – UK: Express Publishing , 2009. -240 P.

9.Безопасность жизни человека. Полная энциклопедия. – СПб: ИД «Весь», 2001г. – 384 с.

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