MHhAwQt60n

26. Complete the short conversations with the words in the boxes.

The effects of disasters

Conversation 1

flash recede stranded submerged

A:So, did all the flooding last year affect you?

B:Yes, it was awful. It was (1) _______ flooding, so the river went up 15,16 feet overnight. By the time we woke up, the ground floor was totally (2) ______

and everything was ruined. We were (3) ______ upstairs and we just had to sit tight and wait for the waters to (4) ______.

A:Really? That must've been awful.

Conversation 2

control deliberately evacuated flames ground

A:So were your parents affected by all the forest fires?

B:Yeah, they were. Their village was (1) ______ and they had to go and stay with my uncle for a few days until the firefighters got everything under (2)

_______. The next village along from them was pretty much burnt to the (3)

______, though. Everything just went up in (4)________. My mum was telling me they now think it might all have been started (5) ________.

A:Really? What kind of person would do that?

Conversation 3

A:So was the area you were staying in affected by the volcano?

B:Yeah, totally! It was (1) ______, it really was. Apparently, they'd been feeling (2) _________ for a few weeks and then the night before the (3) _______, all these strange lights (4) ________ the night sky. Then at around 5 in the morning, there was an (5)_______ bang - like a huge explosion - and all these enormous clouds of ash and smoke started pouring out. People started (6) _________ their homes to escape the lava. There was just (7) _________panic everywhere!

A:God! You must've been absolutely (8) __________!

Work with a partner, and have the conversations. Try to continue them for as long as you can.

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27.Translate the text from Russian into English. Enlarge on the topic “Extreme situations”.

Существует множество чрезвычайных ситуаций. Некоторые из них зависят от времени года, такие как наводнение (происходит в основном весной, когда тают (melt) снега) или засуха (случается жарким летом, когда выпадает мало осадков (precipitation)).

Часто землетрясения являются причиной торнадо, больших волн (цунами) и крупных разрушений.

На севере зимой часто случаются метели и снежные заносы, что приводит к обморожению и переохлаждению людей.

Сцелью спасения и помощи людям в России было создано министерство по чрезвычайным ситуациям. Спасатели стараются помочь людям, попавшим в беду: достают их из-под завалов зданий, доставляют продовольствие в регионы, терпящие бедствия, тушат пожары и т.д.. Иногда пострадавшие не могут ответить из-под завалов, и чтобы их найти, спасателям помогают специально обученные собаки.

Главная задача - научиться предсказывать чрезвычайные ситуации и предупреждать людей (warn about) и эвакуировать (evacuate) их из опасных мест (dangerous).

28.Survival tips. A) Discuss the following questions in small groups.

•Have you ever driven or been for a walk in the desert? Why/ Why not?

•What do you think are the possible dangers?

•Make a list of ten things you would need to take on a trip into the desert?

B) Jeff Wilkinson works for a centre for tourism in Queensland, Australia. He specializes in providing safety advice for visitors to the Queensland desert.

Read his advice.

How to survive in the desert

What you have to remember is that the desert – any true desert – is an amazingly beautiful, amazingly spiritual place. It's also an extremely dangerous place, and every year we have several cases where people, usually tourists have serious problems in the desert and have to be rescued. And if people just use a bit of common sense, and follow a few basic rules for survival, this could so easily be avoided.

I think the first thing is, if you decide to go into the desert for whatever reason, just let one or two people know where and when you're going, and when you expect to get back. That way if something does go wrong, people will know where to start looking. There's not really much chance of finding you if we don't where to look. And never ever go into the desert along. As for things you should take, well there's just one word which is water. You must be sure to take plenty of

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water and by plenty, I mean at least two litres per person per day. In the desert there really is no such thing as too much water. And definitely no alcohol, not even a cold beer – that will dry you put and make you even thirstier. Check you've enough spare fuel for your vehicle – at least twenty litres. As for the equipment you should take, well, of course, a map, and a compass … preferably a couple of maps, and be sure to take a small first-aid kit with a pair of scissors, some bandages and a sharp knife. And take some matches so you can start a fire if need be.

You can experience extremes of climate in the desert, so you'll need to have lots of sun screen if you don't want a bad case of sunburn. On the other hand the temperature drops dramatically at night. Actually, more people die from the cold than the hat, and very often people don't take any warm clothes to put on at night … but you'll need them...

29.Complete the gaps with correct quantifiers according to the text:

1.Every year we have ______ cases where people have to be rescued.

2.If people just use _____ common sense…

3.… and follow ______ basic rules for survival, this could easily be avoided.

4.Let _____ people know where and when you’re going.

5.There’s not really_____ chance of finding you if we don’t know where to look.

6.You must be sure to take _____ water.

7.In the desert there really is no such thing as ______ water.

8.Definitely _____ alcohol – not even a cold beer.

9.Check you’ve got ______ spare fuel for your vehicle.

10.Be sure to take a small first-aid kit with a pair of scissors, ____ bandages…

11.Take _____ matches so you can start a fire if need be.

12.You’ll need to have _____ sun screen if you don’t want a bad case of sunburn.

13.Very often people don’t take ______ warm clothes to put on at right.

30.Think of the things you would need to take on a trip to the mountains / to the tundra / to the uninhabited island / to the forest / to the jungle.

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II. Accidents

voyage – морское путешествие crew - команда

a look-out man/ night watch – наблюдатель (дозорный) to pour in - заливаться

to sink – тонуть (о корабле) unsinkable - непотопляемый wireless operator - радист to drown - тонуть

survive - выжить survivors - выжившие rescue - спасать

lifeboats – спасательные шлюпки

to abandon the ship – покинуть корабль preliminary – предварительный

initial – начальный, исходный

findings – полученные данные / сведения investigation – расследование, исследование engine – двигатель

online – неавтономный режим работы; режим прямого доступа (онлайн); to come online – включаться в контур управления

failure – авария, отказ (тех.)

to occur – происходить, случаться

to compromise – подвергать риску, опасности; компрометировать to ignite – раскалять(ся), воспламенять(ся), загораться

structure – конструкция, устройство; структура wiring – электропроводка

crew – судовая команда, экипаж to respond – реагировать; отвечать

to taxi – выруливать (о самолете), вести самолет по земле airfield – аэродром

aircraft – самолет, авиация equipment – оборудование, оснащение

to contribute – содействовать, способствовать; вносить вклад crackdown – крутые / карательные меры, силовое воздействие relief pitcher – запасной питчер / подающий (спорт.)

catcher – принимающий / кетчер (спорт.) apartment building – многоквартирный дом to spark – зажигать; вызывать

9/11 – 11 сентября 2001 года (день масштабных террористических актов на территории США)

to overlook – возвышаться (над местностью) to gut – опустошать (о пожаре)

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standstill – прекращение активности; мертвая точка

riot gear – экипировка для подавления нарушений общественной тишины и порядка

to cordon (=to cordon off) – блокировать, оцеплять chilling – страшный, ужасный

to claim – уносить жизни (о стихийном бедствии, аварии, болезни) homeland security – национальная безопасность, безопасность отечества densely populated area – густонаселенный район

virtually – фактически, практически restriction – ограничение

high-profile – привлекающий внимание, выдающийся target – цель, мишень

to rule out – исключать (возможность чего-л.) fighter – истребитель (авиац.)

to scramble – поднимать в воздух по тревоге to patrol – патрулировать, охранять

to assume – предполагать

fatality – несчастный случай со смертельным исходом; рок civilian – штатский; (pl.) гражданской население

abrasion – ссадина

to sustain – испытывать, претерпевать

to ease – облегчать (физические страдания); успокаивать, уменьшать (тревогу, напряжение)

talkback – двусторонняя связь (радио) to permit – позволять, разрешать

vulnerabilities – слабые места в системе защиты to exist – существовать

to take off – взлететь (авиац.)

overcast – сплошная облачность; затянутость облаками to swing – поворачивать(ся); качать(ся)

boundary – граница, рубеж

visual flight rules – правила визуального полёта to maintain – поддерживать

to veer – менять направление, поворачивать mayday – (радио)сигнал бедствия

distress call – экстренный вызов (пожар, скорая помощь и т.п.), сигнал бедствия

major league – высшая лига

locker – запирающийся шкафчик / ящик elimination – исключение, устранение reportedly – по имеющимся сообщениям

to stun – оглушить (ударом, грохотом); потрясти, ошеломить condolences – соболезнования, сочувствие

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vehicle – транспортное средство; автомобиль tailgater – водитель, не соблюдающий дистанцию Rollover – переворачивание (автомобиля) Head-on collision – лобовое столкновение

To back up – давать задний ход

Spin – буксование, проскальзывание при вращении

Shunt – маневрирование (ж.-д.); автомобильная катастрофа (разг.)

I.Plane crashes

1.Complete the sentences. Use the previous list of words.

a)______ are keepings.

b)Upon closer ______ we discovered the cause of the fire.

c)Sam got into the driving seat and started the ______.

d)When exactly did the accident ______?

e)The photo ______ in a moment.

f)The police ______ to emergencies in just a few minutes.

g)The plain ______ to a halt.

h)The police ______ off the area where the suspect was last seen.

i)There is no ______ on filming in the area.

j)Do write to your mother to ______ her of her worry.

k)We cannot ______ without oxygen.

2.Form correct word combinations:

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3. Look through the extract from the official report on the accident to Boeing 777-222, registration N786UA at London Heathrow Airport on 26 February 2007. Find the synonym for the word “reason”.

A preliminary report on the initial findings from the accident was published in AAIB Special Bulletin S2-2007 on 17 April 2007. This formal report contains the final findings and Safety Recommendations from the investigation.

The accident occurred during engine start after pushback from the stand. After the right generator came online an electrical failure occurred in the right main bus. The failure resulted in severe internal arcing and short circuits inside the two main power contactors of the right main bus. The heat generated during the failure resulted in the contactor casings becoming compromised, causing molten metal droplets to fall down onto the insulation blankets below. The insulation blankets ignited and a fire spread underneath a floor panel to the opposite electrical panel (P205), causing heat and fire damage to structure, cooling ducts and wiring.

The flight crew responded to the bus failure and a burning smell by shutting down the right engine and taxiing to a nearby stand. The Airfield Fire Service attended the aircraft when it arrived on stand and entered the Main Equipment Centre where they discovered significant smoke but no fire. The passengers were evacuated uneventfully via steps.

The investigation identified the following causal factors:

1. An internal failure of the Right Generator Circuit Breaker or Right Bus Tie Breaker contactor on the P200 power panel inside the Main Equipment Centre resulted in severe internal arcing and short-circuits which melted the contactor casings. The root cause of contactor failure could not be determined.

2.The open base of the P200 power panel allowed molten metal droplets from the failed contactors to drop down onto the insulation blankets and ignite them.

3.The aircraft’s electrical protection system was not designed to detect and rapidly remove power from a contactor suffering from severe internal arcing and short-circuits.

4.The contactors had internal design features that probably contributed to the uncontained failures.

Five Safety Recommendations were made.

4.Read the report once more. Find the equivalents for the words and word combinations.

Правая главная шина (эл.); внутреннее искрение; короткое замыкание; силовой контактор; оболочка контактора; капли расплавленного металла; изолирующий коврик; вентиляционный канал; без особых происшествий; выключатель.

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5. Read the text. Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.

Not terror, but lack of rules terrifying

David Nason, New York correspondent | October 13, 2006 Article from: The Australian

A CRACKDOWN on general aviation procedures around major US cities appears certain after a New York Yankees pitcher ______ (1) a light plane into a Manhattan apartment building, sparking fears of another 9/11 terrorist attack.

Cory Lidle, 34, a Yankees relief pitcher, and his California flight instructor, Tyler Stranger, were killed instantly yesterday when their four-seat Cirrus SR 20 crashed into the 30th floor of the Belaire Condominiums building ______ (2) the East River.

The huge fireball from Lidle's plane ______ (3) at least five apartments and New York's East Side was ______ (4) to a standstill as police in riot gear cordoned off streets.

With sirens blaring, thick black smoke billowing from the building and about 200 firemen on the scene, it chillingly ______ (5) the 9/11 terrorist strikes of five years ago.

It also marked the second occasion an aviation tragedy has claimed a player from baseball's most famous club.

In 1979, Thurmon Munson, the Yankees captain and an All-Star catcher, was killed while ______ (6) landings at Akron airport in Ohio.

But chairman of the house Homeland Security Committee Peter King said the real tragedy was that a small plane could fly over one of the most densely populated areas of the US virtually without restriction.

"It's terrible that several people ______ (7) but this is also a signal to terrorists as to how they could attack Manhattan," said Mr King, a Republican.

"There is no restricted air space along the East River and the Hudson River. Just think of the high-profile targets you have off both of those rivers."

State and federal aviation officials took two to three hours to rule out that another terrorist attack ______ (8).

In that time, fighter jets ______ (9) by the North American Aerospace Defence Command were patrolling the skies above several US cities.

Admiral Tim Keating, commander of US Northern Command, said his first reaction was: "Oh no, we've got another 9/11."

He said he ordered the fighters to be scrambled immediately on the basis of what he was learning from television. The aircraft were in the air in 10 minutes, he said.

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"We assumed it was (a terrorist act) until we were confident it wasn't," he

said.

On Wall Street, the Dow Jones index ______ (10) 50 points on news of the crash but recovered when it became clear terrorists were not involved.

Miraculously, Lidle and his co-pilot were the only fatalities and there were no other major injuries. Just five civilians ______ (11) treatment for cuts and abrasions, although 15 firefighters and a police officer were later treated for minor injuries sustained in securing the building, which is a short walk from the homes of Paul Newman and Woody Allen.

Investigators don't know who was in control of the plane and have yet to discover the reason for the crash. Suicide, though unlikely, has not been ruled out as a possibility.

As the initial fears of another terrorist attack eased, the public focus ______

(12) to what appears to be remarkably laissez faire1 general aviation rules that allow light planes to fly close to Manhattan skyscrapers without being subject to a ground control regime.

Radio talkback shows were alive with people ______ (13) to know why planes that could be packed with explosives ______ (14) to fly so close to tall buildings.

The final report of the 9/11 Commission warned that "major vulnerabilities" to terrorism still existed in US general aviation.

Lidle and his instructor took off in overcast weather from New Jersey's Teterboro airport at 2.29pm on Wednesday, local time, and headed south to circle the Statue of Liberty before swinging north to fly up Manhattan's East River boundary.

The airspace above the river is open to general aviation and is subject to visual flight rules until East 96th Street. Pilots using this corridor and travelling below 1100ft are not required ______ (15) contact with air traffic controllers.

For reasons not yet clear, Lidle's plane was travelling smoothly as it passed the UN2 but suddenly ______ (16) control on reaching the Upper East, veering left and crashing into the apartment building. It was unclear whether a mayday distress call was issued just before the crash, which occurred at 2.45pm.

The last time a plane accidentally crashed into a Manhattan skyscraper was in 1945 when fog caused a B-25 bomber to fly into the Empire State Building, killing 14 people.

Lidle, a journeyman3 pitcher who began his major league career with the New York Mets in 1997, was signed in August by the Yankees. He had played just six games with them and was on a $US3.3 million ($4.4 million) contract. He had been planning to fly himself home to California later this week via Nashville, Tennessee.

As he was cleaning out his locker at Yankee Stadium last Sunday after the team's shock elimination from the baseball playoffs, Lidle had told teammates he

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would be doing instrument practice with his instructor in New York before

______ (17) home.

When the subject of air safety was raised, Lidle reportedly motioned across the room in the direction of Munson's old locker and said he ______ (18) the National Transportation Safety Board4 report of his accident and the one that killed John F. Kennedy Jr.

Yankees owner George Steinbrenner said the "terrible and shocking tragedy"

______ (19) the Yankees organisation. "I offer my deep condolences and prayers to his wife Melanie and son Christopher on their enormous loss," he said in a statement.

Lidle paid $US187,000 for the plane last year but he completed the 400 flying hours ______ (20) for his pilot's licence only last month.

Copyright 2009 News Limited. All times AEST (GMT +10).

laissez faire1 = individualism - the doctrine of unrestricted freedom in commerce, esp. for private interests

UN2 = United Nations – Организация Объединенных Наций Journeyman3 – профессионал, хорошо делающий своё дело, но не вы-

дающийся

National Transportation Safety Board4 – Национальный комитет по вопросам безопасности транспорта

6.Answer the questions:

−What is 9/11?

−Why did the crash of Lidle’s plane recall a terrorist attack?

−Why were the fighters scrambled?

−What was the reason for the crash?

−Was Lidle an experienced pilot? Why do you think so?

7.Can you recollect any information about plane crashes? Discuss the facts, causes, and results.

8.Read the text carefully. Consult a dictionary, if necessary.

Take the fear out of flying

A former airline pilot shares techniques that have helped travellers overcome their phobias

A survey conducted for a major aircraft manufacturer concluded that millions of adults were fearful flyеrs. This fear often starts days or weeks before a planned flight. It may be reflected by a persistent uneasiness or an anxiety that produces sleeplessness, nausea or diarrhea. Some people find themselves cancelling reservations. Others may reach the airport only to turn back. But all agree that once they’ve managed to board a plane, the flight can turn into a nightmare.

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