!!Экзамен зачет 2023 год / The Law of Obligations
.pdfxxiv |
|
Table of Contents |
|
|
|
|
Page |
II. Depositum.......................................................................... |
205 |
||
1. The nature of depositum; depositum miserabile ........ |
205 |
||
2. |
The liability of the depositary...................................... |
208 |
|
|
(a) Dolus, culpa lata (and exceptions)........................ |
208 |
|
|
(b) |
Diligentia quam in suis......................................... |
210 |
|
(c) The development of diligentia quam in suis........ |
211 |
|
3. |
The gratuitous nature of depositum ............................ |
213 |
|
4. |
"Deposit" of immovables? .......................................... |
214 |
|
5. |
The depositum irrcgulare ............................................. |
215 |
|
|
(a) The problem of the deposit of money ................ |
215 |
|
|
(b) |
Depositum and mutuum ...................................... |
216 |
|
(c) From condictio to actio depositi .......................... |
217 |
|
6. |
Conventional sequestration.......................................... |
219 |
|
III. Pignus.................................................................................. |
|
220 |
|
1. |
The nature of pignus ................................................... |
220 |
|
2. |
The actio pigneraticia................................................... |
221 |
|
|
(a) |
The formula in factum concepta........................... |
221 |
|
(b) |
The formula in ius concepta ................................ |
222 |
3. |
The consequences of non-redemption of the pledge |
223 |
|
4. |
The liability of the pledgee.......................................... |
225 |
|
5. |
The actio pigneraticia contraria ................................... |
227 |
|
|
|
CHAPTER 8 — EMPTIO VENDITIO I |
|
I. The Binding Nature of Consensual Sale...................... |
230 |
||
1. |
Consensus..................................................................... |
230 |
|
2. |
The question of arrha .................................................. |
230 |
|
|
(a) |
Arrha confirmatoria.............................................. |
230 |
|
(b) |
Greek arrha ........................................................... |
231 |
|
(c) |
Post-classical arrha ............................................... |
232 |
|
(d) |
Argumcntum emptionis contractae or arrha |
|
|
|
poenitentialis?........................................................ |
233 |
3. |
The essentialia negotii.................................................. |
234 |
|
II. The Possible Objects of a Contract of Sale................... |
234 |
||
1. Demarcating the areas of emptio venditio and locatio |
|
||
|
conductio ...................................................................... |
234 |
|
2. |
Generic sales ................................................................. |
236 |
|
|
(a) The Roman rule and its origin ............................ |
236 |
|
|
(b) Generic sale and sale of specific goods ................ |
238 |
|
|
(c) The double function of the contract of sale........ |
239 |
|
3. |
The sale of non-existing objects.................................. |
240 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
Table of Contents |
xxv |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page |
|
4. |
The sale of res extra commerciurn or of a free man. . |
241 |
|||
|
(a) Res publicae, res divini iuris and the liber homo |
241 |
|||
|
(b) |
The availability of the actio empti .......................... |
241 |
||
|
(c) |
Culpa in contrahendo ................................................ |
244 |
||
5. |
Ernptio rei speratae and ernptio spei .............................. |
245 |
|||
|
(a) |
Emptio rei speratae.................................................... |
245 |
||
|
(b) |
Emptio spei and its viability .................................... |
246 |
||
|
(c) |
". |
. . quasi alca emitur" .......................................... |
248 |
|
III. The Purchase Price................................................................. |
250 |
||||
1. |
Did the purchase price have to consist in money? . . . |
250 |
|||
|
(a) |
The Sabinian view ..................................................... |
250 |
||
|
(b) |
The Proculian view ................................................... |
251 |
||
|
(c) |
Sale and exchange ...................................................... |
251 |
||
2. |
Pretium verum ................................................................... |
252 |
|||
3. |
Pretium certum .................................................................. |
253 |
|||
|
(a) |
Borderline cases ......................................................... |
253 |
||
|
(b) Determination of the price at a later stage............ |
254 |
|||
4. |
Pretium iustum .................................................................. |
255 |
|||
|
(a) |
The Roman attitude .................................................. |
255 |
||
|
(b) |
Invicem se circumscribere ........................................ |
256 |
||
|
(c) |
Private autonomy ...................................................... |
258 |
||
5. |
Laesio enormis and equality in exchange....................... |
259 |
|||
|
(a) |
C. 4, 44, 2................................................................... |
259 |
||
|
(b) |
Extension of С 4, 44, 2........................................... |
262 |
||
|
(c) |
Consequential problems........................................... |
263 |
||
|
(d) The problem of establishing the iustum pretium |
264 |
|||
|
(e) |
The abolition of laesio enormis ............................... |
267 |
||
|
(f) |
Equality in exchange today ..................................... |
268 |
||
|
|
|
C HAPTER 9 — EMPTIO VENDITIO II |
|
|
I. The Passing of Ownership .................................................. |
271 |
|
|||
1. |
The relationship between contract of sale and transfer |
|
|
||
|
of ownership....................................................................... |
271 |
|
||
2. |
The payment of the purchase price ................................ |
272 |
|
||
|
(a) |
hist. II, 1, 41 ............................................................... |
272 |
|
|
|
(b) |
Pre-classical, classical and post-classical law.......... |
274 |
|
|
|
(c) |
Pactum reservati dominii ......................................... |
276 |
|
|
II. The Duties of the Parties ...................................................... |
277 |
|
|||
1. |
The duties of the purchaser ............................................. |
277 |
|
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
xxvi |
|
|
Table of Contents |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page |
|
|
2. |
The duties of the vendor.................................................. |
278 |
||
|
|
(a) |
Uti frui habere possidereque licerc......................... |
278 |
|
|
|
(b) |
Transfer of ownership?............................................. |
278 |
|
|
|
(c) |
Practical implications................................................. |
279 |
|
|
|
(d) The liability of the vendor....................................... |
280 |
||
III. The Passing of the Risk ........................................................ |
281 |
||||
|
1. |
Periculum est emptoris ..................................................... |
281 |
||
|
2. |
The position in classical law ............................................ |
282 |
||
|
3. |
The ambit of the rule ....................................................... |
283 |
||
|
4. |
Excursus: the sale of wine................................................ |
284 |
||
|
5. |
The concept of periculum ................................................ |
287 |
||
|
6. |
Afr. D. 19, 2, 33 et al.: evidence against periculum |
|
|
|
|
|
emptoris? ............................................................................. |
288 |
||
|
7. |
Evaluation of the Roman risk rule................................. |
290 |
||
|
8. |
Reception and rejection of periculum est emptoris .. . |
291 |
||
|
|
|
CHAPTER 10 — EMPTIO VENDITIO III |
|
|
I. |
Liability for Eviction ............................................................. |
293 |
|||
|
1. |
Warranty of peaceable possession .................................. |
293 |
||
|
2. |
Liability under the actio auctontatis ............................... |
294 |
||
|
3. |
Liability under a stipulatio duplae................................... |
295 |
||
|
4. |
Liability under the actio empti ........................................ |
296 |
||
|
|
(a) |
"Emptorem duplam promitti a venditore |
|
|
|
|
|
oportet"....................................................................... |
296 |
|
|
|
(b) Liability for the "positive interest" ........................ |
298 |
||
|
5. |
The position under Justinian............................................ |
300 |
||
|
6. |
The determination of quod interest ............................... |
301 |
||
|
7. |
Roman-Dutch and modern German law ...................... |
302 |
||
II. |
Liability for Latent Defects ................................................ |
305 |
|||
|
1. |
Introduction........................................................................ |
305 |
||
|
|
(a) The remedies: Roman tradition and natural law. |
305 |
||
|
|
(b) |
The implied conditions of the Sale of Goods Act |
306 |
|
|
|
(c) |
Caveat emptor ........................................................... |
307 |
|
|
2. |
Early remedies.................................................................... |
308 |
||
|
3. Liability for dolus and dicta in venditione .................... |
308 |
|||
|
4. |
Liability arising from specific promissa......................... |
310 |
||
|
5. |
The aedilitian remedies..................................................... |
311 |
||
|
|
(a) The sale of slaves....................................................... |
311 |
||
|
|
(h) |
Morbus and vitiurn ................................................... |
311 |
|
|
|
(c) |
Defects of character .................................................. |
314 |
|
|
|
(d) |
Dicta promissave ....................................................... |
315 |
|
|
|
(c) |
"Redhibendi ludicium" ............................................ |
316 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
Table of Contents |
xxvii |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(f) |
|
|
Page |
|
|
|
The actio rcdhibitoria ............................................... |
317 |
||
|
(g) The actio quanti minoris; the sale "sub corona" 318 |
|
|
||
|
(h) |
|
The sale of iumenta ................................................... |
318 |
|
6. |
Extended liability under the actio empti........................ |
319 |
|||
|
(a) Pomp. D. 19, 1, 6, 4 and other texts .................... |
320 |
|||
|
(b) |
Reception of the aedilitian principles into the ius |
|
|
|
|
(c) |
|
civile............................................................................. |
321 |
|
|
|
The position under Justinian ................................... |
322 |
||
7. |
Actio empti and aedilitian remedies in the ius |
|
|
||
|
commune ............................................................................ |
322 |
|||
|
(a) |
|
"Miretur vero aliquis, cur Aediles introduxerunt |
|
|
|
actiones." ............................................................................. |
322 |
|||
|
(b) |
|
Merging the remedies............................................... |
323 |
|
|
(c) |
|
The scope of application of the actio redhibitoria |
325 |
|
|
(d) |
|
Excursus: Special rules relating to the sale of |
|
|
|
(c) |
|
cattle ............................................................................ |
326 |
|
|
|
Modern German law ................................................ |
327 |
||
|
(f) |
|
The system of remedies in Roman-Dutch law . . |
328 |
|
|
(g) |
|
Phamc v. Paizes ......................................................... |
329 |
|
8. |
Mortuus redhibetur ........................................................... |
330 |
|||
|
(a) The problem of the impossibility of restoration |
330 |
|||
|
(b) |
The fiction of "mortuus redhibetur" and prob |
|
|
|
|
|
|
lems arising therefrom.............................................. |
331 |
|
9. |
Once again: "Si vas" (Pomp. D. 19, 1, 6, 4) .............. |
334 |
|||
|
(a) The development of the "Pothicr" rule ................ |
334 |
|||
|
(b) |
The English Sale of Goods Act............................... |
336 |
||
|
|
C H APT E R 11 — LOCATIO CONDUCTIO I |
|
|
|
I. Locatio Conductio in General ............................................ |
338 |
||||
1. |
Locare and conducere ....................................................... |
338 |
|||
2. |
Three in one ....................................................................... |
339 |
|||
3. |
Historical development..................................................... |
340 |
|||
II. The Social and Economic Framework of Lease ........... |
342 |
||||
1. The quest for security of tenure ..................................... |
342 |
||||
2. |
Living conditions in Rome .............................................. |
344 |
|||
3. |
Some typical problems..................................................... |
347 |
|||
4. The Roman lawyers and the law of lease ...................... |
348 |
||||
5. Legal rules and extra-legal restrictions .......................... |
350 |
||||
III. Locatio Conductio Rei ......................................................... |
351 |
||||
1. |
The nature of lease ............................................................ |
351 |
|||
2. |
The objects of lease ........................................................... |
351 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
xxviii |
|
Table of Contents |
|
|
|
|
Page |
3. |
Merces locationis.......................................................... |
353 |
|
|
(a) |
Merces vera et certa.............................................. |
353 |
|
(b) |
Pecunia numerata? ................................................ |
354 |
4. |
Leases for a fixed term................................................. |
355 |
|
|
(a) Lustrum; ius repellendi and ius migrandi............ |
355 |
|
|
(b) |
Relocatio tacita...................................................... |
356 |
5. |
Leases for an indefinite period..................................... |
357 |
|
6. |
Leases in perpetuity ..................................................... |
358 |
|
7. |
The duties of the locator ............................................. |
360 |
|
8. |
The range of the lessor's liability ................................ |
360 |
|
|
(a) |
Prevention of frui licere........................................ |
360 |
|
(b) |
Choosing unsuitable slaves ................................... |
361 |
|
(c) |
Defect of title........................................................ |
362 |
|
(d) |
Publicatio .............................................................. |
363 |
|
(e) Leaky vats and toxic plants.................................. |
365 |
|
|
(f) From Ulp. D. 19, 2, 19, 1 to § 583 BGB ............ |
367 |
|
9. |
The problem of risk..................................................... |
369 |
|
|
(a) |
Periculum locatoris............................................... |
369 |
|
(b) |
Remissio mercedis ................................................ |
371 |
10. |
The duties of the conductor ........................................ |
374 |
|
|
(a) Payment of rent, cultivation; the standard of care |
374 |
|
|
(b) |
Vicarious liability? ................................................ |
376 |
11. |
The position of the lessee ............................................ |
377 |
|
|
(a) His protection against the lessor .......................... |
377 |
|
|
(b) |
Alienation of the leased property by the lessor.. |
378 |
|
(c) |
Emptio tollit locatum........................................... |
379 |
|
(d) |
D. 43, 16, 12 in fine............................................. |
380 |
|
(e) |
Huur gaat voor koop ........................................... |
381 |
12. |
Towards security of tenure ......................................... |
382 |
|
|
|
CHAPTER 12 — LOCATIO CONDUCTIO 11 |
|
I. Locatio Conductio Operarum ........................................ |
384 |
||
1. Essential elements of Roman "labour law"................. |
384 |
||
|
(a) |
Locare conducere.................................................. |
384 |
|
(b) |
Esscntialia negotii; periculum conductors.......... |
384 |
|
(c) |
Imperitia culpae adnumeratur .............................. |
386 |
2. The range of application of locatio conductio oper |
|
||
|
arum ............................................................................ |
387 |
|
|
(a) |
Status relationships............................................... |
387 |
|
(b) |
Trie artes liberales................................................. |
388 |
|
(c) The value of "labour" in Roman society ........... |
389 |
|
|
(d) Common law (ius civile) and employment rela |
|
|
|
|
tionships ............................................................... |
391 |
|
(e) The contribution of Roman law .......................... |
392 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
Table of Contents |
xxix |
|||
II. Locatio Conductio Operis |
Page |
|
||
393 |
||||
1. Essential characteristics and range of application.......... |
393 |
|||
2. |
Problems of classification ................................................. |
394 |
||
3. |
Range of liability of the conductor ................................ |
397 |
||
|
(a) |
Impcntia and custodia .............................................. |
397 |
|
|
(h) Gai. D. 19, 2, 25, 7 and the problem of vicarious |
|
|
|
|
|
liability ........................................................................ |
399 |
|
4. |
The problem of risk allocation ........................................ |
401 |
||
|
(a) |
Periculum conductoris.............................................. |
401 |
|
|
(b) Equitable distribution of the risks.......................... |
402 |
||
5. |
Adprobatio operis ............................................................ |
404 |
||
6. |
Lex Rhodia de iactu .......................................................... |
406 |
||
|
(a) The reception of the lex Rhodia into Roman law |
406 |
||
|
(b) Subsequent history of the lex Rhodia .................... |
409 |
||
|
|
CHAPTER 13 — MANDATUM |
|
|
1. The essential characteristics of mandatum ..................... |
413 |
|||
2. |
The gratuitousness of mandatum ................................... |
415 |
||
|
(a) |
Officium et amicitia.................................................. |
415 |
|
|
(b) |
Pay merit of an honorarium ..................................... |
415 |
|
|
(c) |
С 4, 35, 1 .................................................................. |
416 |
|
|
(d) |
Receipt of a salarium ................................................ |
416 |
|
|
(e) |
Mandatum nisi gratuitum nullum: the ius com |
|
|
|
|
mune ........................................................................... |
418 |
|
3. The range of application of mandatum ........................... |
420 |
|||
|
(a) |
Factual and contractual activities of the manda- |
|
|
|
(b) |
tarius............................................................................. |
420 |
|
|
Illegal and immoral mandates; the mandatum tua |
|
|
|
|
(c) |
tantum gratia .............................................................. |
421 |
|
|
Types of mandate according to the interest |
|
|
|
|
|
involved ....................................................................... |
422 |
|
4. |
Mandatum morte solvitur ................................................ |
424 |
||
5. |
The liability of the mandatarius ....................................... |
426 |
||
|
(a) Dolus or dolus and culpa?........................................ |
426 |
||
|
(b) |
Terminological problems ......................................... |
427 |
|
|
(c) |
Altruistic and not so altruistic mandatarii ............. |
427 |
|
|
(d) |
Mandatum: between suretyship and procuratio . |
428 |
|
|
(e) |
Spondet diligentiam et mdustriam negotio ger- |
|
|
|
|
endo parem ................................................................. |
429 |
|
6. The liability of the mandator........................................... |
430 |
|||
|
(a) |
Utility considerations ................................................ |
430 |
|
|
(b) |
Casus a nullo praestantur ......................................... |
430 |
|
|
(c) |
The ius commune ...................................................... |
431 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
xxx |
|
Table of Contents |
|
|
|
|
Page |
|
|
C HAPTER 14 — NEGOTIORUM GESTIO |
|
1. |
Negotiorum gestio and mandatum ............................... |
433 |
|
|
(a) |
Similarities.................................................................. |
433 |
|
(b) |
Difference................................................................... |
433 |
2. The value basis of negotiorum gestio ........................... |
435 |
||
3. |
The history of negotiorum gestio in Roman law . . . . |
436 |
|
4. |
The range of application of negotiorum gestio ........... |
438 |
|
5. Requirements of the actio negotiorum gestorum . . . . |
440 |
||
|
(a) |
'Taking care" of a "negotium" "for another" . . |
440 |
|
(b) |
Animus negotia aliena gerendi? .............................. |
441 |
|
(c) |
Utilitas gestionis ........................................................ |
442 |
6. |
The actio negotiorum gestorum contraria.................... |
443 |
|
|
(a) |
Its importance today................................................. |
443 |
|
(h) |
Remuneration of services rendered? ...................... |
444 |
7. |
The standard of liability of the gestor............................ |
445 |
|
|
(a) |
The position ot the gestor....................................... |
445 |
|
(b) |
Pomp. D. 3, 5, 10 and Ulp. D. 3, 5, 3, 9 ............ |
446 |
8. |
Negotiorum gestio in modern law ................................. |
447 |
|
|
(a) |
Evaluation of negotiorum gestio in German law |
447 |
|
(b) |
The individualistic approach of the common law |
448 |
|
(c) |
Rescue cases ............................................................... |
449 |
|
|
CHAPTER 15 — SOCIETAS |
|
I. Rom an Law ............................................................................. |
451 |
||
1. |
The nature of societas ...................................................... |
451 |
|
2. |
Evolution of the contract of societas ............................. |
451 |
|
|
(a) |
Erctum non citum .................................................... |
451 |
|
(b) |
Pre-classical consortium and classical societas ... |
452 |
3. |
Basic features of classical societas ................................... |
454 |
|
4. |
Termination of the societas ............................................. |
455 |
|
|
(a) |
Renuntiatio, mors socii, insolvency....................... |
455 |
|
(b) |
The bringing of an actio pro socio ........................ |
457 |
5. |
Freedom of contract and its limitation.......................... |
457 |
|
|
(a) |
The allocation of shares in profits and losses. . . . |
457 |
|
(b) |
The societas leonina.................................................. |
459 |
6. |
The actio pro socio ........................................................... |
460 |
|
7. |
Liability between the partners ........................................ |
461 |
|
|
(a) |
The problem of contribution .................................. |
461 |
|
(b) |
Dolus liability ............................................................ |
462 |
|
(c) |
Extension: culpa lata, diligentia quam in suis, |
|
|
|
culpa ............................................................................ |
462 |
|
(d) |
Custodia and imperitia ............................................. |
464 |
8. |
Creation and partition of joint ownership .................... |
465 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
Table of Contents |
xxxi |
|
|
|
|
Page
II.Justinian, Ius C ommune and M odern
Developm ents .......................................................................... |
466 |
||
1. |
Liability between socii ...................................................... |
466 |
|
2. |
The societas and third parties .......................................... |
467 |
|
|
(a) |
Socii venaliciani, actiones adiecticiac qualitatis |
|
|
(b) |
and societates publicanorum ................................... |
467 |
|
Societas and agency................................................... |
468 |
|
3. |
The actio pro socio............................................................ |
470 |
|
4. The "community of collective hand"............................ |
471 |
||
5. |
South African law of partnership ................................... |
472 |
|
|
(a) |
Sources ........................................................................ |
472 |
|
(b) |
General features ......................................................... |
474 |
|
|
CHAPTER 16 — DONATIO |
|
1. |
Introduction ........................................................................ |
477 |
|
|
(a) Promises of gifts and executed gifts...................... |
477 |
|
|
(b) |
R easons for policing the transfer of gratuitous |
|
|
(c) |
benefits ........................................................................ |
477 |
|
Conceptual problems ................................................ |
478 |
|
2. |
The concept of donation in classical Roman law ......... |
479 |
|
|
(a) Donatio and the contractual scheme ..................... |
479 |
|
|
(b) |
The executed gift ...................................................... |
480 |
|
(c) The prevailing attitude towards donations .......... |
481 |
|
3. |
The lex Cincia de muneribus .......................................... |
482 |
|
|
(a) Purpose and background of the enactment ........... |
482 |
|
|
(b) The application of the lex Cincia........................... |
483 |
|
4. |
The prohibition of donationes inter virum et uxorem |
484 |
|
|
(a) Origin and purpose of the prohibition.................. |
484 |
|
|
(b) |
Purity of marriage .................................................... |
487 |
|
(c) The application of the prohibition .......................... |
488 |
|
5. |
The law of donation under Constantmc......................... |
490 |
|
|
(a) Promotion of acts of generosity ............................ |
490 |
|
|
(b) |
Formalities.................................................................. |
492 |
|
(c) Donations and dispositions mortis causa ............... |
493 |
|
6. |
Justinian and the law of donations.................................. |
494 |
|
|
(a) Donation as a binding contract .............................. |
494 |
|
|
(b) |
Enter the cheerful giver ........................................... |
496 |
|
(c) |
Revocation of donations ........................................... |
497 |
7. |
Donation under the ius commune and in modern law |
498 |
|
|
(a) |
The concept of donation; insinuatio actis ............. |
498 |
|
(b) |
Restrictive policies in France ................................... |
500 |
|
(c) German law: form and definition of donation. .. |
501 |
|
|
(d) Absence of agrced-upon recompense ..................... |
503 |
|
|
(e) |
English law: the doctrine o{ consideration ........... |
504 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
xxxii |
|
Table of Contents |
||
|
C HAPTER 17 — PACTA AND INNOMINATE REAL |
Page |
||
|
|
|||
|
|
|
C O NTR AC T S |
|
I. |
Pacta in General ..................................................................... |
508 |
||
|
1. |
Nuda pactio obligationem non parit ............................. |
508 |
|
|
2. |
Pacta ex continent! adiecta ............................................... |
509 |
|
II. |
Pacta Praetoria ........................................................................ |
511 |
||
|
1. |
Constitutum debiti............................................................ |
511 |
|
|
|
(a) The actio de pecunia constituta .............................. |
511 |
|
|
|
(b) |
Constitutum debiti alieni ........................................ |
512 |
|
|
(c) |
Constitutum debiti proprii ...................................... |
512 |
|
2. |
Receptum arbitri................................................................ |
513 |
|
|
3. |
Receptum argentarii.......................................................... |
514 |
|
|
4. |
Receptum nautarum cauponum stabulariorum ............. |
514 |
|
|
|
(a) Actio dc rcccpto; custodia liability ......................... |
514 |
|
|
|
(b) |
The reasons for the actio de recepto ..................... |
515 |
|
|
(c) |
Actio de recepto and special delictual actions ----- |
517 |
|
|
(d) |
Actio de recepto and actio locati............................ |
517 |
|
|
(e) |
From accidentale to naturale negotii ..................... |
519 |
|
|
(f) |
The receptum in modern law ................................. |
520 |
|
|
(g) |
Range of application................................................. |
521 |
|
|
(h) The liability of common carriers ........................... |
523 |
|
|
|
(i) Range of liability under the ius commune ........... |
524 |
|
III. Pacta Legitim a: Com promissum as Example ............... |
526 |
|||
|
1. |
Classical and post-classical compromissum .................. |
526 |
|
|
2. |
The compromissum of the ius commune...................... |
528 |
|
|
3. |
Arbiter, arbitrator and amicabilis compositor .............. |
528 |
|
IV. Combined Transactions: Hire-purchase in Roman |
|
|||
|
Law |
............................................................................................. |
|
530 |
V. |
Innom inate Real Contracts ................................................. |
532 |
||
|
1. |
Permutatio and the rise of actiones praescriptis verbis |
532 |
|
|
2. |
Range of transactions ....................................................... |
534 |
|
|
3. |
Aestimatum ........................................................................ |
535 |
|
|
4. |
Innominate contracts and the contractual scheme------ |
536 |
|
VI. Towards a General Law of Contract Based on |
|
|||
|
Consent ...................................................................................... |
|
537 |
|
|
1. |
Contract and pacta in the Corpus Juris Civilis............. |
537 |
|
|
2. |
Pacta vestita and pacta nuda ........................................... |
538 |
|
|
3. |
The contribution of (commercial) practice.................... |
540 |
|
|
4. |
The contribution of the canon lawyers ......................... |
542 |
|
|
5. |
The position of the natural lawyers; summary ............ |
544 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)
Table of Contents |
xxxiii |
CHAPTER 18 — FORMATION OF CONTRACT
I.The Roman Contract of Stipulation under the Ius
Commune ........................................................................... |
S46 |
||
1. From contract vcrbis to contract littcris ...................... |
546 |
||
2. |
Ex nudo pacto oritur actio and the form of stipulation |
547 |
|
II. The Doctrine of Causa ..................................................... |
549 |
||
1. Ex nudo pacto oritur actio and the notion of causa . . |
549 |
||
2. |
Causa in Roman law .................................................... |
549 |
|
3. |
The scholastic doctrine of causation............................. |
551 |
|
4. |
Causa as an extra piece of "garment" ......................... |
551 |
|
5. |
The decline of causa ..................................................... |
553 |
|
6. |
Causa and consideration in English law...................... |
554 |
|
7. |
Causa and consideration in South African law ........... |
556 |
|
|
(a) The reception of the consideration doctrine ........ |
556 |
|
|
(b) |
Iusta causa and Grotius' notion of "redcheke |
|
|
|
oorzaecke" ............................................................. |
557 |
III. Consensus ........................................................................... |
559 |
||
1. Consent as the basis of contract in modern law ......... |
559 |
||
2. |
The Roman contribution ............................................. |
561 |
|
|
(a) |
Conceptual analysis in general ............................ |
561 |
|
(b) |
Contractus ............................................................. |
562 |
|
(c) |
Pacta ...................................................................... |
562 |
|
(d) |
Conventio.............................................................. |
563 |
|
(e) |
Consensus.............................................................. |
563 |
3. |
Conventio, pactum and contractus under the ius |
|
|
|
commune ...................................................................... |
565 |
|
4. |
Domat and Pothier....................................................... |
566 |
|
5. |
Grotius, Pufendorf and Wolff ..................................... |
567 |
|
6. |
Formation of contract in English law.......................... |
569 |
|
|
(a) England and continental legal science .................. |
569 |
|
|
(b) |
The analysis of contract........................................ |
571 |
7. |
Contract and polhcitatio............................................... |
572 |
|
|
(a) |
From promise to contract .................................... |
572 |
|
(b) |
The smoke ball case.............................................. |
573 |
|
(c) |
"Aushbung" and pollicitatio ................................. |
573 |
|
(d) Pollicitatio and contractual liability ..................... |
575 |
|
IV. Pacta Sunt Servanda ......................................................... |
576 |
||
1. |
Pacta sunt servanda and classical contract doctrine... |
576 |
|
2. |
The right of unilateral withdrawal from a contract .. |
578 |
|
3. |
Clausula rebus sic stantibus.......................................... |
579 |
|
|
(a) Origin and development of the clausula ............. |
579 |
|
|
(b) |
The clausula from the 17th century to today ___ |
581 |
Created with novaPDF Printer (www.novaPDF.com)