!!Экзамен зачет 2023 год / The Law of Obligations
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xliv |
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Table of Contents |
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Page |
2. |
Actio furti manifest! ..................................................... |
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936 |
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(a) The discrimination of the manifest thief ............. |
936 |
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(b) |
The concept of furtum manifestum ...................... |
938 |
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(c) The quaestio lance et licio..................................... |
939 |
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3. |
Other remedies available in case of theft .................... |
940 |
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4. |
Concurrence of actions ................................................ |
942 |
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III. Furtum in the Ius Commune .......................................... |
943 |
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1. The demise of the actio furti ....................................... |
943 |
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2. |
The history of the modern concept of theft................ |
945 |
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3. |
The condictio ex causa furtiva..................................... |
947 |
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IV. South African Developments ......................................... |
948 |
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1. The concept of theft in criminal law........................... |
948 |
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2. |
The condictio ex causa furtiva..................................... |
951 |
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CHAPTER 29 — LEX AQUILIA I |
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I. Origin and Content of the Lex Aquilia........................ |
953 |
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1. |
The essential data provided in the Digest ................... |
953 |
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2. |
The problem ot the second chapter............................. |
954 |
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3. |
Dating the lex Aquilia |
.................................................. |
955 |
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4. |
The composition of the lex Aquilia ............................ |
957 |
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5. |
The text of the lex Aquilia .......................................... |
959 |
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II. The Assessment of the Sum of Condemnation............ |
961 |
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1. |
Chapter one .................................................................. |
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961 |
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2. |
Chapter three................................................................ |
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962 |
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(a) Chapters one and three compared........................ |
962 |
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(b) |
"Erit" or "fuit" ("fuerit")? ................................... |
963 |
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(c) The meaning of "ea res"...................................... |
964 |
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(d) The original scope of chapter three ..................... |
965 |
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(e) |
"Is anything . . . |
exempt from doubt?" .............. |
966 |
III. The Nature of the Actio Legis Aquiliae ........................ |
969 |
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1. |
The reipersecutory character of the remedy ............... |
969 |
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(a) |
Chapter one .......................................................... |
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969 |
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(b) |
Chapter three ........................................................ |
|
972 |
2. |
The penal character of the remedy.............................. |
973 |
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IV. The Statutory Definition of the Delict: Harmful |
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Result .................................................................................. |
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975 |
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1. |
Quadrupedes pecudes................................................... |
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976 |
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2. |
Occidere and mortis causam praebere......................... |
976 |
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3. The meaning of occidere ............................................. |
978 |
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4. Actio directa and actio in factum ................................ |
981 |
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5. |
Urere frangere rumpere—corrumpere ....................... |
983 |
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6. |
The limits of the notion of corrumpere...................... |
986 |
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Table of Contents |
xlv |
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V. Some Additional Reflections |
Page |
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988 |
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1. |
Causation in the Roman law of delict............................ |
988 |
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(a) |
"Factual" and "legal" causation .............................. |
988 |
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(b) |
The Roman approach ............................................... |
991 |
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(c) |
Concurrent causation ................................................ |
992 |
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2. |
The actio legis Aquiliae and analogous remedies ......... |
993 |
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(a) Actio directa and actiones in factum ....................... |
993 |
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(b) |
Actiones utiles............................................................. |
994 |
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(c) |
Justinian's rationalization .......................................... |
996 |
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CHAPTER 30 — LEX AQUILIA II |
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I. The Statutory Definition of the Delict: Iniuria ............ |
998 |
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1. |
Damnum iniuria datum .................................................... |
998 |
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(a) The notion of "non iure facere" ............................. |
998 |
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(b) |
Self-defence................................................................. |
999 |
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(c) |
Necessity ..................................................................... |
1000 |
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(d) |
Actions of a magistrate............................................. |
1003 |
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(c) |
Consent ....................................................................... |
1003 |
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2. |
The relationship between iniuria and culpa .................. |
1004 |
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(a) |
The new interpretation: damnum culpa datum. . |
1004 |
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(b) |
"Occidere", "urere frangere rumpere" iniuria.. . |
1005 |
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(c) |
From (typical) dolus to fault at large..................... |
1005 |
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(d) |
Wrongfulness and fault............................................. |
1006 |
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3 Aquilian culpa in classical Roman law ......................... |
1007 |
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4. |
"Contributory negligence" in Roman law .................... |
1010 |
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(a) The Roman all-or-nothing approach ..................... |
1010 |
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(h) |
Of javelin-throwers and itinerant barbers ............. |
1011 |
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(c) |
Balancing of fault, preponderant negligence or |
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assumption of risk? ................................................... |
1012 |
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II. The Protection of a Freeman's Bodily Integrity ........... |
1014 |
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1. |
Damage to property ......................................................... |
1014 |
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2. |
Liberum corpus nullam recipit aestimationem ............ |
1015 |
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3. |
Injury to sons in power ................................................... |
1015 |
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4. |
The liber homo bona fide serviens................................. |
1016 |
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III. The Usus M odernus Legis Aquiliae ................................. |
\()\1 |
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1. |
Introduction........................................................................ |
1017 |
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2. |
The assessment clauses and litiscrescence ...................... |
1019 |
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3. |
The Jjenal nature of the remedy ..................................... |
1019 |
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4. |
Cumulative liability .......................................................... |
1020 |
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5. |
Passive intransmissibility.................................................. |
1020 |
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(a) |
Canonist doctrine ...................................................... |
1020 |
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(b) |
Forum civile ............................................................... |
1021 |
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xlvi |
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Table of Contents |
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Page |
6. |
Purely patrimonial loss................................................. |
1022 |
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(a) |
Roman law and Inst. IV, 3, 16 i.f. ....................... |
1022 |
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(b) |
Damnum datum, sed non in corpus.................... |
1023 |
7. |
The protection of a freeman's life and bodily integrity |
1024 |
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8. |
Compensation for pain, suffering and disfigurement |
1026 |
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9. |
Culpa ............................................................................ |
1027 |
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(a) |
In general .............................................................. |
1027 |
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(b) |
Culpa in omittendo .............................................. |
1029 |
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(c) |
Concurrence of fault............................................. |
1030 |
IV. Towards the Modern, Generalized Law of Delict . . . |
1031 |
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1. |
Legal theory and mores hodiernae............................... |
1031 |
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2. |
The "natural" law of delict.......................................... |
1032 |
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3. |
Fault as the basis of delictual liability .......................... |
1033 |
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(a) |
Thomasius............................................................. |
1033 |
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(b) |
Grotius, Pufendorf and others ............................. |
1033 |
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(c) |
Nineteenth-century legal science.......................... |
1034 |
4. |
Purely patrimonial loss................................................. |
1035 |
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(a) |
The natural lawyers .............................................. |
1035 |
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(b) |
Germany (19th century) ....................................... |
1036 |
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(c) |
England ................................................................. |
1038 |
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(d) |
Germany (20th century) ....................................... |
1040 |
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(e) |
Austria and South Africa...................................... |
1042 |
5. |
Liability for omissions ................................................. |
1043 |
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(a) |
The priest, the levite and the Good Samaritan .. |
1043 |
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(b) |
Modern approach.................................................. |
1045 |
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(c) |
" Verkehrssicherungspflichten" .................................. |
1046 |
6. |
Contributory negligence .............................................. |
1047 |
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(a) |
Developments in continental Europe .................. |
1047 |
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(b) |
South African law................................................. |
1048 |
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CHAPTER 31 — АСТЮ INIURIARUM |
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I. The Early History of Iniuria .......................................... |
1050 |
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1. |
Iniuria in the XII Tables............................................... |
1050 |
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2. The rise of the actio iniuriarum................................... |
1052 |
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II. Classical Foundations of the Actio Iniuriarum ............ |
1053 |
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1. The different forms of iniuria...................................... |
1053 |
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(a) |
Convicium ............................................................ |
1053 |
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(b) |
De adtemptata pudicitia........................................ |
1054 |
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(c) |
Ne quid infamandi causa fiat ............................... |
1056 |
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(d) |
Servum alienum verberare ................................... |
1058 |
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(e) |
Residual cases........................................................ |
1058 |
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Table of Contents |
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xlvii |
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2. The essential elements of iniuria |
Page |
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1059 |
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(a) |
Contumelia; contra bonos mores ........................ |
1059 |
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(b) |
The problem of the animus iniuriandi ................ |
1059 |
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(c) |
Characteristics of the actio iniuriarum................. |
1061 |
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III. The Usus Modernus of the Actio Iniuriarum ............. |
1062 |
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1. |
"Mine honour is my life . . . |
"..................................... |
1062 |
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2. |
The definition of iniuria .............................................. |
|
1064 |
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3. |
Of hunchbacks, |
cuckolds, |
clergymen and flouncy |
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skirts ............................................................................. |
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1065 |
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4. |
Animus iniuriandi........................................................ |
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1067 |
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(a) Presumption of animus iniuriandi ....................... |
1067 |
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(b) |
Rebuttal of the presumption ................................ |
1068 |
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5. |
Remedies ...................................................................... |
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1070 |
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(a) |
Actio iniuriarum aestimatoria .............................. |
1070 |
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(b) |
Criminal proceedings ........................................... |
|
1071 |
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(c) |
Amende honorable ............................................... |
|
1072 |
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(d) |
The relation |
between |
amende honorable |
and |
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amende profitable................................................. |
|
1073 |
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IV. Defamation in English Law ........................................... |
|
1074 |
|||
1. |
Technicalities beyond belief........................................ |
|
1074 |
||
2. |
Libel and slander .......................................................... |
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1074 |
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3. |
Common elements ...................................................... |
|
1076 |
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4. |
"Animus iniuriandi" and Artemus Jones .................... |
1077 |
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V. South African Usus Modernus of the Actio |
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Iniuriarum .......................................................................... |
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1078 |
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1. |
The battle about animus iniuriandi............................... |
1078 |
|||
2. |
Compromise solutions.................................................. |
|
1080 |
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3. |
A hybrid law of defamation........................................ |
|
1080 |
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4. |
The concept of iniuria................................................... |
|
1081 |
||
5. |
Corpus, dignitas and fama ........................................... |
|
1083 |
||
VI. The Fate of the Actio Iniuriarum in Germany ............. |
1085 |
||||
1. |
Usus modernus and natural law .................................. |
1085 |
|||
2. |
De iniquitate et iniustitia actionum iniuriarum ............ |
1087 |
|||
3. |
The shift from private law to criminal law ................. |
1088 |
|||
4. |
Criticism of the actio ad palinodiam ........................... |
1090 |
|||
5. |
The decline of the actio iniuriarum aestimatoria ......... |
1090 |
|||
6. |
The renaissance of the actio iniuriarum ...................... |
1092 |
|||
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CHAPTER 32 — STRICT LIABILITY |
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I. Liability for Damage done by Animals......................... |
1095 |
||||
1. |
A special compartment................................................. |
|
1095 |
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xlviii |
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Table of Contents |
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2. |
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Page |
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The actio de pauperic in Roman law .............................. |
1096 |
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(a) |
The meaning of pauperics......................................... |
1096 |
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(b) |
The principle of noxality ......................................... |
1099 |
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(c) |
Range of application ................................................. |
1101 |
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(d) |
The "contra naturam " test....................................... |
1102 |
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3. |
The edictum de feris in Roman law ................................ |
1104 |
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(a) |
W ild animals in Rome .............................................. |
1104 |
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(b) The intervention of the praetor ............................... |
1106 |
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4. |
The actio de pastu in Roman law ................................... |
1107 |
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5. |
The actio dc pastu in South African law ...................... |
1108 |
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6. |
The edictum de feris in South African law ................... |
1109 |
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7. |
The actio de pauperie in South African law ................. |
1110 |
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(a) The nature of the remedy ........................................ |
1110 |
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(b) |
Range of animals ....................................................... |
1113 |
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(c) |
Contra HIS naturale .................................................... |
1113 |
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(d) |
Contra naturam sui generis ..................................... |
1114 |
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(e) |
The "reasonable cow" test....................................... |
1115 |
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8. |
Liability for damage done by animals in modern |
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German law ........................................................................ |
1116 |
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II. |
Vicarious Liability.................................................................. |
1118 |
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1. The principle of noxality ................................................. |
1118 |
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(a) |
Roman law ................................................................. |
1118 |
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(b) |
"[Njoxalium actionum nullus est usus" ................. |
1118 |
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2. |
Liability for others in Rom an law (apart from noxal |
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liability)................................................................................ |
1120 |
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(a) |
W ithin a contractual context ................................... |
1120 |
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(b) |
Custodia ...................................................................... |
1121 |
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(c) |
Delictual and quasi-delictual remedies................... |
1121 |
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3. |
Vicarious liability in South African law ........................ |
1123 |
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4. |
The position in modern French and German law . . . . |
1124 |
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III. Quasi-delictual Liability ...................................................... |
1126 |
|||
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1. |
The fate of the Roman quasi-delicts ............................... |
1126 |
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2. |
Delictual and quasi-delictual liability ............................. |
1128 |
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IV. New Instances of No-fault Liability ............................... |
1130 |
|||
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1. |
Legislation in the 19th century ........................................ |
ИЗО |
|
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2. |
Strict liability in disguise .................................................. |
1132 |
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3. |
20th-century ad hoc legislation ....................................... |
1133 |
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V. |
Strict Liability in English Law ........................................... |
1135 |
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1. |
Vicarious liability .............................................................. |
1135 |
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2. Liability for damage done by animals............................ |
1136 |
||
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3. |
Rylands v. Fletcher.............................................................. |
1138 |
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4. The quest for strict liability in modern law .................. |
1140 |
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VI. Origin and Application of Art. 1384 Code Civil.......... |
1141 |
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Table of Contents |
xlix |
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Page |
Index of Main Sources |
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1. |
Roman Legal Sources................................................... |
1143 |
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(a) |
Justinianic .............................................................. |
1143 |
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(b) |
Non-Justinianic ...................................................... |
1179 |
2. |
Ancient Non-Legal Sources ......................................... |
1184 |
|
3. |
Corpus Juris Canonici .................................................. |
1187 |
|
4. |
Continental Codifications ............................................ |
1187 |
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(a) |
Constitutio Criminalis Carolina........................... |
1187 |
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(b) |
Preussisches Allgemeines Landrecht .................... |
1188 |
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(c) |
Code civil ............................................................. |
1189 |
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(d) |
Allgemeines Burgerliches Gesetzbuch .................. |
1190 |
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(e) |
Burgerliches Gesetzbuch....................................... |
1191 |
5. |
Table of Cases .............................................................. |
1196 |
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(a) United Kingdom, United States and Common |
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wealth ................................................................... |
1196 |
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(b) |
South Africa.......................................................... |
1199 |
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(c) |
Germany................................................................ |
1205 |
Subject Index |
................................................................................. |
1207 |
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List of abbreviations
Abbreviation |
Full citation, name or spelling |
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|
Place |
|
A |
Appellate Division |
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|
SA |
|
A.D. |
anno Domini |
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|
6 |
|
ABGB |
Allgemeines Biirgerliches Gesctzbuch |
|
|||
AC |
Law Reports, Appeal cases |
|
|
Eng |
|
AD |
Appellate Division Reports |
|
|
SA |
|
Ad& El |
Adolphus & Ellis's Reports, |
King's |
Bench and |
|
|
ADHO-RIDA |
Queen's Bench |
|
|
Eng |
|
Archives d'histoire dn droit oriental |
(1952-53 |
В |
|||
Afr. |
combined with RIDA) |
|
|
||
Africanus |
|
|
|
|
|
AG |
Amtsgcricht |
|
|
Ger |
|
AGBG |
Gesetz zur Regelung des Rcchts der Allgemeinen |
|
|||
AHDE |
Geschaftsbedingungen |
|
|
Ger |
|
Anuario de historia del derecho espanol |
|
E |
|||
AJ |
Acting Judge |
|
|
|
|
AJA |
Acting judge of Appeal |
|
|
|
|
Alex. Scv. |
Alexander Sevcrus |
|
|
|
|
Aleyn |
Aleyn's Reports, King's Bench |
|
Eng |
||
Alf. |
A1 fen us |
|
|
|
|
All ER |
All England Law Reports |
|
|
Eng |
|
Annali Bart |
Annali della Facolta di Giurisprudenza dell' Univer- |
|
|||
|
sita di Bari |
|
|
1 |
|
Annali Catania |
Annali del Setninario Guiridico dell' Universita di |
|
|||
|
Catania |
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|
|
I |
Aimali Palermo |
Annali del |
Seminario Giuridico |
dell' Universita di |
|
|
|
Palermo |
|
|
|
I |
anon. |
anonymous |
|
|
|
|
ANRW |
Ли/if if (j |
und Niedergang der |
rb'mischen Welt, |
|
|
|
Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der |
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|||
|
neueren Forsclutng (ed. H. Temporini, W. Haase, |
|
|||
|
pp. 1972 sqq.) |
|
|
Ger |
|
Ant. |
Antoninus |
|
|
|
|
App DC |
Appeal Cases, District of Columbia |
|
USA |
||
Arcad. |
Arcadius |
|
|
|
|
arg. |
argument |
|
|
|
|
art., Art. |
article |
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|
|
|
am., Artt. |
articles |
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|
|
A*AS |
Aulus Agerius |
|
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Aug. |
Augustus |
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Aus |
Australia |
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Australian LJ |
Australian Law Journal |
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|
Aus |
|
В |
Belgium |
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|
|
В & Aid |
Barncwall and Aiderson's Reports, King's Bench |
Eng |
|||
В & S |
Best & Smith's Reports, Queen's Bench |
Eng |
|||
B.C. |
before Christ |
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|
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ВAGE |
Entscheidungen des Bundesarbeitsgerichts |
Ger |
|||
BGB |
Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch |
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|
Ger |
|
BGB1 |
Bundesgesctzbiatt |
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|
Ger |
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Hi |
List of abbreviations |
|
Abbreviation |
h'uil citation, name or spelling |
Placeororigin |
BGH |
Bun desgericht shot" |
Ger |
BGHZ |
Entscheidungcn des Bundesgerichtshofs in |
|
BIDR |
Zivilsachen |
Ger |
Bitlletitw dell'Istituto di diritto romano |
I |
|
Bing |
Bingham's Reports, Common Fleas |
Eng |
Bins? (NC) |
Bingham's New Cases, Common Picas |
Eng |
Black W |
William Blackstone's Reports. King's Bench and |
|
Boston University LR |
Common Pleas |
Eng |
Boston University Law Review |
USA |
|
Bpk. |
Beperk (= Limited) |
|
Buch |
Buchanan's Reports |
SA |
Buch AC |
Buchanan's Appeal Cases, Cape Appeal Court |
SA |
Burr |
Burrow's Reports, King's Bench |
Eng |
Butterworth's South |
Butterworth's South African Law Review |
|
African LR |
SA |
|
BVerfC. |
Bundesverfassungsgcricht |
Ger |
BVerfGE |
Entscheidungcn des Bundesverfassungsgcrichts |
Or |
BW |
Burgerlijk Wctboek |
|
с |
Cape Provincial Division |
SA |
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||
с. |
Codex lustinianus |
|
с. |
canon (Corpus Juris Canonici) |
|
CA |
Court of Appeal |
EnB |
California LR |
California Law Review |
USA |
Call. |
Calli stratus |
|
Cambridge L] |
Cambridge LawJournal |
Eng |
Camp |
Campbolls's Reports Nisi prius |
Eng |
Can |
Canada |
|
Can. |
Canon (Codex Juris Cononici) |
|
Cap., cap. |
Caput |
|
Carac. |
Caracalla |
|
Cases T. Talbot |
Cases in Equity temp. Talbot |
Eng |
Cass. |
Cassius |
|
CB |
Chief Baron; Common Bench Reports |
Eng |
CB (NS) |
Common Bench Reports (New Series) |
Eng |
c.c. |
code civil |
Fr |
CCC |
Constitutio Criminalis Carolina |
|
Ccls. |
Cclsus |
|
cf. |
conier |
|
Ch |
Law Reports. Chancery Division |
E»K |
СИ |
Switzerland |
|
Ch. reun. |
Cour de Cassation, Chambres reunies |
Fr |
chap. |
chapter |
|
ChD |
Chancery Division; Law Reports Chancery Divi- |
|
|
sion |
Eng |
Ciha |
The Comparative and International Law Journal of |
|
cj |
Southern Africa |
SA |
Chief Justice |
|
|
CLR |
Commonwealth Law Reports |
Aus |
Cmnd. |
Command Papers, 5th series |
Eng |
Co Rep |
Coke's Reports |
Eng |
Co. |
Company |
|
Cod. |
Codex |
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List of abbreviations |
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liii |
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Abbreviation |
Full citation, name or spelling |
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Placeororigin |
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col. |
column |
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Coll. |
Mosaicarum et Romanarum legum collatio |
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Columbia LR |
Columbia Law Review |
|
USA |
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Concl. |
Conclusio |
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Cons. |
Consilium |
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Const. |
Constantinus; Constitutio |
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|
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Cowp |
Cowpcr's Reports, King's Bench |
|
Eng |
||
Cox |
Cox's Equity Cases |
|
Eng |
||
CP |
Law Reports, Common Pleas |
|
Eng |
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CPD |
Reports of the Cape Provincial Division |
SA |
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Cro Jac |
Croke's Reports temp. James!., King's Bench and |
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Common Pleas |
|
Eng |
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CT |
Codex Theodosianus |
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D |
Dunlop, |
Court of Session Cases |
(Scotland); |
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Durban and Coastal Local Division (South |
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Africa) |
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D & R |
Dowling & Rylands's Reports, King's Bench |
Eng |
|||
IX |
Digesta |
|
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|
|
DC Cir |
District of Columbia Court of Appeal Cases |
USA |
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Dec-. Decis. |
Decisio |
|
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|
|
Diocl. |
Diocletianus |
|
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|
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Disp. |
Disputatio |
|
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|
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Dist. |
Distinctio |
|
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Dougl |
Douglas' Reports, King's Bench |
|
Eng |
||
Dr & Sm |
Drewry and Smale's Reports, Chancery |
Eng |
|||
E |
Spain |
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|
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E I |
First draft of the German Civil Code (BGH) |
Ger |
|||
<-■■£- |
tor example |
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|
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East |
East's Reports, King's Bench |
|
Eng |
||
ED |
Fjuidopedia del diritto |
|
1 |
|
|
ed., eds. |
edition, editor; editions, editors |
|
|
|
|
EDC |
Reports of the Eastern Districts Court ot the Cape |
|
|
||
|
of Good Hope |
|
SA |
||
EDL |
Reports of the Eastern Districts Local Division |
SA |
|||
Ednis. |
Eiendoms (— Proprietary) |
|
|
|
|
Edw |
Edward |
|
|
Eng |
|
EheG. |
Ehegesetz |
|
Ger |
||
Eins. |
Eiendoms (— Proprietary) |
|
|
|
|
El & Bl |
Ellis and Blackburn's Reports, Queen's Bench |
Eng |
|||
Eng |
England |
|
|
|
|
Eq |
Equity Reports; Equity Cases |
|
Eng |
||
esp. |
especially |
|
|
|
|
Ex D |
Law Reports. Exchequer Division |
|
Eng |
||
Exch |
Exchequer; Law Reports Exchequer |
|
Eng |
||
Exerc. |
Exercitatio |
|
|
|
|
F |
Federal Reporter |
|
USA |
||
F2d |
Federal Reporter. 2nd Series |
|
USA |
||
FC |
Federal Supreme Court of Southern |
|
|
|
|
FIRA, vol. Ill |
Rhodesia |
|
ZB |
||
Уantes |
luris Romani Attteiustiniatii. |
Pars tertia, |
|
|
|
|
Negotia (cd. V. Arangio-Ruiz), 2nd ed., 1972 |
|
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liv |
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List of abbreviations |
||
|
Full citation, name or spelling |
Place or origin |
|
|
Flor. |
Florcntinus |
|
|
|
Foord |
Foord's Reports, Cape Supreme Court |
SA |
||
Fr |
France |
|
|
|
Fr. vat. |
Fragmenta vaticana |
|
|
|
Gai. |
Gaius |
|
|
|
Gall. |
Gallienus |
|
|
|
Ger |
Germany |
|
|
|
GG |
Grundgesctz |
|
Ger |
|
gl- |
glossa |
|
|
|
Gord. |
Gordianus |
|
|
|
GriinhZ |
Zeitschrift fur das Privatund OffentHche Recht der |
|
|
|
|
Gegenwart |
|
Ger |
|
H |
Greece |
|
|
|
H& С |
Hurlstone & Coltman's Reports, Exchequer |
Eng |
||
H Bl |
Henry Blackstone's Reports, Common |
|
|
|
|
Fleas |
|
Eng |
|
Harvard LR |
Harvard Law Review |
USA |
||
Hastings International |
|
|
|
|
and Comparative |
|
USA |
||
LR |
Hastings International and Comparative Law Review |
|||
HCG |
Reports of the High Court of Griqualand |
SA |
||
Негтоц. |
Hermogeniaims |
|
|
|
HL |
House of Lords |
|
UK |
|
HLC |
Clark's Reports, House of Lords |
Eng |
||
HRG |
Handworterbuch zur deutschen |
|
|
|
|
Rechtsgeschichte (see bibliography) |
|
|
|
I Itp. |
Italy |
|
|
|
Index Interpolationum |
|
|
|
|
i.e. |
id est |
|
|
|
i.f. |
in fine |
|
|
|
lav. |
Iavolerms |
|
|
|
ibia. |
ibidem |
|
|
|
Imp. |
Imperator |
|
|
|
Impp. |
Imperatores |
|
|
|
Index |
Index, Quaderni camerti di studi romanistici |
|
I |
|
Just. |
Jnstitutiones Justiniani |
|
|
|
itp. |
interpolated |
|
|
|
Iul. |
Iulianus |
|
|
|
Jura |
Rivista internazionale di diritto romano e antico |
|
I |
|
J |
Judge of Appeal |
|
|
|
JA |
|
|
|
|
Jhjb |
Jherings Jahrbiklier fir die Dogmatik des Inirgerlichen |
|
|
|
JJP |
Rechts |
Ger |
|
|
The Journal of Juristic Papyroiogy |
|
P |
||
JP |
Judge President |
|
|
|
JRS |
Journal of Roman Studies Eng |
|
|
|
Juridical Review The Juridical Review |
Sc |
|
|
|
Just. |
Justinian |
|
|
|
KB |
King's Bench; Law Reports King's Bench |
|
|
|
Division |
Eng |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
KG |
Kammergericht |
Ger |
|
|
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