Пособия / Л.П. Даниленко, Ю.Ю. Сильман TECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNERS

Task. Give the written translation of the text.

TEXT 6. PARTS AND ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING

Despite the significant difference between the buildings for different purposes, both in appearance and in the internal structure, they consist of some interrelated architectural and structural elements performing very specific functions.

A building has two main parts: the substructure i.e. the part below ground and the superstructure i.e. the part above ground. The substructure is usually called a foundation. It includes the basementwalls,eventhoughthesemayextendabovetheground.

Both the substructure and the superstructure help to support the load i.e. weight of the building. The dead load of a building is the total weight of all its parts. The live load is the weight of furniture, equipment, stored material of a building, and occupants who live there. In some regions, the wind load of a building is important if the structure has to withstand (выдерживать) storms.

Basic elements of a building can be subdivided into the following groups:

the bearing elements, that receive basic loads arising in a building;

non-load-bearing elements, which divide premises, and protect them from atmosphere influence and keep a certain temperature in a building;

elements which combine both bearing, and non-load- bearing functions.

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The main elements of a building:

a foundation

walls

floorings

a roof

partitions

stairs

windows

doors

Construction elements of a building:

1 – foundation; 2 – walls (external and internal); 3 – basement floor; 4 – flooring; 5 – partition; 6 – open roof; 7 – the roof; 8 – staircase; 9 –windows; 10 – door

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heaving. Spread foundations (the foundation which is above level of freezing the ground) are applied on unheaving grounds for constructing easy wooden structures. Such type of a foundation is applied basically for small garden houses, summer baths and economic constructions.

Foundations are the chief means of supporting a building and transmitting the loads from a building structure to the ground. They carry both dead and live loads. Building loads can be vertical or horizontal and cause overturning, and the foundation must resist bearing and uplift loads*. The correct choice and design of foundations is essential. In case a foundation is not accurately calculated, differential settlement may occur*. This can cause structural failure or damage and even collapse of the whole building. The type of a foundation to be used depends on the ground conditions and the type of structure adopted. Strip*, socket*, pier*, pile* and slab* foundations are applied in building industry. They are precast, monolithic and precastmonolithic ones. The foundation choice depends on seismicity of a district, the ground and architectural decisions.

Manufacturing of concrete foundations is possible at temperature above 5°С that imposes essential restrictions on seasonal performance of work. Work at lower temperatures is possible with the use of electrowarming up technology.

There are three main types of foundations:

Spread foundations are long slabs of reinforced concrete that extend beyond the outer edges of a building. Such foundations are not as firm as those based on a solid rock. The footing areas in contact with the soil must be of sufficient size to spread the load safely over soil and to avoid excessive

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settlement of foundations. Any such settlement would cause walls to crack.

Pier foundations are heavy concrete columns that go down through free topsoil to a bed of a firm rock. This bed may also be sand, gravel, or firm clay.

Pile foundations are columns of steel, concrete, or wood. Machines that are called pile drivers* hammer* columns down as deep as 60 meters to a layer of a solid soil or rock. These columns transmit* the building load to a supporting soil. Most skyscrapers are supported by rock foundations.

Constructions of foundations

1 – slab foundation; 2 – strip foundation; 3 – pier foundation; 4 – pile foundation

Notes:

bearing load – рабочая (несущая) нагрузка base – основание

bearing foundation – несущий фундамент uplift load – подъёмная нагрузка

to occur – происходить, случаться

spread/shallow foundation – фундамент мелкого заложения

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strip foundation – ленточный фундамент socket foundation –фундамент стаканного типа

pier foundation – фундамент на столбах, пилонный фундамент

pile foundation – свайный фундамент slab foundation – плитный фундамент pile drivers – копер для забивания свай

hammer – молот для забивания свай; забивать сваи transmit – передавать нагрузку

Task. Translate the text and do the exercises given below.

TEXT 7a. CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATIONS

The choice of the type of a foundation depends on:

1)purposes

Bearing foundation.

Combined (комбинированный) foundation that is capable to carry out functions of seismic protection, in addition to bearing functions.

Spread/shallow foundation.

Deep foundation.

Special foundation:forexample,antiseismicfoundations.

2)material used

Stone foundation:

Reinforced-concrete foundation:

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precast;

monolithic.

Wooden foundation

Aerated foundation (ячеистобетонный)

Classification of foundation

1 – block foundation; 2 – monolithic foudation; 3 – brick foundation;

4 – foundation made of concrete blocks; 5 – foundation on heaving grounds; 6 – foundation on unheaving grounds.

3)a basis of design

Pier foundation (concrete, brick or masonry)

Foundation of a “socket” type

Strip foundation (precast or monolithic)

Deep foundation (заглубленный)

Shallow foundation (малозаглубленный)

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Pile foundation (precast or monolithic)

Pile-and-beam foundation (свайный фундамент

сростверком)

Slab foundation

Continual (континуальный) foundation is like a circle or a square. Usually they serve as supports forbridges, silos, storage bins(бункер для хранения материалов) etc.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Match English and Russian equivalents.

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences.

1.A part of a building which takes loads and transfers them to the base is called…

2.For light and economic construction on unheaving grounds it’s possible to use…

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3.Seismic and ground conditions, architectural decisions and the type of a structure influence the choice of…

4.Use of electro-warming up technology helps to…

5.To hammer piles down workers use…

6.Most tall buildings stand on…

7.Combined foundations carry out two functions: loadbearing and…

Ex. 3. Findthe answers for the following questions inthe text.

1.What is the principal function of any foundation?

2.What materials are used for foundations?

3.What kind of loads does a foundation carry out?

4.Why is it so important to design and build a proper foundation?

5.What types of foundations are mostly used for construction industry?

6.What factors influence the foundation choice?

7.What does the classification of allfoundations depend on?

Task. Readandtranslatethe textforgettingspecificinformation.

TEXT 8. FLOOR SYSTEMS

Flooring is a horizontal internal protective structure which divides a buildingintostoreys. Asa rule,itisaload-bearingstructure.

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