Пособия / Л.П. Даниленко, Ю.Ю. Сильман TECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNERS
.pdfThere are also problems with lighting and ventilation in these types of roofs because they do not let skylight into the structure and it is difficult to install overhead (верхняя, подвесная) ventilation.
This type of roof is difficult to design and it is expensive. A shell roof is relatively thin and does not require support beams. The cost of materials for this type of roof can be considerably lower than the materials required for either a flat or a pitched roof.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Match Russian and English equivalents.
Roof designing |
оранжерея |
Verandah |
плоская крыша |
Shell roof |
А-образная крыша |
A-frame roof |
полу-вальмоваякрыша |
Half-hipped roof |
пильчатая крыша |
Saw-tooth roof |
криволинейная крыша |
Curved roof |
сводчатая крыша |
Domed roof |
мансардная крыша |
Mansard roof |
арочная крыша |
Flat roof |
купольная крыша |
Gabled roof |
односкатная крыша |
Pitched roof |
проектирование крыши |
Hipped roof |
двускатная крыша |
Shed roof |
четырехскатнаякрыша |
Arched roof |
скатная крыша |
Conservatory |
веранда |
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Ex. 2. Choose the correct variant and put it down.
1.Roof failures can be caused by
a)sun, hot and cold temperature
b)fire, storm, earthquake
2.The pitch is
a)the angle of a slope
b)the material for finishing roofs
3.Flat roofs are usual in the regions with
a)much rain
b)little rain
4.Gabled roofs look like
a)inverted A-frame
b)inverted V-frame
5.A hipped roof has
a)4 sides and a gentle slope
b)2 sides and no slope
6.A mansard roof was designed in
a)Spain
b)France
7.The porosity of roof tiles is very important in
a)hot climate areas
b)cold climate areas
Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Во многих странах мира черепицу векамииспользуют для кровли крыш.
2.Крышаоранжереи должназащищатьрастения ответра, дождя, холода, нохорошопропускатьсвет.
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3.Арочные и купольные крыши выглядят красиво, необычно и всегда привлекают внимание.
4.Построить мансардную крышу гораздо сложнее, чем шатровую.
5.В коттеджах ицерквяхчасто делают крышиА-образной формы.
6.Самый подходящий материал для строительства оболочковой крыши это бетон.
7.Проектирование и строительство оболочковых конструкций – это один из самых сложных и дорогостоящих процессов.
8.При строительстве оболочковых конструкций часто возникают проблемы с электрической проводкой и надземной вентиляцией.
Ex. 4. Say if the sentences given below are true or false.
1.Metal, tile, slate and wood are the main material for roof designing.
2.There are two main parts of a roof: a supporting structure and an outer skin.
3.Available materials and climate are the major factors which influence the choice of a roof shape.
4.The simplest roof for designing and constructing is a domed roof.
5.Gabled roofs are ideal for the areas with high winds.
6.Asphalt shingles are the most expensive building material for roofs.
7.Shell roofs are ideal for concert halls, theatres and libraries.
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FOR SELFEXAMINATION
TEST (part III)
1.Reinforced-concrete structures are rather
a)lighter than steel structures
b)heavier than steel structures
2.The carrying capacity of a building increases significantly by
a)insulating system
b)reinforcing masonry
3.The construction of skyscrapers became possible thanks to the technique of
a)steel framing
b)suspended ceilings
4.Most steel structures are made of special type of steel called
a)strong steel
b)mild steel
5.Flexibility and plasticity are the properties of
a)glass
b)steel
6.Ductility is the property that doesn’t allow a steel structure to
a)collapse
b)withstand winds
7.Steel structures can be protected from fire by
a)plastics and glass
b)plasterboard and concrete
8.Temporary structures are the buildings that are
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a)set up and removed quickly
b)erected for centuries
9.Steel structures lose strength at
a)very low temperature
b)very high temperature
10.A structure is considered as “a tall building” when the number of floors exceeds
a)seven
b)fourteen
11.It became possible to construct skyscrapers thanks to the invention of
a)steel reinforcement
b)electric elevator
12 Mobile diggers are the building machines used for
a)excavation of soil
b)assembling parts of a building
13.The first skyscraper in the world was built in
a)theUSAat thebeginningofthe20th century
b)Europeinthe middle ofthe20th century
14.“A shell structure” has received its name because it reminds the shape of
a)an egg
b)a square
15.The most suitable building material for shells is
a)concrete
b)iron
16.The technique of wide-span construction is often used for such structures as
a)sport halls and garages
b)residential buildings
17.The substructure of a building is its
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a)roof
b)foundation
18.The superstructure of a building is its part
a)above the ground
b)under the ground
19.Theweightoffurniture,equipmentandoccupantsiscalled
a)live load
b)dead load
20.Skyscrapers usually stand on
a)spread foundations
b)deep foundations
21.Intermediate floors are the slabs which separate
a)residential floors from each other
b)internal floor space
22.Floorsinmulti-storeybuildings are usually made of
a)reinforced concrete
b)wood
23.The main purpose for external bearing wall is
a)decoration and aesthetics
b)protective and transferring loads
24.The most universal materials for external walls are
a)aluminium sheeting and laminate
b)stone and concrete
25.“Exterior cladding” of a façade is
a)renovation or repairing of inside space
b)facing outside walls with decorative and protective materials
26.Siding is
a)a ground at the back side of a building
b)a building material and the technology of facing buildings
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27.Siding first appeared in
a)Canada in 1980s
b)the USA in 1950s
28.A roof can be defined as
a)an exterior protective envelope of a building
b)a basement of a building
29.A pitched roof is
a)a damaged roof
b)a slopped roof
30.The most widely used roofing materials are
a)concrete, cement and stucco
b)ceramic tile, metal sheeting and slates
ROLE PLAYING
My new home
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Activity A
Your students are going to buy a new house, ask them to list off their priorities. For example:
It must be made of brick (concrete, timber). (Why?)
It must have … floors. (Why?)
Myflatmustbeontheground(first,last)floor.(Why?)
It must face the South (Why?)
It must have a lot of natural light
It should have a nice view/nice location
It must be near the countryside
I prefer a house to a flat (Why?)
It must have amenities nearby (parks, mountains, culture centres, sports centres )
I want to get much privacy
I would like to live in a tough area (Why not?)
My flat has to be in the city centre (Why?)
After having made the comments on each requirement for a new house ask a student to rate them in importance. Debate the needs/priorities of single people as opposed to married couples with children. Each phrase of a student must be supported by explanation.Noshortanswers.
Activity B
Let students make a list of their priorities inside the house. For example: the most important things for me are:
A balcony (Why?)
Two bathrooms!
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A big TV
An enormous bed
A really comfortable sofa
Book shelves
A space kitchen
A fire place (Why?)
Distribution of the house (the lay-out), having the bedroom far from the kitchen or living room (Why?)
Activity C
Ask students to name two or three amenities they consider essential for them. For example:
Sports centre
Public transport
Mountains
Open country
Shopping centre
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ADDITIONAL READING
TEXT 1. Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower is one of the world’s most iconic monuments, with millions of visitors coming to admire it every year. The Eiffel Tower is a Parisian landmark and technological masterpiece (шедевр) in construction history. When the French government was organizing the centennial (столетие) exposition of 1889 to commemorate the French Revolution, a competition was held for a suitable monument. More than 100
projects were presented and the centennial committee accepted a project of the noted bridge engineer Gustave Eiffel. It was a 984 feet (300 meters) tower of open-lattice wrought iron (сварочное железо с открытой решеткой), which exited interest.
Such structure had never been built. At the time of its construction, the Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world. It was twice as high as the dome of St. Peters’s in Rome or the Great Pyramid of Giza. In contrast to such older monuments Eiffel’s tower was raised in two years, two months
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