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138.Murphey MD, Nomikos GC, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH, Temple HT, Kransdorf MJ. From the archives of AFIP. Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2001;21(5):1283–1309

139.Reid R, Banerjee SS. Sciot. Giant cell tumour. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni

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140.XuW,LiX,HuangW,etal.Factorsaffectingprognosisofpatientswith giant cell tumors of the mobile spine: retrospective analysis of 102 patients in a single center. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20(3):804–810

141.Yamamura S, Sato K, Sugiura H, et al. Prostaglandin levels of primary bone tumor tissues correlate with peritumoral edema demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 1997;79(2):255–261

Glioneuronal Tumors, Spinal Cord

142.Anan M, Inoue R, Ishii K, et al. A rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of thespinalcord:thefrstcaseofarosette-formingglioneuronaltumor originating from the spinal cord. Hum Pathol 2009;40(6):898–901

143.Comunoglu N, Kilickesmez O, Oz B. Spinal cord glioneuronal tumor with rosetted neuropil-like islands in pediatric age group. Case Rep Pathol 2014;2014:471–645

144.Ruppert B, Welsh CT, Hannah J, et al. Glioneuronal tumor with neuro- pil-like islands of the spinal cord with diffuse leptomeningeal neur- axis dissemination. J Neurooncol 2011;104(2):529–533

145.Syed S, Rajaram V, Leonard JR, Perry A, Raghavan R. Mixed glioneuronal tumors of the spinal cord in two children. Acta Neuropathol 2006;111(1):53–55

Gout

146.Chen CK, Chung CB, Yeh L, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by tophaceous gout: CT and MR imaging features in 20 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175(3):655–659

147.Chen CK, Yeh LR, Pan HB, et al. Intra-articular gouty tophi of the knee: CT and MR imaging in 12 patients. Skeletal Radiol 1999;28(2):75–80

148.Meyers SP. Gout. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:479–483

149.Monu JUV, Pope TL Jr. Gout: a clinical and radiologic review. Radiol Clin North Am 2004;42(1):169–184

150.Yu JS, Chung C, Recht M, Dailiana T, Jurdi R. MR imaging of tophaceous gout. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;168(2):523–527

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

151.Altehoefer C, Bertz H, Ghanem NA, Langer M. Extent and time course of morphological changes of bone marrow induced by granulocytecolony stimulating factor as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging of healthy blood stem cell donors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001;14(2):141–146

152.Chabanova E, Johnsen HE, Knudsen LM, et al. Magnetic resonance investigation of bone marrow following priming and stem cell mobilization. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24(6):1364–1370

153.Ciray I, Lindman H, Aström GKO, Wanders A, Bergh J, Ahlström

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154.Hartman RP, Sundaram M, Okuno SH, Sim FH. Effect of granulocyte- stimulating factors on marrow of adult patients with musculoskel- etal malignancies: incidence and MRI fndings. AJR Am J Roentgenol

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Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

155.Mentzel HJ, Neumann T, Fitzek C, Sauner D, Reichenbach JR, Kaiser WA. MR imaging in Wegener granulomatosis of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24(1):18–21

156.Wang DC, Wei JW, Liu JH, Hu YG. The upper thoracic spinal compression as the initial manifestation of Wegener’s granulomatosis: a case report. Eur Spine J 2007;16(Suppl 3):296–300

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

157.Mulkey SB, Glasier CM, El-Nabbout B, et al. Nerve root enhancement on spinal MRI in pediatric Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2010;43(4):263–269

158.Yikilmaz A, Doganay S, Gumus H, Per H, Kumandas S, Coskun A. Magnetic resonance imaging of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 2010;26(8):1103–1108

159.Zuccoli G, Panigrahy A, Bailey A, Fitz C. Redefning the Guillain-Barré spectrum in children: neuroimaging fndings of cranial nerve in- volvement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32(4):639–642

Hemangioendothelioma

160.Brennan JW, Midha R, Ang LC, Perez-Ordonez B. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the spine presenting as cervical myelopathy: case report. Neurosurgery 2001;48(5):1166–1169

161.Calonje E. Retiform haemangioendothelioma. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni

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162.Calonje E. Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma. In: Fletcher

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163.Larochelle O, Périgny M, Lagacé R, Dion N, Giguère C. Best cases from the AFIP: epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone. Radiographics 2006;26(1):265–270

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167.Wenger DE, Wold LE. Malignant vascular lesions of bone: radiologic and pathologic features. Skeletal Radiol 2000;29(11):619–631

Hemangioma

168.Adler CP, Wold L. Haemangioma and related lesions. In: Fletcher CDM,

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169.Calonje E. Haemangiomas. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, eds. World Health Organization Classifcation of Tumours. Pathol- ogy and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. IARC Press; 2002:156–158

170.Fetsch JF. Epithelioid haemangioma. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni KK,

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171.Gaudino S, Martucci M, Colantonio R, et al. A systematic approach to vertebral hemangioma. Skeletal Radiol 2015;44(1):25–36

172.Meyers SP. Hemangiomas. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:491–501

173.Yochum TR, Lile RL, Schultz GD, Mick TJ, Brown CW. Acquired spinal stenosis secondary to an expanding thoracic vertebral hemangioma. Spine 1993;18(2):299–305

Hemangiopericytoma

174.Cole CD, Schmidt MH. Hemangiopericytomas of the spine: case report and review of the literature. Rare Tumors 2009;1(2):e43

175.Ren K, Zhou X, Wu S, Sun X. Primary osseous hemangiopericytoma in the thoracic spine. Clin Neuropathol 2014;33(5):364–370

Hematologic Disorders

176.Lorand-Metze I, Santiago GF, Lima CSP, Zanardi VA, Torriani M. Magnetic resonance imaging of femoral marrow cellularity in hypocellular haemopoietic disorders. Clin Radiol 2001;56(2):107–110

177.Loevner LA, Tobey JD, Yousem DM, Sonners AI, Hsu WC. MR imaging characteristics of cranial bone marrow in adult patients with underlying systemic disorders compared with healthy control subjects. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23(2):248–254

178.Tyler PA, Madani G, Chaudhuri R, Wilson LF, Dick EA. The radiological appearances of thalassaemia. Clin Radiol 2006;61(1):40–52

Hematopoietic Disorders

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180.Hanrahan CJ, Shah LM. MRI of spinal bone marrow: part 2, T1- weighted imaging-based differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol

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181.Levin TL, Sheth SS, Hurlet A, et al. MR marrow signs of iron overload in transfusion-dependent patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(8):614–619

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184.States LJ. Imaging of metabolic bone disease and marrow disorders in children. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(4):749–772

Hemochromatosis/Iron Overload

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187.Levin TL, Sheth SS, Hurlet A, et al. MR marrow signs of iron overload in transfusion-dependent patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(8):614–619

Inherited Anemias

188.Aydingöz U, Oto A, Cila A. Spinal cord compression due to epidural extramedullary haematopoiesis in thalassaemia: MRI. Neuroradiology 1997;39(12):870–872

189.Lorand-Metze I, Santiago GF, Lima CSP, Zanardi VA, Torriani M. Magnetic resonance imaging of femoral marrow cellularity in hypocellular haemopoietic disorders. Clin Radiol 2001;56(2):107–110

190.Niggemann P, Krings T, Hans F, Thron A. Fifteen-year follow-up of a patient with beta thalassaemia and extramedullary haematopoietic tissue compressing the spinal cord. Neuroradiology 2005;47(4):263–266

191.Salehi SA, Koski T, Ondra SL. Spinal cord compression in betathalassemia: case report and review of the literature. Spinal Cord 2004;42(2):117–123

192.States LJ. Imaging of metabolic bone disease and marrow disorders in children. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(4):749–772

193.Tan TC, Tsao J, Cheung FC. Extramedullary haemopoiesis in thalassemia intermedia presenting as paraplegia. J Clin Neurosci 2002;9(6):721–725

194.Tyler PA, Madani G, Chaudhuri R, Wilson LF, Dick EA. The radiological appearances of thalassaemia. Clin Radiol 2006;61(1):40–52

Intradural Extramedullary Tumors

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197.Gu R, Liu JB, Zhang Q, Liu GY, Zhu QS. MRI diagnosis of intradural extramedullary tumors. J Cancer Res Ther 2014;10(4):927–931

198.Smith JK, Lury K, Castillo M. Imaging of spinal and spinal cord tumors. Semin Roentgenol 2006;41(4):274–293

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

199.Tracy MR, Dormans JP, Kusumi K. Klippel-Feil syndrome: clinical features and current understanding of etiology. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004; (424):183–190

Leptomeningeal Leukemia

200.Kitajima M, Korogi Y, Shigematsu Y, et al. Central nervous system lesions in adult T-cell leukaemia: MRI and pathology. Neuroradiology 2002;44(7):559–567

Leptomeningeal Lymphoma

201.Küker W, Nägele T, Korfel A, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL): MRI features at presentation in 100 patients. J Neurooncol 2005;72(2):169–177

202.Yamashita T, Sakaura H, Oshima K, Iwasaki M, Yoshikawa H. Solitary intradural extramedullary lymphoma of the cervical spine. J Neurosurg Spine 2010;12(4):436–439

Leukemia

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204.Hernandez RJ, Teo ELHJ. Diffuse marrow disorders in children. Magn

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205.Kraemer M, Weissinger F, Kraus R, Beer M, Kunzmann V, Wilhelm M.

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206.Lecouvet FE, Vande Berg BC, Michaux L, et al. Early chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic value of quantitative bone marrow MR imaging fndings and correlation with hematologic variables. Radiol- ogy 1997;204(3):813–818

207.Leone J, Vilque JP, Pignon B, et al. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head as a complication of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Skeletal Radiol 1996;25(7):696–698

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209.Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematologic malignancies. Blood 1997;90(6):2127–2147

210.States LJ. Imaging of metabolic bone disease and marrow disorders in children. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(4):749–772

211.Takagi S, Tanaka O. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and monitoring of myelodysplastic syndromes or leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996;23(5-6):443–450

212.Tardivon AA, Vanel D, Munck JN, Bosq J. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in lymphomas and leukemias. Leuk Lymphoma 1997;25(1-2):55–68

213.Vande Berg BC, Michaux L, Scheiff JM, et al. Sequential quantitative MR analysis of bone marrow: differences during treatment of lym- phoid versus myeloid leukemia. Radiology 1996;201(2):519–523

Limbus Vertebrae

214.Huang PY, Yeh LR, Tzeng WS, et al. Imaging features of posterior limbus vertebrae. Clin Imaging 2012;36(6):797–802

215.Yen Y, Wu FZ. Giant limbus vertebra mimicking a vertebral fracture. QJM 2014;107(11):937–938

Lipoma, Atypical Lipoma, and Hibernoma

216.Campbell RSD, Grainger AJ, Mangham DC, Beggs I, Teh J, Davies AM. Intraosseous lipoma: report of 35 new cases and a review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol 2003;32(4):209–222

217.Murphey MD, Carroll JF, Flemming DJ, Pope TL, Gannon FH, Kransdorf MJ. From the archives of the AFIP: benign musculoskeletal lipomatous lesions. Radiographics 2004;24(5):1433–1466

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Lipomatous Malformations of the Spine

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Lumbosacral Plexus

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Lymphoma

224.Hicks DG, Gokan T, O’Keefe RJ, et al. Primary lymphoma of bone. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging features with cytokine production by tumor cells. Cancer 1995;75(4):973–980

225.Krishnan A, Shirkhoda A, Tehranzadeh J, Armin AR, Irwin R, Les K. Primary bone lymphoma: radiographic-MR imaging correlation. Radiographics 2003;23(6):1371–1383, discussion 1384–1387

226.Mengiardi B, Honegger H, Hodler J, Exner UG, Csherhati MD, Brühlmann W. Primary lymphoma of bone: MRI and CT characteristics during and after successful treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184(1):185–192

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229.Varan A, Cila A, Büyükpamukçu M. Prognostic importance of magnetic resonance imaging in bone marrow involvement of Hodgkin disease. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;32(4):267–271

230.Zhang X, Chang CK, Song LX, Xu L, Wu LY, Li X. Primary lymphoma of bone: a case report and review of the literature. Med Oncol 2011;28(1):202–206

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Myxofibrosarcoma

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236.Teng H, Xinghai Y, Wei H, Huang Q, Xiao J, Zhang C. Malignant fbrous histiocytoma of the spine: a series of 13 clinical case reports and review of 17 published cases. Spine 2011;36(22):E1453–E1462

Marfan Syndrome

237.Habermann CR, Weiss F, Schoder V, et al. MR evaluation of dural ectasia in Marfan syndrome: reassessment of the established criteria in children, adolescents, and young adults. Radiology 2005;234(2):535–541

238.Knirsch W, Kurtz C, Haffner N, et al. Dural ectasia in childen with

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239.Lundby R, Rand-Hendriksen S, Hald JK, et al. Dural ectasia in Marfan syndrome: a case control study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30(8):1534–1540

Marrow Hyperplasia Caused by Exogenous Erythropoeitin

240.Biljanovic-Paunovic L, Djukanovic L, Lezaic V, Stojanovic N, Marisav- ljevic D, Pavlovic-Kentera V. In vivo effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on bone marrow hematopoeisis in patients with chronic renal failure. Eur J Med Res 1998;16:564–570

241.Horina JH, Schmid CR, Roob JM, et al. Bone marrow changes following treatment of renal anemia with erythropoietin. Kidney Int 1991;40(5):917–922

242.Jensen KE, Stenver D, Jensen M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow following treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with end-stage renal disease. Int J Artif Organs 1990;13(8):477–481

Marrow Signal Changes Secondary to Degenerative Disk Disease

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244.Kuisma M, Karppinen J, Haapea M, Lammentausta E, Niinimäki J, Ter- vonen O. Modic changes in vertebral endplates: a comparison of MR imaging and multislice CT. Skeletal Radiol 2009;38(2):141–147

245.Quattrocchi CC, Alexandre AM, Della Pepa GM, Altavilla R, Zobel BB. Modic changes: anatomy, pathophysiology and clinical correlation. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 2011;108:49–53

246.Rahme R, Moussa R. The Modic vertebral endplate and marrow changes: pathologic signifcance and relation to low back pain and segmental instability of the lumbar spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29(5):838–842

247.WangY,VidemanT,NiemeläinenR,BattiéMC.Quantitativemeasures of Modic changes in lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging: intra- and inter-rater reliability. Spine 2011;36(15):1236–1243

Mastocytosis

248.Arias M, Villalba C, Requena I, Vázquez-Veiga H, Sesar A, Pereiro I. Acute spinal epidural hematoma and systemic mastocytosis. Spine 2004;29(8):E161–E163

249.Avila NA, Ling A, Metcalfe DD, Worobec AS. Mastocytosis: magnetic resonance imaging patterns of marrow disease. Skeletal Radiol 1998;27(3):119–126

250.Boncoraglio GB, Brucato A, Carriero MR, et al. Systemic mastocytosis: a potential neurologic emergency. Neurology 2005;65(2):332–333

251.Fritz J, Fishman EK, Carrino JA, Horger MS. Advanced imaging of skeletal manifestations of systemic mastocytosis. Skeletal Radiol 2012;41(8):887–897 epub ahead of print

252.Myers B, Grimley C, Jones SG, Clark D, Kerslake R. Skin, bone marrow and magnetic resonance imaging appearances in systemic mastocytosis. Br J Haematol 2003;122(6):876

253.Roca M, Mota J, Giraldo P, García Erce JA. Systemic mastocytosis: MRI of bone marrow involvement. Eur Radiol 1999;9(6):1094–1097

254.Valent P, Horny HP, Li CY, et al. Mastocytosis. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, SeinH,VardimanJW,eds.WorldHealthOrganizationClassifcationof

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Meningocele

255.Alves D, Sampaio M, Figueiredo R, Leão M. Lateral meningocele syndrome: additional report and further evidence supporting a connective tissue basis. Am J Med Genet A 2013;161A(7):1768–1772

256.Castori M, Morlino S, Ritelli M, et al. Late diagnosis of lateral meningocele syndrome in a 55-year-old woman with symptoms of joint instability and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Am J Med Genet A 2014;164A(2):528–534

257.Kumar BE, Hegde KV, Kumari GL, Agrawal A. Bilateral multiple level lateral meningocoele. J Clin Imaging Sci 2013;3:1

Metastatic Lesions

258.Algra PR, Heimans JJ, Valk J, Nauta JJ, Lachniet M, Van Kooten B. Do metastases in vertebrae begin in the body or the pedicles? Imaging study in 45 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992;158(6):1275–1279

259.Kim SH, Smith SE, Mulligan ME. Hematopoietic tumors and metastases involving bone. Radiol Clin North Am 2011;49(6):1163–1183, vi

260.Meyers SP. Metastatic lesions. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:601–608

Meningitis

261.Hazany S, Go JL, Law M. Magnetic resonance imaging of infectious meningitis and ventriculitis in adults. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2014;23(5):315–325

Multiple Myeloma

262.Lecouvet FE, Vande Berg BC, Michaux L, et al. Stage III multiple myeloma: clinical and prognostic value of spinal bone marrow MR imaging. Radiology 1998;209(3):653–660

263.Libshitz HI, Malthouse SR, Cunningham D, MacVicar AD, Husband JE. Multiple myeloma: appearance at MR imaging. Radiology 1992;182(3):833–837

264.Meyers SP. Multiple myeloma. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:611–617

265.Moulopoulos LA, Varma DG, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Multiple myeloma: spinal MR imaging in patients with untreated newly diagnosed disease. Radiology 1992;185(3):833–840

266.Pearce T, Philip S, Brown J, Koh DM, Burn PR. Bone metastases from prostate, breast and multiple myeloma: differences in lesion conspi- cuity at short-tau inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted MRI. Br

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267.Tan E, Weiss BM, Mena E, Korde N, Choyke PL, Landgren O. Current and future imaging modalities for multiple myeloma and its precursor states. Leuk Lymphoma 2011;52(9):1630–1640

Multiple Sclerosis

268.Ceccarelli A, Bakshi R, Neema M. MRI in multiple sclerosis: a review of the current literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2012;25(4):402–409

269.Ge Y. Multiple sclerosis: the role of MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27(6):1165–1176

270.Karussis D. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the various related demyelinating syndromes: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2014;48-49:134–142

271.Sahraian MA, Eshaghi A. Role of MRI in diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010;112(7):609–615

Myelocele

272.Rossi A, Gandolfo C, Morana G, et al. Current classifcation and imaging of congenital spinal abnormalities. Semin Roentgenol 2006;41(4):250–273

273.Schenk JP, Herweh C, Günther P, Rohrschneider W, Zieger B, Tröger J. Imaging of congenital anomalies and variations of the caudal spine and back in neonates and small infants. Eur J Radiol 2006;58(1):3–14

Myelocystocele

274.Muthukumar N. Terminal and nonterminal myelocystoceles. J Neurosurg 2007;107(2, Suppl):87–97

275.Pang D, Zovickian J, Lee JY, Moes GS, Wang KC. Terminal myelocystocele: surgical observations and theory of embryogenesis. Neurosurgery 2012;70(6):1383–1404, discussion 1404–1405

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Myelodysplastic Syndromes

277.Kusumoto S, Jinnai I, Matsuda A, et al. Bone marrow patterns in patients with aplastic anaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: observations with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Haematol 1997;59(3):155–161

278.Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematologic malignancies. Blood 1997;90(6):2127–2147

279.Olipitz W, Beham-Schmid C, Aigner R, Raith J, Linkesch W, Sill H.

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280.Takagi S, Tanaka O, Origasa H, Miura Y. Prognostic signifcance of magnetic resonance imaging of femoral marrow in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol 1999;17(1):277–283

281.Vardiman JW. Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases: introduc- tion. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Sein H, Vardiman JW, eds. World Health Organization Classifcation of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of

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Nerve Root Avulsions

282.Doi K, Otsuka K, Okamoto Y, Fujii H, Hattori Y, Baliarsing AS. Cervical nerve root avulsion in brachial plexus injuries: magnetic reso- nance imaging classifcation and comparison with myelography and computerized tomography myelography. J Neurosurg 2002;96(3, Suppl):277–284

283.Medina LS, Yaylali I, Zurakowski D, Ruiz J, Altman NR, Grossman JA. Diagnostic performance of MRI and MR myelography in infants with a brachial plexus birth injury. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36(12):1295–1299

284.Somashekar D, Yang LJS, Ibrahim M, Parmar HA. High-resolution MRI evaluation of neonatal brachial plexus palsy: A promising alternative to traditional CT myelography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35(6):1209–1213

Neuroblastoma

285.Nour-Eldin NEA, Abdelmonem O, Tawfk AM, et al. Pediatric primary and metastatic neuroblastoma: MRI fndings: pictorial review. Magn

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286.Sharp SE, Gelfand MJ, Shulkin BL. Pediatrics: diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Semin Nucl Med 2011;41(5):345–353

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

287.Khoo Bao JN, Ogunwale B, Huson SM, Ealing J, Whitehouse RW. Spinal bonedefectsinneurofbromatosistypeIwithduralectasia:stressfrac- tures or dysplastic? A case series. Eur Radiol 2013;23(12):3418–3421

288.Tsirikos AI, Ramachandran M, Lee J, Saifuddin A. Assessment of ver- tebral scalloping in neurofbromatosis type 1 with plain radiography and MRI. Clin Radiol 2004;59(11):1009–1017

Neuromyelitis Optica

289.Kim HJ, Paul F, Lana-Peixoto MA, et al; Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation NMO International Clinical Consortium & Biorepository. MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an international update. Neurology 2015;84(11):1165–1173

290.Tackley G, Kuker W, Palace J. Magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2014;20(9):1153–1164

Neuropathic Spinal Arthropathy

291.Deng X, Wu L, Yang C, Xu Y. Neuropathic arthropathy caused by syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 2013;18(3):303–309

292.Wagner SC, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Przybylski GJ, Parker

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Notochord Rest/Benign Notochordal Cell Tumors

293.Amer HZM, Hameed M. Intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134(2):283–288

294.Iorgulescu JB, Laufer I, Hameed M, et al. Benign notochordal cell tumors of the spine: natural history of 8 patients with histologically confrmed lesions. Neurosurgery 2013;73(3):411–416

295.Kreshak J, Larousserie F, Picci P, et al. Difficulty distinguishing benign notochordal cell tumor from chordoma further suggests a link between them. Cancer Imaging 2014;14(1):4

296.Kyriakos M. Benign notochordal lesions of the axial skeleton: a review and current appraisal. Skeletal Radiol 2011;40(9):1141–1152

297.Nishiguchi T, Mochizuki K, Ohsawa M, et al. Differentiating benign notochordal cell tumors from chordomas: radiographic features on MRI, CT, and tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196(3):644–650

298.Terzi S, Mobarec S, Bandiera S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of benign notochordal cell tumors of the spine: report of 3 cases and literature review. Spine 2012;37(21):E1356–E1360

Oligodendroglioma, Spinal Cord

299.Guppy KH, Akins PT, Moes GS, Prados MD. Spinal cord oligodendroglioma with 1p and 19q deletions presenting with cerebral oligodendrogliomatosis. J Neurosurg Spine 2009;10(6):557–563

300.Wang F, Qiao G, Lou X. Spinal cord anaplastic oligodendroglioma with 1p deletion: report of a relapsing case treated with temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2011;104(1):387–394

Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

301.Matsunaga S, Sakou T. Ossifcation of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine: etiology and natural history. Spine 2012;37(5):E309–E314

302.Saetia K, Cho D, Lee S, Kim DH, Kim SD. Ossifcation of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a review. Neurosurg Focus 2011;30(3):E1–E16

Osteoblastoma

303.Atesok KI, Alman BA, Schemitsch EH, Peyser A, Mankin H. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2011; 19(11):678–689

304.James SLJ, Panicek DM, Davies AM. Bone marrow oedema associated with benign and malignant bone tumours. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67(1):11–21

305.Malcolm AJ, Schiller AL, Schneider-Stock R. Osteoblastoma. In: Fletch- er CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, eds. World Health Organization Classif- cation of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. IARC Press; 2002:262–263

306.Meyers SP. Osteoblastoma. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:668–673

307.Yamamura S, Sato K, Sugiura H, et al. Prostaglandin levels of primary bone tumor tissues correlate with peritumoral edema demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 1997;79(2):255–261

308.Zileli M, Cagli S, Basdemir G, Ersahin Y. Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas of the spine. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(5):E5

Osteochondroma

309.Khurana J, Abdul-Karim F, Bovee JVMG. Osteochondroma. In: Fletcher

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310.Lee KCY, Davies AM, Cassar-Pullicino VN. Imaging the complications of osteochondromas. Clin Radiol 2002;57(1):18–28

311.Mehta M, White LM, Knapp T, Kandel RA, Wunder JS, Bell RS. MR imaging of symptomatic osteochondromas with pathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol 1998;27(8):427–433

312.Meyers SP. Osteochondroma. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:645–653

313.Murphey MD, Choi JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH. Imaging of osteochondroma: variants and complications with radiologicpathologic correlation. Radiographics 2000;20(5):1407–1434

314.Vanhoenacker FM, Van Hul W, Wuyts W, Willems PJ, De Schepper AM. Hereditary multiple exostoses: from genetics to clinical syndrome and complications. Eur J Radiol 2001;40(3):208–217

315.Woertler K, Lindner N, Gosheger G, Brinkschmidt C, Heindel W. Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications. Eur Radiol 2000;10(5):832–840

Osteoid Osteoma

316.Burn SC, Ansorge O, Zeller R, Drake JM. Management of osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma of the spine in childhood. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009;4(5):434–438

317.Chai JW, Hong SH, Choi JY, et al. Radiologic diagnosis of oste- oid osteoma: from simple to challenging fndings. Radiographics

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318.Ehara S, Rosenthal DI, Aoki J, et al. Peritumoral edema in osteoid osteoma on magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol 1999; 28(5):265–270

319.Iyer RS, Chapman T, Chew FS. Pediatric bone imaging: diagnostic imaging of osteoid osteoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;198(5):1039–1052

320.Klein MJ, Parisien MV, Schneider-Stock R. Osteoid osteoma. In: Fletch- er CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, eds. World Health Organization Classif- cation of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. IARC Press; 2002:260–261

321.Meyers SP. Osteoid Osteoma. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:660–667

322.Rosenthal DI, Hornicek FJ, Torriani M, Gebhardt MC, Mankin HJ. Osteoid osteoma: percutaneous treatment with radiofrequency energy. Radiology 2003;229(1):171–175

323.Spouge AR, Thain LM. Osteoid osteoma: MR imaging revisited. Clin Imaging 2000;24(1):19–27

Osteoma, Enostoses/Bone Islands, Osteopoikilosis, and

Melorheostosis

324.Cerase A, Priolo F. Skeletal benign bone-forming lesions. Eur J Radiol 1998;27(Suppl 1):S91–S97

325.Lambiase RE, Levine SM, Terek RM, Wyman JJ. Long bone surface osteomas: imaging features that may help avoid unnecessary biopsies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171(3):775–778

326.Meyers SP. Osteoma, enostoses, osteopoikilosis, and melorheostosis. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:674–678

327.Motimaya A, Meyers SP. Melorheotosis of the cervical and upper tho- racic spine: radiographic, CT and MRI fndings. AJNR Am J Neurora- diol 2006;27:1198–1200

328.Peyser AB, Makley JT, Callewart CC, Brackett B, Carter JR, AbdulKarim FW. Osteoma of the long bones and the spine. A study of eleven patients and a review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996;78(8):1172–1180

Osteomyelitis

329.Chhem RK, Wang S, Jaovisidha S, et al. Imaging of fungal, viral, and parasitic musculoskeletal and spinal diseases. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(2):357–378

330.De Vuyst D, Vanhoenacker F, Gielen J, Bernaerts A, De Schepper AM. Imaging features of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol 2003;13(8):1809–1819

331.Karchevsky M, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Parellada JA. MRI fnd- ings of septic arthritis and associated osteomyelitis in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182(1):119–122

332.Meyers SP. Osteomyelitis. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:679–692

333.Moore SL, Rafi M. Imaging of musculoskeletal and spinal tuberculo- sis. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(2):329–342

334.Oudjhane K, Azouz EM. Imaging of osteomyelitis in children. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(2):251–266

335.Santiago Restrepo C, Giménez CR, McCarthy K. Imaging of osteomyelitis and musculoskeletal soft tissue infections: current concepts. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003;29(1):89–109

336.Sharma P. MR features of tuberculous osteomyelitis. Skeletal Radiol 2003;32(5):279–285

Osteopetrosis

337.Curé JK, Key LL, Goltra DD, VanTassel P. Cranial MR imaging of osteopetrosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(6):1110–1115

337.Elster AD, Theros EG, Key LL, Chen MYM. Cranial imaging in autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Part I. Facial bones and calvarium. Radiology 1992;183(1):129–135

338.Martin D, Chapman T. Infantile osteopetrosis on head CT. Pediatr Radiol 2009;39(3):308

339.Tolar J, Teitelbaum SL, Orchard PJ. Osteopetrosis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(27):2839–2849

Osteosarcoma

340.Forest M. Secondary osteosarcomas. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni KK,

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341.Ilaslan H, Sundaram M, Unni KK, Shives TC. Primary vertebral osteo- sarcoma: imaging fndings. Radiology 2004;230(3):697–702

342.Inwards CY, Knuutila S. Low grade central osteosarcoma. In: Fletcher

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343.Kaste SC. Imaging pediatric bone sarcomas. Radiol Clin North Am 2011;49(4):749–765, vi–vii

344.Meyers SP. Osteosarcoma. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:693–712

345.Raymond AK, Ayala AG, Knuutila S. Conventional osteosarcoma. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, eds. World Health Organization

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346.Schoenfeld AJ, Hornicek FJ, Pedlow FX, et al. Osteosarcoma of the spine: experience in 26 patients treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Spine J 2010;10(8):708–714

347.Schwab J, Gasbarrini A, Bandiera S, et al. Osteosarcoma of the mobile spine. Spine 2012;37(6):E381–E386

Pachymeningitis

348.Kim JH, Park YM, Chin DK. Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis : report of two cases and review of the literature. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011;50(4):392–395

349.Kupersmith MJ, Martin V, Heller G, Shah A, Mitnick HJ. Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Neurology 2004;62(5):686–694

350.Pai S, Welsh CT, Patel S, Rumboldt Z. Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis: report of two cases with typical MR imaging fnd- ings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28(3):590–592

351.Ranasinghe MG, Zalatimo O, Rizk E, et al. Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;15(2):195–201

Paget Disease

352.Boutin RD, Spitz DJ, Newman JS, Lenchik L, Steinbach LS. Complications in Paget disease at MR imaging. Radiology 1998;209(3):641–651

353.Dohan A, Parlier-Cuau C, Kaci R, Touraine S, Bousson V, Larédo JD.

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354.Forest M, De Pineux G. Knuutila. Secondary osteosarcomas. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, eds. World Health Organization

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355.Meyers SP. Paget’s disease. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:713–720

356.Morales H. MR imaging fndings of Paget’s disease of the spine. Clin

Neuroradiol 2015;25(3):225–232

357.Sundaram M, Khanna G, El-Khoury GY. T1-weighted MR imaging for distinguishing large osteolysis of Paget’s disease from sarcomatous degeneration. Skeletal Radiol 2001;30(7):378–383

358.Whitten CR, Saifuddin A. MRI of Paget’s disease of bone. Clin Radiol 2003;58(10):763–769

359.Zbojniewicz AM, Hartel J, Nguyen T, Wilks K, Mace A, Hogg JP. Neoplastic disease of the vertebral column: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2010;39(2):74–90

Perineural (Tarlov) Cyst

360.Acosta FL Jr, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Schmidt MH, Weinstein PR. Diagnosis and management of sacral Tarlov cysts. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E15

361.Kim K, Chun SW, Chung SG. A case of symptomatic cervical perineural (Tarlov) cyst: clinical manifestation and management. Skeletal Radiol 2012;41(1):97–101

362.Mitra R, Kirpalani D, Wedemeyer M. Conservative management of perineural cysts. Spine 2008;33(16):E565–E568 doi

Plasmacytoma

363.Terada T. Solitary plasmacytoma of the thoracic vertebra presenting with sudden paraplegia and back pain: a pathologic case report. Pathol Oncol Res 2011;17(1):167–169

Pneumatocyst

364.Kitagawa T, Fujiwara A, Tamai K, et al. Enlarging vertebral body pneumatocysts in the cervical spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24(8):1707–1710

365.Matsukubo Y, Kashiwagi N, Uemura M, et al. Intravertebral pneumatocysts of the cervical spine. Neuroradiology 2013;55(11):1341–1344

366.Zarei F, Iranpour P. Pneumatocyst, mimicking a sclerotic bony lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. Spine J 2010;10(4):e17–e19

Primary Melanocytic Tumors

367.Islam MP, Neurocutaneous melanosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015; 132:111–117

368.Kusters-Vandevelde HVN, Kusters B, van Engen-van Grunsven A, Groenen PJTA, et al. Primary melanocytic tumors of the central nervous system: a review with focus on molecular aspects. Brain Path 2015;25:209–226

369.Liubinas SV, Maartens N, Drummond KJ. Primary melanocytic neoplasms of the central nervous system. J Clin Neuroscience 2010; 17:1227-1232

370.Matsumura M, Okudela K, Tateishi Y, Umeda S, et al. Leptomeningeal melanomatosis associated with neurocutaneous melanosis: an autopsy case report. Pathol Int 2015;65(2):100–105

371.Muthappan M, Muthu T, Hussain Z, Lamont D, et al. Cervical intramedullary melanocytoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neuroscience 2012;19:1450–1453

372.Sutton BJ, Tatter SB, Stanton CA, Mott RT. Leptomeningeal melanocytosis in an adult male without large congenital nevi: a rare and atypical case of neurocutaneous melanosis. Clin Neuropathol 2011;30:178–182

373.Yang C, Fang J, Li G, Jia W, et al. Spinal meningeal melanocytomas: clinical manifestations, radiological and pathological characteristics, and surgical outcomes. J Neurooncol 2016;127:279–286

374.Yang C, Fang J, Li G, Yang J, et al. Primary scattered multifocal melano- cytomas in spinal canal mimicking neurofbromatosis. Spine J 2016; doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2016.03.007 [Epub ahead of print]

Primary Tumors of the Spine

375.Kim HJ, McLawhorn AS, Goldstein MJ, Boland PJ. Malignant osseous tumors of the pediatric spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2012;20(10):646–656

376.Orguc S, Arkun R. Primary tumors of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2014;18(3):280–299

377.Ropper AE, Cahill KS, Hanna JW, McCarthy EF, Gokaslan ZL, Chi JH. Primary vertebral tumors: a review of epidemiologic, histological and imaging fndings, part II: locally aggressive and malignant tumors.

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378.Ropper AE, Cahill KS, Hanna JW, McCarthy EF, Gokaslan ZL, Chi JH. Primary vertebral tumors: a review of epidemiologic, histo- logical, and imaging fndings, part I: benign tumors. Neurosurgery

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379.Thakur NA, Daniels AH, Schiller J, et al. Benign tumors of the spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2012;20(11):715–724

380.Theodorou DJ, Theodorou SJ, Sartoris DJ. An imaging overview of primary tumors of the spine: Part 1. Benign tumors. Clin Imaging 2008;32(3):196–203

381.Zbojniewicz AM, Hartel J, Nguyen T, Wilks K, Mace A, Hogg JP. Neoplastic disease of the vertebral column: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2010;39(2):74–90

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primary Neoplasm Involving

the Spine

382.Duan XH, Ban XH, Liu B, et al. Intraspinal primitive neuroectodermal tumor:imagingfndingsinsixcases.EurJRadiol2011;80(2):426–431

383.Wu G, Ghimire P, Zhu L, Baral A, Su J. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of primary intraspinal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour. Can Assoc Radiol J 2013;64(3):240–245

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, Spinal Cord

384.Alexander HS, Koleda C, Hunn MK. Peripheral primitive peuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) in the cervical spine. J Clin Neurosci 2010;17(2):259–261

385.Venkataraman S, Pandian C, Kumar SA. Primary spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumour—a case report. Ann Neurosci 2013;20(2):80–82

Pseudomeningoceles

386.Hawk MW, Kim KD. Review of spinal pseudomeningoceles and cere- brospinal fuid fstulas. Neurosurg Focus 2000;9(1):e5

387.Hoxworth JM, Trentman TL, Kotsenas AL, Thielen KR, Nelson KD, Dodick DW. The role of digital subtraction myelography in the diagnosis and localization of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199(3):649–653

388.Schievink WI. Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fuid leaks: a review.

Neurosurg Focus 2000;9(1):e8

389.Starling A, Hernandez F, Hoxworth JM, et al. Sensitivity of MRI of the spine compared with CT myelography in orthostatic headache with CSF leak. Neurology 2013;81(20):1789–1792

390.Tarapore PE, Mukherjee P, Mummaneni PV, Ames CP. The appearance of dural sealants under MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33(8):1530–1533

391.Weng YJ, Cheng CC, Li YY, Huang TJ, Hsu RW. Management of giant pseudomeningoceles after spinal surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:53

Pyogenic Sacroiliitis

392.Kucera T, Brtkova J, Sponer P, et al. Pyogenic sacroiliitis: diagnosis, management and clinical outcome. Skeletal Radiol 2015;44(1):63–71

Radiation Myelopathy

393.Mahta A, Borys E, Kanakamedala MR, Kesari S. Radiation induced myelopathy in a patient with tongue cancer: a case report. Acta Oncol 2012;51(3):409–411

394.Maranzano E, Bellavita R, Floridi P, et al. Radiation-induced myelopathy in long-term surviving metastatic spinal cord compression patients after hypofractionated radiotherapy: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Radiother Oncol 2001;60(3):281–288

395.Murakami H, Kawahara N, Yahata T, Yokoyama K, Komai K, Tomita K. Radiation myelopathy after radioactive iodine therapy for spine metastasis. Br J Radiol 2006;79(944):e45–e49

396.Sahgal A, Weinberg V, Ma L, et al. Probabilities of radiation myelopa- thy specifc to stereotactic body radiation therapy to guide safe prac- tice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013;85(2):341–347

Renal Osteodystrophy—Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, Primary

Hyperparathyroidism, Brown Tumor

397.Jevtic V. Imaging of renal osteodystrophy. Eur J Radiol 2003;46(2):85–95

398.Murphey MD, Sartoris DJ, Quale JL, Pathria MN, Martin NL. Musculo- skeletal manifestations of chronic renal insufficiency. Radiographics

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

399.Bouchaud-Chabot A, Lioté F. Cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. A review. Joint Bone Spine 2002;69(2):141–154 doi

400.Del Grande M, Del Grande F, Carrino J, Bingham CO III, Louie GH. Cervical spine involvement early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014;43(6):738–744

401.Goldbach-Mansky R, Mahadevan V, Yao L, Lipsky PE. The evaluation of bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis with magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21(5, Suppl 31):S50–S53

402.Iizuka H, Nishinome M, Sorimachi Y, et al. The characteristics of bony ankylosis of the facet joint of the upper cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur Spine J 2009;18(8):1130–1134

403.Meyers SP. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:738–743

404.Narváez JA, Narváez J, Roca Y, Aguilera C. MR imaging assessment of clinical problems in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Radiol 2002; 12(7):1819–1828

405.Nguyen HV, Ludwig SC, Silber J, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Spine J 2004;4(3):329–334

Sarcoid

406.Fisher AJ, Gilula LA, Kyriakos M, Holzaepfel CD. MR imaging changes of lumbar vertebral sarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173(2):354–356

407.Franco M, Passeron C, Tieulie N, Verdier JF, Benisvy D. Long-term radiographic follow-up in a patient with osteosclerotic sarcoidosis of the spine and pelvis. Rev Rheum Engl Ed. 1998;65(10):586–590

408.Jelinek JS, Mark AS, Barth WF. Sclerotic lesions of the cervical spine in sarcoidosis. Skeletal Radiol 1998;27(12):702–704

409.Meyers SP. Sarcoid. In: MRI of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2008:744–746

410.Moore SL, Teirstein AE. Musculoskeletal sarcoidosis: spectrum of appearances at MR imaging. Radiographics 2003;23(6):1389–1399

411.Poyanli A, Poyanli O, Sencer S, Akan K, Sayrak H, Acunaş B. Vertebral sarcoidosis: imaging fndings. Eur Radiol 2000;10(1):92–94

412.Rúa-Figueroa I, Gantes MA, Erausquin C, Mhaidli H, Montesdeoca A.

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Rheum 2002;31(5):346–352

413.Valencia MP, Deaver PM, Mammarappallil MC. Sarcoidosis of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, mimicking metastasis or multifocal osteomyelitis by MRI: case report. Clin Imaging 2009;33(6):478–481

Sacral Anatomy

414.Cheng JS, Song JK. Anatomy of the sacrum. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E3

Sacral Tumors

415.Deutsch H, Mummaneni PV, Haid RW, Rodts GE, Ondra SL. Benign sacral tumors. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E14

416.Diel J, Ortiz O, Losada RA, Price DB, Hayt MW, Katz DS. The sacrum: pathologic spectrum, multimodality imaging, and subspecialty approach. Radiographics 2001;21(1):83–104

417.Gerber S, Ollivier L, Leclère J, et al. Imaging of sacral tumours. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37(4):277–289

418.Klimo P Jr, Rao G, Schmidt RH, Schmidt MH. Nerve sheath tumors in- volving the sacrum. Case report and classifcation scheme. Neurosurg

Focus 2003;15(2):E12

419.Liu JK, Kan P, Schmidt MH. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma pre- senting as a sacral tumor. Report of two cases. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E10

420.Manaster BJ, Graham T. Imaging of sacral tumors. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E2

421.Randall RL. Giant cell tumor of the sacrum. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E13

422.Ruggieri P, Huch K, Mavrogenis AF, Merlino B, Angelini A. Osteoblastoma of the sacrum: report of 18 cases and analysis of the literature. Spine 2014;39(2):E97–E103

423.Samartzis D, Marco RAW. Osteochondroma of the sacrum: a case report and review of the literature. Spine 2006;31(13):E425–E429

424.Sung MS, Lee GK, Kang HS, et al. Sacrococcygeal chordoma: MR imaging in 30 patients. Skeletal Radiol 2005;34(2):87–94

Sacroiliitis

425.Bandinelli F, Terenzi R, Giovannini L, et al. Occult radiological sacro- iliac abnormalities in patients with infammatory bowel disease who do not present signs or symptoms of axial spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014;32(6):949–952

426.Can G, Solmaz D, Binicier O, et al. High frequency of infammatory back pain and other features of spondyloarthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2013;33(5):1289–1293

427.Carmona R, Harish S, Linda DD, Ioannidis G, Matsos M, Khalidi NA. MR imaging of the spine and sacroiliac joints for spondyloarthritis: infuence on clinical diagnostic confdence and patient management.

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428.de Hooge M, van den Berg R, Navarro-Compán V, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the sacroiliac joints in the early detection of spondyloarthritis: no added value of gadolinium compared with short tau inversion recovery sequence. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52(7):1220–1224

429.Leclerc-Jacob S, Lux G, Rat AC, et al. The prevalence of infammatory sacroiliitis assessed on magnetic resonance imaging of infammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study performed on 186 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;39(9):957–962

430.Prakash D, Prabhu SM, Irodi A. Seronegative spondyloarthropathy- related sacroiliitis: CT, MRI features and differentials. Indian J Radiol

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431.RudwaleitM,JurikAG,HermannKGA,etal.Defningactivesacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for classifcation of axial spon- dyloarthritis: a consensual approach by the ASAS/OMERACT MRI group. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(10):1520–1527

432.van Gaalen FA, Bakker PAC, de Hooge M, Schoones JW, van der Heijde D. Assessment of sacroiliitis by radiographs and MRI: where are we now? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2014;26(4):384–388

433.Weber U, Østergaard M, Lambert RGW, Maksymowych WP. The im- pact of MRI on the clinical management of infammatory arthritides.

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434.Zhang P, Yu K, Guo R, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis: correlations between clinical and MRI indices of sacroiliitis activity. Clin Radiol 2015;70(1):62–66

Scheuermann’s Disease

435.Palazzo C, Sailhan F, Revel M. Scheuermann’s disease: an update. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81(3):209–214

436.Tomé-Bermejo F, Tsirikos AI. [Current concepts on Scheuermann kyphosis: clinical presentation, diagnosis and controversies around treatment]. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol 2012;56(6):491–505

Schmorl’s Node

437.Neves NSM, Ribeiro da Silva M, Cacho Rodrigues P, Silva ML, Matos R, Pinto R. Symptomatic giant Schmorl’s node treated by a decompression procedure. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2013;99(3):371–374

438.Wagner AL, Murtagh FR, Arrington JA, Stallworth D. Relationship of Schmorl’s nodes to vertebral body endplate fractures and acute endplate disk extrusions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(2):276–281

439.Wu HTH, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME. Edematous Schmorl’s nodes on thoracolumbar MR imaging: characteristic patterns and changes over time. Skeletal Radiol 2006;35(4):212–219

Serous Atrophy of Marrow

440.Kuwashima S, Nishimura G, Yamato M, Fujioka M. Magnetic resonance imaging of clival marrow in patients with anorexia nervosa. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1996;38(2):114–117

441.Okamoto K, Ito J, Ishikawa K, Sakai K, Tokiguchi S. Change in signal intensity on MRI of fat in the head of markedly emaciated patients. Neuroradiology 2001;43(2):134–138

442.Vande Berg BC, Malghem J, Devuyst O, Maldague BE, Lambert MJ. Anorexia nervosa: correlation between MR appearance of bone marrow and severity of disease. Radiology 1994;193(3):859–864

443.Vande Berg BC, Malghem J, Lecouvet FE, Lambert M, Maldague BE. Distribution of serouslike bone marrow changes in the lower limbs of patients with anorexia nervosa: predominant involvement of the distal extremities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166(3):621–625

Sickle-Cell Disease with Extramedullary Hematopoeisis

444.Castelli R, Graziadei G, Karimi M, Cappellini MD. Intrathoracic masses due to extramedullary hematopoiesis. Am J Med Sci 2004; 328(5):299–303

445.Collins WO, Younis RT, Garcia MT. Extramedullary hematopoiesis of the paranasal sinuses in sickle cell disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132(6):954–956

Sjögren Syndrome

446.Delalande S, de Seze J, Fauchais AL, et al. Neurologic manifestations in primary Sjögren syndrome: a study of 82 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004;83(5):280–291

447.Kim SM, Waters P, Vincent A, et al. Sjogren’s syndrome myelopathy: spinal cord involvement in Sjogren’s syndrome might be a manifestation of neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2009;15(9):1062–1068

448.Sanahuja J, Ordoñez-Palau S, Begué R, Brieva L, Boquet D. Primary Sjögren syndrome with tumefactive central nervous system involvement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29(10):1878–1879

449.Soliotis FC, Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Central nervous system involvement in Sjogren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63(6):616–620

Solitary Fibrous Tumor

450.Bohinski RJ, Mendel E, Aldape KD, Rhines LD. Intramedullary and extramedullary solitary fbrous tumor of the cervical spine. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2004; 100(4, Suppl Spine):358–363

451.Caroli E, Salvati M, Orlando ER, Lenzi J, Santoro A, Giangaspero F. Soli- tary fbrous tumors of the meninges: report of four cases and litera- ture review. Neurosurg Rev 2004;27(4):246–251

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Spinal Arachnoid Cyst

453.Basaldella L, Orvieto E, Dei Tos AP, Della Barbera M, Valente M, Longatti P. Causes of arachnoid cyst development and expansion. Neurosurg Focus 2007;22(2):E4

454.Bassiouni H, Hunold A, Asgari S, Hübschen U, König HJ, Stolke D. Spinal intradural juxtamedullary cysts in the adult: surgical management and outcome. Neurosurgery 2004;55(6):1352–1359, discussion 1359–1360

455.Bond AE, Zada G, Bowen I, McComb JG, Krieger MD. Spinal arachnoid cysts in the pediatric population: report of 31 cases and a review of the literature. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2012;9(4):432–441

456.Evangelou P, Meixensberger J, Bernhard M, et al. Operative management of idiopathic spinal intradural arachnoid cysts in children: a systematic review. Childs Nerv Syst 2013;29(4):657–664

457.Evans A, Stoodley N, Halpin S. Magnetic resonance imaging of intraspinal cystic lesions: a pictorial review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2002;31(3):79–94

458.Holly LT, Batzdorf U. Syringomyelia associated with intradural arachnoid cysts. J Neurosurg Spine 2006;5(2):111–116

459.Kumar K, Malik S, Schulte PA. Symptomatic spinal arachnoid cysts: report of two cases with review of the literature. Spine 2003; 28(2):E25–E29

460.Liu JK, Cole CD, Sherr GT, Kestle JR, Walker ML. Noncommunicating spinal extradural arachnoid cyst causing spinal cord compression in a child. J Neurosurg 2005;103(3, Suppl):266–269

461.Nabors MW, Pait TG, Byrd EB, et al. Updated assessment and current classifcation of spinal meningeal cysts. J Neurosurg

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462.Petridis AK, Doukas A, Barth H, Mehdorn HM. Spinal cord compression caused by idiopathic intradural arachnoid cysts of the spine: review of the literature and illustrated case. Eur Spine J 2010;19(Suppl 2):S124–S129

463.Pradilla G, Jallo G. Arachnoid cysts: case series and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2007;22(2):E7

464.de Oliveira RS, Amato MCM, Santos MV, Simão GN, Machado HR. Extradural arachnoid cysts in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2007;23(11):1233–1238

465.Sato K, Nagata K, Sugita Y. Spinal extradural meningeal cyst: correct radiological and histopathological diagnosis. Neurosurg Focus 2002;13(4):ecp1

466.Silbergleit R, Brunberg JA, Patel SC, Mehta BA, Aravapalli SR. Imaging of spinal intradural arachnoid cysts: MRI, myelography and CT. Neuroradiology 1998;40(10):664–668

467.Wang MY, Levi ADO, Green BA. Intradural spinal arachnoid cysts in adults. Surg Neurol 2003;60(1):49–55, discussion 55–56

Spinal Cord Anomalies

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Spinal Cord Herniation

470.Barrenechea IJ, Lesser JB, Gidekel AL, Turjanski L, Perin NI. Diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord herniation: a combined experience. J Neurosurg Spine 2006;5(4):294–302

471.Haber MD, Nguyen DD, Li S. Differentiation of idiopathic spinal cord herniation from CSF-isointense intraspinal extramedullary lesions displacing the cord. Radiographics 2014;34(2):313–329

472.Miyake S, Tamaki N, Nagashima T, Kurata H, Eguchi T, Kimura H. Idiopathic spinal cord herniation. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1998;88(2):331–335

473.Parmar H, Park P, Brahma B, Gandhi D. Imaging of idiopathic spinal cord herniation. Radiographics 2008;28(2):511–518

Spinal Cord Tumors

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475.Jallo GI, Freed D, Epstein F. Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2003;19(9):641–649

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477. Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL, McCarthy BJ. Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors. J Neurooncol 2008;87(2):173–179

478.Smith AB, Soderlund KA, Rushing EJ, Smirniotopolous JG. Radiologicpathologic correlation of pediatric and adolescent spinal neoplasms: Part 1, Intramedullary spinal neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;198(1):34–43

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Spinal Intradural Capillary Hemangioma

480.Alobaid A, Bennardo MR, Cenic A, Lach B. Mixed capillary-cavernous extramedullary intradural hemangioma of the spinal cord mimicking meningioma: Case report. Br J Neurosurg 2015;29(3):438–439

481.Babu R, Owens TR, Karikari IO, et al. Spinal cavernous and capillary hemangiomas in adults. Spine 2013;38(7):E423–E430

482.Er U, Yigitkanli K, Simsek S, Adabag A, Bavbek M. Spinal intradural extramedullary cavernous angioma: case report and review of the literature. Spinal Cord 2007;45(9):632–636

483.Kim KJ, Lee JY, Lee SH. Spinal intradural capillary hemangioma. Surg Neurol 2006;66(2):212–214

484.Takata Y, Sakai T, Higashino K, Goda Y, Tezuka F, Sairyo K. Intradural extramedullary capillary hemangioma in the upper thoracic spine: a review of the literature. Case Rep Orthop 2014;2014:604131

Spinal Hemangiopericytoma

485.Betchen S, Schwartz A, Black C, Post K. Intradural hemangiopericytoma of the lumbar spine: case report. Neurosurgery 2002;50(3):654–657

486.Moscovici S, Ramirez-DeNoriega F, Fellig Y, Rosenthal G, Cohen JE, Itshayek E. Intradural extramedullary hemangiopericytoma of the thoracic spine infltrating a nerve root: a case report and literature review. Spine 2011;36(23):E1534–E1539

Spinal Pseudomeningoceles and CSF Fistulas

487.De Luca GC, Garza I, Lanzino G, Watson JC. An unexpected cause of orthostatic headache: delayed postlaminectomy pseudomeningocele. Neurology 2010;74(19):1553

488.Hawk MW, Kim KD. Review of spinal pseudomeningoceles and cere- brospinal fuid fstulas. Neurosurg Focus 2000;9(1):e5

489.Hoxworth JM, Trentman TL, Kotsenas AL, Thielen KR, Nelson KD, Dodick DW. The role of digital subtraction myelography in the diagnosis and localization of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199(3):649–653

490.Schievink WI. Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fuid leaks: a review.

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491.Starling A, Hernandez F, Hoxworth JM, et al. Sensitivity of MRI of the spine compared with CT myelography in orthostatic headache with CSF leak. Neurology 2013;81(20):1789–1792

492.Tarapore PE, Mukherjee P, Mummaneni PV, Ames CP. The appearance of dural sealants under MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33(8):1530–1533

493.Weng YJ, Cheng CC, Li YY, Huang TJ, Hsu RWW. Management of giant pseudomeningoceles after spinal surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:53

Spinal Sarcoidosis

494.Chen HI, Lang SS, Coyne TM, Malhotra NR, Schuster JM. Intramedullary spinal sarcoidosis masquerading as cervical stenosis. World Neurosurg 2013;80(6):e375–e380

495.Duhon BS, Shah L, Schmidt MH. Isolated intramedullary neurosarcoidosis of the thoracic spine: case report and review of the literature. Eur Spine J 2012;21(Suppl 4):S390–S395

Spinal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

496.Domenicucci M, Ramieri A, Paolini S, et al. Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: our experience and literature review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005;147(7):741–750, discussion 750

497.van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJE. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 2007;369(9558):306–318

Spinal Subdural Hematoma

498.Braun P, Kazmi K, Nogués-Meléndez P, Mas-Estellés F, Aparici-Robles

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499.Bruce-Brand RA, Colleran GC, Broderick JM, et al. Acute nontraumatic spinal intradural hematoma in a patient on warfarin. J Emerg Med 2013;45(5):695–697

500.Choudhary AK, Bradford RK, Dias MS, Moore GJ, Boal DK. Spinal subdural hemorrhage in abusive head trauma: a retrospective study. Radiology 2012;262(1):216–223

501.Moscovici S, Paldor I, Ramirez de-Noriega F, et al. Do cranial subdural hematomas migrate to the lumbar spine? J Clin Neurosci 2011;18(4):563–565

502.Park J, Ahn R, Son D, Kang B, Yang D. Acute spinal subdural hematoma with hemiplegia after acupuncture: a case report and review of the literature. Spine J 2013;13(10):e59–e63

Split Spinal Cord Malformations

503.Erşahin Y, Mutluer S, Kocaman S, Demirtaş E. Split spinal cord malfor- mations in children. J Neurosurg 1998;88(1):57–65

504.Schijman E. Split spinal cord malformations: report of 22 cases and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2003;19(2):96–103

Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia

505.Ibrahim S, Labelle H, Mac-Thong JM. Brace treatment of thoracolumbar kyphosis in spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with restoration of vertebral morphology and sagittal profle: a case report. Spine J

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506.Nemec SF, Cohn DH, Krakow D, Funari VA, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS. The importance of conventional radiography in the mutational analysis of skeletal dysplasias (the TRPV4 mutational family). Pediatr Radiol 2012;42(1):15–23

507.Nishimura G, Lausch E, Savarirayan R, et al. TRPV4-associated skeletal dysplasias. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2012; 160C(3):190–204

508.Suzuki S, Kim OH, Makita Y, et al. Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: additional reports. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A(10):2521–2528

Spondylolysis

509.Leone A, Cianfoni A, Cerase A, Magarelli N, Bonomo L. Lumbar spondylolysis: a review. Skeletal Radiol 2011;40(6):683–700

Sprengel Deformity

510.Guillaume R, Nectoux E, Bigot J, et al. Congenital high scapula (Sprengel’s deformity): four cases. Diagn Interv Imaging 2012; 93(11):878–883

511.Harvey EJ, Bernstein M, Desy NM, Saran N, Ouellet JA. Sprengel deformity: pathogenesis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2012;20(3):177–186

Stress Fractures of the Pars Interarticularis

512.Dunn AJ, Campbell RSD, Mayor PE, Rees D. Radiological fndings and healing patterns of incomplete stress fractures of the pars interarticularis. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37(5):443–450

513.Hollenberg GM, Beattie PF, Meyers SP, Weinberg EP, Adams MJ. Stress reactions of the lumbar pars interarticularis: the development of a new MRI classifcation system. Spine 2002;27(2):181–186

514.Sairyo K, Katoh S, Takata Y, et al. MRI signal changes of the pedicle as an indicator for early diagnosis of spondylolysis in children and adolescents: a clinical and biomechanical study. Spine 2006;31(2):206–211

Subacute Combined Degeneration

515.Ahn SC, Brown AW. Cobalamin defciency and subacute combined degeneration after nitrous oxide anesthesia: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(1):150–153

516.Briani C, Dalla Torre C, Citton V, et al. Cobalamin defciency: clinical picture and radiological fndings. Nutrients 2013;5(11):4521–4539

517.Naidich MJ, Ho SU. Case 87: Subacute combined degeneration. Radiology 2005;237(1):101–105

Superficial Siderosis

518.Lekgabe E, Kavar B. Progression and management of superfcial sid- erosis. J Clin Neurosci 2012;19(6):906–908

519.Rodriguez FR, Srinivasan A. Superfcial siderosis of the CNS. AJR Am J

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520.Wang J, Gong X. Superfcial siderosis of the central nervous system: MR fndings with susceptibility-weighted imaging. Clin Imaging

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Tarlov Cyst

521.Acosta FL Jr, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Schmidt MH, Weinstein PR. Diagnosis and management of sacral Tarlov cysts. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E15

522.Lucantoni C, Than KD, Wang AC, et al. Tarlov cysts: a controversial lesion of the sacral spine. Neurosurg Focus 2011;31(6):E14

Transverse Myelitis

523.Bitik B, Ucar M, Tezcan ME, et al. Transverse myelitis in Behçet’s disease: a series of four cases and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(3, Suppl 77):20–24

524.Brinar VV, Habek M, Zadro I, Barun B, Ozretić D, Vranješ D. Current concepts in the diagnosis of transverse myelopathies. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008;110(9):919–927

525.Brinar VV, Habek M, Brinar M, Malojcić B, Boban M. The differen- tial diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108(3):278–283

526.Frohman EM, Wingerchuk DM. Clinical practice. Transverse myelitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363(6):564–572

527.Sheerin F, Collison K, Quaghebeur G. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute intramedullary myelopathy: radiological differential diagnosis for the on-call radiologist. Clin Radiol 2009;64(1):84–94

Traumatic Lesions Involving the Spine

528.Brandenstein D, Molinari RW, Rubery PT, Rechtine GR. Unstable subaxial cervical spine injury with normal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Spine 2009;34:E743–E750

529.Dreizin D, Letzing M, Sliker CW, et al. Multidetector CT of blunt cervical spine trauma in adults. Radiographics 2014;34(7):1842–1865

530.Fisher BM, Cowles S, Matulich JR, Evanson BG, Vega D, Dissanaike S. Is magnetic resonance imaging in addition to a computed tomographic scan necessary to identify clinically signifcant cervical spine injuries in obtunded blunt trauma patients? Am J Surg 2013;206(6):987–993, discussion 993–994

531.Le TV, Baaj AA, Deukmedjian A, Uribe JS, Vale FL. Chance fractures in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011;8(2):189–197

532.Pourtaheri S, Emami A, Sinha K, et al. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in acute cervical spine fractures. Spine J 2014; 14(11):2546–2553

533.RaoSK,WasyliwC,NunezDBJr.Spectrumofimagingfndingsinhyper- extension injuries of the neck. Radiographics 2005;25(5):1239–1254

534.Raniga SB, Menon V, Al Muzahmi KS, Butt S. MDCT of acute subaxial cervical spine trauma: a mechanism-based approach. Insights Imaging 2014;5(3):321–338

535.Tan LA, Kasliwal MK, Traynelis VC. Comparison of CT and MRI fnd- ings for cervical spine clearance in obtunded patients without high impact trauma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014;120:23–26

536.Utz M, Khan S, O’Connor D, Meyers S. MDCT and MRI evaluation of cervical spine trauma. Insights Imaging 2014;5(1):67–75

Vascular Abnormalities Involving the Spinal Cord

537.Badhiwala JH, Farrokhyar F, Alhazzani W, et al. Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data: Clinic article. J Neurosurg Spine 2014;21(4):662–676

538.Boo S, Hartel J, Hogg JP. Vascular abnormalities of the spine: an imaging review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2010;39(3):110–117

539.Gemmete JJ, Chaudhary N, Elias AE, et al. Spinal dural arteriovenous fstulas: clinical experience with endovascular treatment as a pri- mary therapy at 2 academic referral centers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34(10):1974–1979

540.Hacein-Bey L, Konstas AA, Pile-Spellman J. Natural history, current concepts, classifcation, factors impacting endovascular therapy, and pathophysiology of cerebral and spinal dural arteriovenous fstulas.

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541.Hegde AN, Mohan S, Lim CCT. CNS cavernous haemangioma: “popcorn” in the brain and spinal cord. Clin Radiol 2012;67(4):380–388

542.Kivelev J, Niemelä M, Hernesniemi J. Outcome after microsurgery in

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543.Muralidharan R, Saladino A, Lanzino G, Atkinson JL, Rabinstein AA. The clinical and radiological presentation of spinal dural arteriove- nous fstula. Spine 2011;36(25):E1641–E1647

544.Than KD, Sangala JR, Wang AC, Gandhi D, La Marca F, Park P. The current status and recent advances in high-resolution imaging of spinal vascular malformations. J Clin Neurosci 2013;20(1):66–71

Vascular Malformations of the Spine

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546.Boo S, Hartel J, Hogg JP. Vascular abnormalities of the spine: an imaging review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2010;39(3):110–117

547.Hegde AN, Mohan S, Lim CC. CNS cavernous haemangioma: “popcorn” in the brain and spinal cord. Clin Radiol 2012;67(4):380–388

548.Muralidharan R, Saladino A, Lanzino G, Atkinson JL, Rabinstein AA. The clinical and radiological presentation of spinal dural arteriove- nous fstula. Spine 2011;36(25):E1641–E1647

549.Than KD, Sangala JR, Wang AC, Gandhi D, La Marca F, Park P. The current status and recent advances in high-resolution imaging of spinal vascular malformations. J Clin Neurosci 2013;20(1):66–71

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

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551.Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematologic malignancies. Blood 1997; 90(6):2127–2147