Pearls and Pitfalls

●Transmedullary veins may be visible on enhanced T1weighted scans and are normal routes of drainage to connect the anterior and posterior spinal perimedullary venous systems.

●As the anterior spinal veins are subpial, they will only be visible when grossly dilated, whereas the posteriorly located veins are subarachnoid in location and, therefore, more readily visible on routine MR sequences, even if they are only mildly dilated. This peculiar arrangement can explain why some arteriovenous shunts (that drain into the anterior system) may pose a diagnostic challenge, as they may only present with edema but no apparent abnormal venous flow voids.

●A hairpin course can be present both for the anterior or posterior spinal arteries and the radicular vein. As the veins are larger, static computed tomographic angiography or MR angiography will not be able to di erentiate whether a “hairpin” vessel is arterial or venous in origin.

●In rare instances, the epidural venous plexus can interconnect with the perimedullary veins if the reflux mechanism of the epidural venous plexus is insu cient.

achieve a cure by a transarterial endovascular route, as the refluxing vein may be some distance away from the epidural shunt location ( Fig. 43.12).

Further Reading

[1]Krings T, Mull M, Bostroem A, Otto J, Hans FJ, Thron A. Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula with perimedullary drainage. Case report and pathomechanical considerations. J Neurosurg Spine 2006; 5: 353–358

[2]Sato K, ter Brugge KG, Krings T. Asymptomatic spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: pathomechanical considerations. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 16: 441–446

[3]Thron AK. Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Neuroradiological Investigations and Clinical Syndromes. Vienna: Springer; 1988

Index

Note: Page numbers set bold or italic indicate headings or figures, respectively.

A

Abducens nerve 142

Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) 6, 6, 7–9

ACA, See Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Accessory anterior communicating ar-

tery 54

Accessory basal vein 189 Accessory meningeal artery

–in meningeal supply 154

–in petro-cavernous anastomo-

ses 135

Accessory middle cerebral artery 64, 64, 65

Accessory middle meningeal artery 72 Accessory spinal nerve 144, 145 AComA, See Anterior communicating

artery (AComA)

ACP, See Anterior clinoid process (ACP) Adamkiewicz artery 208, 209, 218–219 AICA, See Anterior inferior cerebellar

artery (AICA) Aneurysm

–anterior communicating artery fenestrations and 50, 50–51

–cortico-ophthalmic 33

–dural ring 27, 27, 29

–in aberrant right subclavian artery 6–7

–in anterior cerebral artery 61

–in anterior communicating artery 4,

49, 67–68

–in anterior inferior-posterior inferior cerebellar artery complex 97

–in basilar artery 100–101, 102, 102, 104, 107

–in basilar tip 105, 111, 111–113

–in callosomarginal artery 54

–in dorsolateral spinal artery 209

–in frontopolar artery 60

–in infraoptic anterior cerebral artery 48

–in lenticulostriate artery 73, 75

–in middle cerebral artery 80

–in pericallosal artery 61

–in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses 20, 22

–in posterior cerebral artery 118,

124–125

–in posterior communicating artery 118

–in posterior inferior cerebellar artery 96

–in sulcocommissural artery 212

–in superior cerebellar artery 95

–primitive persistent olfactory artery and 50

–with azygos anterior communicating artery 54

–“kissing” 102

–“mirror” 102

Angular temporal artery 84 Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

–cortical branches of 58–61

–dual origin of 47

–duplication 47, 103

–embryology of 62

–infraoptic course of 46, 46, 47–48

–leptomeningeal anastomoses with 84

Anterior choroidal artery (AChoA) 38,

38, 39–43

Anterior clinoid process (ACP) 27 Anterior communicating artery (ACo-

mA)

–A1 segment fenestration in 49, 50

–accessory 54

–aneurysm 4, 49, 67–68

–azygos 54, 54, 55–57

–complex 49, 49, 50–53

–duplication 57

–fenestration 49, 50–51

–plexiform 48

–primitive persistent olfactory artery and 50, 51

–segments 49

–trifurcation 54, 55

Anterior communicating vein 189, 189, 191

Anterior falcine artery 158 Anterior falcine meningioma 160

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

–-posterior inferior cerebellar artery complex 96, 96–97

–anatomy of 96

–aneurysm 97

–occlusion 98

Anterior median spinal vein 220 Anterior perimedullary vein 221 Anterior pontomesencephalic vein 189 Anterior spinal artery (ASA)

–anastomoses of 208

–anatomy 211

–anterior course of 207

–cervical nonfusion of 208

–in arteriovenous malformation 211, 212, 212–214

–in filum terminale artery anatomy 216, 218

–in perimedullary arteriovenous fistula 213

–in radiculomedullary artery anatomy 207

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 201

–in spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula 206

–in vertebral body metastatic disease 203

–origin of 207

–pediatric 210

–trifurcation of 216

–unfused segments in 102

Anterior spinal vein 224 Anterior tympanic artery 144 Aorta

–anatomic variations of 3

–embryology of 3, 6 Aortic arch

–direct origin of left vertebral artery form 3, 5

–embryology of 2, 6

APhA, See Ascending pharyngeal artery (APhA)

Arcade of cone 208, 208 Arcade of dens 200, 201

ARSA, See Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA)

Arteria radiculomedullaris magna 208,

209

Arteriovenous fistula

–of filum terminale 216–217, 217– 218, 219

–perimedullary 213

–pial 181

–spinal perimedullary 205–206

–vertebra-venous 223, 225–226 Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

–angular artery in 86

–anterior choroidal artery in 40, 43

–anterior spinal artery in 211, 212,

212–214

–arterial steal in 87

–calcarine artery in 121–122, 125

–choroidal 179–180

–deep middle cerebral vein in 190– 191, 195

–deep venous system in 196

–developmental venous anomalies and 182

–hydrocephalus in 179–180

–intramedullary spinal 212, 214

–juvenile spinal 200–201

–lateral mesencephalic vein in 194– 195, 197

–lenticulostriate artery in 73–74

–leptomeningeal anastomoses and 86, 87, 87

–medial choroidal artery in 120

–medial palpebral arteries in 35

–median parietal vein in 191

–middle cerebral artery branch in 82,

86

–ophthalmic artery in 31

–parieto-occipital artery in 125

–pericallosal artery in 61

–petrosal vein in 194

–pial 202, 211–212, 213, 214

–posterior cerebral artery in 125

–posterior inferior cerebellar artery in 98

–posterior parietal branch in 86

–posterior spinal artery in 212, 214

–radicular 202

–recurrent artery of Heubner in 71

–Rolandic artery in 81

–subcallosal artery in 53

–sulcocommissural arteries in 213– 214

–superficial middle cerebral vein in 175–177

–superior cerebellar artery in 97–98

–superior hemispheric veins in 193– 194

–thalamoperforating arteries in 115– 116, 117, 120

–thalamostriate veins in 186

–transmedullary veins in 179–180

–uncal vein in 190, 195

–vein of Galen in 185, 186

–vein of Labbé in 176–177, 190

–vein of Rosenthal in 176, 189–191,

195

–vein of Trolard in 175–176, 190

–venous circle of Trolard in 188 Arteriovenous shunt

–anterior venous system in 223, 224

–dural 209

–epidural venous plexus in 223, 226

–in carotid-cavernous fistula 171

–in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 148

–lateral mesencephalic vein in 143

–leptomeningeal anastomoses in 86

–meningohypophyseal trunk in 25,

26

–ophthalmic anastomoses in 128

–paravertebral venous plexus in 223,

225–226

–posterior auricular artery in 141

–Rolandic artery in 81

–segmental spinal arteries in 202, 204

–spinal cord veins in 222

–thalamoperforating arteries in 115

–transmedullary veins in 181

Artery of Davido 158 Artery of falx cerebri 158

Artery of foramen rotundum 133, 135,

152

Artery of Schechter 158

ASA, See Anterior spinal artery (ASA) Ascending cervical artery 200–201 Ascending pharyngeal artery (APhA)

–anatomy 132, 150

–embryology 137, 150

–external carotid artery origin of 150

–in aberrant internal carotid artery 12–13

–in dural arteriovenous fistula 153

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 201

–internal carotid artery origin of 150

–occipital artery origin of 150

–potential anastomoses of 151

–vertebral artery anastomoses

with 137, 138

Azygos anterior communicating artery 54, 54, 55–57

B

BA, See Basilar artery (BA)

Balloon angioplasty

–anterior communicating artery anatomy and 51

–artery of Percheron and 116

–in brainstem perforators 106

–in inferolateral trunk 25

–in meningohypophyseal trunk 25,

25

–unfused basilar artery and 101, 102 Basal vein of Rosenthal, See Vein of

Rosenthal Basilar artery (BA)

–absence of distal 103

–anatomy 101, 106

–aneurysm 100–101, 102, 102, 104, 107

–cerebellar arteries and 106

–double lumen in 103

–duplication 102–103

–embryology 101, 106

–fenestration 100–102, 102, 103–105

–in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses 78

–pontine arteries and 106

–segmentally unfused 101, 102

–trunk 100, 100, 101–105

–unfused 100–101, 104

Basilar tip

–absence of 119

–anatomy 111

–aneurysm 105, 111, 111–113

–asymmetric fusion 111, 112

–caudal fusion type 111, 112

–cranial fusion types 111, 112

–embryology 111

Bitruncus arch 8

Brainstem perforators 106, 106, 107– 109

–anatomy of 106

–balloon angioplasty in 106

–embryology of 106

–ischemia 107–108

–stenting in 107

Brainstem veins 195

Branchial apparatus development 3

C

Calcarine artery

–anatomy 121

–in arteriovenous malformation 121–

122, 125

Callosomarginal artery 54 Caroticotympanic artery (CTymA) 13 Carotid body paraganglioma 150 Carotid cave 27, 27 Carotid-cavernous fistula 169–170,

171

Cavernous anastomosis 132, 132, 133– 136

Cavernous sinus

–anatomy 168

–connections of 170

–dural arteriovenous fistula in 133– 135, 141, 152, 168–169, 172, 174

–embryology 168

–routes to 170

–tumors 156

Central retinal artery (CRA) 35 Cerebellar arteries 94, 94, 95, 96, 96–98

–basilar artery and 106 Cervical arteries

–ascending 200–201

–vertebral arteries anastomoses

with 139 Choroidal blush 35, 36 Choroidal point 96

Clivus meningioma 159 Cobb syndrome 200–201

Cortico-ophthalmic aneurysm 33 Cranial nerve supply 140, 140, 141–

145

CSF, See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CTymA, See Caroticotympanic artery

(CTymA)

D

dAVF, See Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)

Deep cervical artery

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 200–201

–vertebral arteries anastomoses with 139

Deep infratentorial veins 195

Deep venous system 184, 184, 185–186

–anatomy 184, 188

–embryology 184

–in arteriovenous malformation 196 Developmental venous anomaly

(DVA) 181, 181, 182, 182, 183, 183 Dissecting aneurysm

–in basilar artery 109

–in posterior cerebral artery 85

–in posterior inferior cerebellar artery 95

–in superior cerebellar artery 94 Diverticulum of Kommerell 6

DO, See Dorsal ophthalmic artery (DO) Dorsal meningeal artery 156

Dorsal nasal artery 36

Dorsal ophthalmic artery (DO) 12–13,

31, 31, 32–34

Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)

–accessory meningeal artery in 171

–anterior ethmoidal artery in 37

–artery of foramen rotundum in 133– 134, 152, 168, 171

–ascending pharyngeal artery in 153

–asymptomatic spinal 223, 225

–in cavernous sinus 133–135, 141,

152, 168–169, 172, 174, 195

–in persistent petrosquamosal sinus 165

–in posterior fossa 153

–in superior sagittal sinus 162, 162– 164

–in transverse sigmoid sinus 138

–in transverse sinus 156, 164–165, 166, 166

–induced distal pial supply in 159

–inferolateral trunk in 133, 152, 171

–internal maxillary artery in 166

–lateral clival artery in 133–134

–meningohypophyseal trunk in 152– 153, 168, 171

–middle meningeal artery in 133,

140–141, 168, 171

–occipital artery in 156, 166

–of petrous ridge with cortical venous reflux 140–141

–radiculomeningeal arteries in 202

–recurrent meningeal artery in 134

–spinal 204, 224

–vein of Rosenthal in 191

–vs. filum terminale fistula 218 Dural ring 27, 27, 29

DVA, See Developmental venous anomaly (DVA)

Dysphagia lusoria 6, 8

E

Embolization materials

–in ascending pharyngeal artery 139, 151

–in external carotid system 144

–in meningeal supply 159

–in spinal arteries 210, 212

–petro-cavernous anastomoses

and 135 Encephalomalacia 78

Epidural venous plexus 222–223, 223,

226

Epistaxis 147, 147

–ascending pharyngeal artery and 150

–deep temporal artery from internal maxillary artery anastomosis

and 128

–ethmoidal arteries and 36, 146

–in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 146

–in juvenile angiofibroma 147

–sphenopalatine arteries and 146 Ethmoidal arteries 36, 146 External carotid artery (ECA)

–ascending pharyngeal artery origin from 150

–embryology of 129

–occlusion 137

–ophthalmic artery anastomoses with 36

Extraorbital group 36

F

Facial arcade 142, 144

Facial nerve 142–143, 143

Falcine artery 160

Fenestration

–anterior communicating artery 49,

50–51

–middle cerebral artery 63, 63, 66 Filum externa 216

Filum interna 216

Filum terminale artery 216

–anatomy 216

–embryology 216

–in arteriovenous fistula 216–217,

217–218, 219

Frontopolar artery 59, 60, 84 Fused pericallosal artery 48

G

Glomus tumor 151 Glossopharyngeal nerve 144, 145 Greater palatine artery 146–147, 147

H

HA, See Hypoglossal artery (HA) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

(HHT) 146, 148 Hippocampal vein 189 Hypoglossal artery (HA)

–ascending pharyngeal artery and 137

–in meningeal supply 154

–in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses 18, 21

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 201

Hypoglossal nerve 144, 145

Hypothalamic vein 189

I

ICA, See Internal carotid artery (ICA) ICV, See Internal cerebral veins (ICVs) ILT, See Inferolateral trunk (ILT)

IMA, See Internal maxillary artery (IMA)

Infarct(s)

–anterior choroidal artery 39, 42

–brainstem perforator 107

–lenticulostriate artery 72

–middle cerebral artery 84

–paramedian perforator 109

–pontine artery 108

–posterior inferior cerebellar artery 91, 96

–recurrent artery of Heubner 68

–See also Stroke

–spinal cord 213, 215

–thalamoperforating arteries 117

–thalamotuberal arteries 119

–tuberothalamic artery territory 118

–with basilar dissection 108

–with persistent carotid-vertebrobasi-

lar anastomoses 20 Inferior parietal arteries 59

Inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) 170, 173– 174

Inferior pharyngeal artery 150 Inferior striate vein 189 Inferior thalamic vein 189 Inferior ventricular vein 189

Inferolateral trunk (ILT) 23, 23, 24–26, 31, 132, 133, 135, 152, 157

Infraoptic course of anterior cerebral artery 46, 46, 47–48

Infratemporal vein 189

Infratentorial veins 193, 193, 194–197

–anatomy 193

–bridging 197

–deep 195

–superficial 193 Infratympanic artery 144 Internal auditory artery 144 Internal carotid artery (ICA)

–aberrant 12, 13–16

–ascending pharyngeal artery origin from 150

–development of 12

–duplication 14, 103

–embryology of 137

–in basilar tip embryology 111

–in meningeal supply 156

–paraclinoid 27

–segmental agenesis of 13

–segments 12–13

Internal cerebral veins (ICVs)

–absence 186

–anatomy 184

–embryology of 184 Internal frontal arteries 59 Internal maxillary artery (IMA)

–anatomy 129

–ascending pharyngeal artery anastomosis with 151

–in petro-cavernous anastomo-

ses 135

Intraparenchymal transmedullary venous anastomoses 220, 222

Intrinsic arteries of cord

–anatomy 211

–in arteriovenous malformation 211– 212

J

Jugulotympanic paraganglioma 15 Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibro-

ma 147, 148, 148

Juvenile spinal arteriovenous malformation 200

K

Kommerell diverticulum 6

L

Labyrinthine artery 144 Lacrimal artery 35

Lateral medullary syndrome 90 Lateral mesencephalic vein

–anatomy 197

–arteriovenous shunt in 143

–in arteriovenous malformation 194– 195, 197

–in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Lateral striate arteries 67

LCCA, See Left common carotid artery (LCCA)

Lenticulostriate arteries 67–68, 70, 72– 75

Leptomeningeal anastomoses (LMAs) 83, 83, 84, 84–87

LMAs, See Leptomeningeal anastomoses (LMAs)

Locus Kiessel-bachii 147

Long lateral posterior ciliary artery 35 Long posterior ciliary artery 35

M

Mandibulovidian artery 13

MCA, See Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Medial dural tentorial artery 158 Meningeal supply 154, 154, 155–158,

160

Meningioma

–clivus 159–160

–middle meningeal artery feeding 154–155

–olfactory groove 157

–tentorial incisura 184–185 Meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) 23,

24–26, 152, 156, 156

Meningo-ophthalmic artery 129–130 Metamere

–in segmental artery anatomy 200– 201

–in spinal arteriovenous metameric syndrome 200–201

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

–accessory 64, 64, 65

–anatomical variations of 62

–anatomy of 76

–aneurysm 80

–cortical branches of 76, 76, 77–82

–duplicated 64, 65, 65–66

–early branching of 63

–embryology of 62, 67, 76

–fenestration 63, 63, 66

–in arteriovenous malformation 86

–leptomeningeal anastomoses with 83, 84

–occlusion 85

Middle cerebral artery trunk 62, 62,

63–66

Middle meningeal artery (MMA) 35

–accessory 72

–anatomy 129

–from ophthalmic artery 48, 129

–from right internal carotid artery through persistent stapedial artery 129

–in dural arteriovenous fistula 133,

140–141, 168, 171

–in facial nerve supply 144

–in meningeal supply 154

–in petro-cavernous anastomoses 134, 135

–meningioma fed by 154–155

–pseudoaneurysm of 158

Middle pharyngeal artery 150–151 MMA, See Middle meningeal artery

(MMA)

MPV, See Median prosencephalic vein (MPV)

Musculociliary trunk 35

N

Nasal fossa tumors 147, 148 Nasal septal arteries 36 Nasopalatine artery 146–147 Nasopharyngeal cancer 149

Neuromeningeal trunk 132, 150, 153, 154

O

OA, See Ophthalmic artery (OA) Occipital artery

–ascending pharyngeal artery origin from 150

–embryology of 137

–in dural arteriovenous fistula 156

–in meningeal supply 155, 155–156

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 201

–vertebral arteries anastomoses

with 138, 139 Ocular group 35 Oculomotor nerve 142

Olfactory groove meningioma 157 Olfactory nerve 142

Olfactory vein 189

Ophthalmic anastomoses 128, 128,

129–130

Ophthalmic artery (OA)

–branches of 35, 35, 36, 36–37

–dorsal 12–13, 31, 31, 32–34

–from middle meningeal artery 48,

129

–in meningeal supply 156–157

–ventral 31, 31, 32–34

Optic chiasm vein 189

Optic nerve 142

Optic strut 27

Orbital artery 31

Orbital group 35

Orbitofrontal artery 59, 84

Otic artery 19

P

PaAs, See Proatlantal arteries (PaAs) Palpebral arteries 36

Paracentral arteries 59 Parietal arteries 59, 84 Parieto-occipital artery

–anatomy 121

–in arteriovenous malformation 125

–in leptomeningeal anastomosis 84 PCA, See Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) PcomA, See Posterior communicating

artery (PcomA)

Peduncular vein

–anatomy 195

–in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Percheron artery 111, 113, 116, 117 Pericallosal artery 84

–aneurysm 61

–fused 48

–in anterior cerebral artery anatomy 58

–in arteriovenous malformation 61 Perimedullary arteriovenous fistu-

la 213

Perioptic arterial plexus 46

Persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses 17, 17, 19–22

Persistent median callosal artery 57 Persistent occipital sinus 196, 197 Persistent primitive olfactory ar-

tery 50, 51

Persistent stapedial artery (PSA) 14, 16, 129

Persistent trigeminal artery 19, 20–21,

90

Petrous anastomosis 132, 132, 133– 136

PHACE syndrome 20 Pharyngeal trunk 150 Pharyngo-occipital system 137 Pial arteriovenous fistula 181

PICA, See Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Plexiform anterior communicating artery 48

PMI, See Primitive maxillary artery (PMI)

Pontine arteries

–basilar artery and 106

–infarction in 108

Posterior auricular artery 141 Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

–absence of 119

–aneurysm 118–119, 124–125

–cortical branches of 121, 121, 122– 125

–in arteriovenous malformation 125

–in meningeal supply 158

–leptomeningeal anastomoses

with 84, 85

Posterior communicating artery (PcomA)

–aneurysm 118–119

–embryology 18

–hypoglossal artery and 19

–hypoplastic 116

–trigeminal artery and 20 Posterior communicating vein

–anatomy 195, 197

–in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

(PICA)

–-anterior inferior cerebellar artery complex 96, 96–97

–absence of 96

–anatomy 90, 96

–aneurysm 96

–bihemispheric 96, 98

–embryology 90, 96

–in arteriovenous malformation 98

–in radiculomedullary artery anatomy 208

–infarct 91, 96

–segments 90

–variations of 96

–variations of origin of 90, 90, 91–92 Posterior lateral nasal artery 146 Posterior medial nasal artery 146 Posterior median spinal vein 220 Posterior meningeal artery 96, 138,

160

Posterior mesencephalic vein 189 Posterior spinal artery

–anatomy 212

–in arteriovenous malformation 212,

214

–in radiculomedullary artery anatomy 207

Posterior temporal artery 78, 79, 84 Posterolateral spinal artery 212 Precentral artery 84

Precentral vein 189 Prefrontal artery 84 Prelaminar artery 201

Primitive maxillary artery (PMI) 12 Primitive ventral opthalmic artery

(PVOA) 31

Proatlantal arteries (PaAs) 18, 18, 19, 21, 137

PSA, See Persistent stapedial artery (PSA)

Pseudoaneurysm

–of anterior choroidal artery 41

–of internal carotid artery 149

–of middle meningeal artery 158 Pterygovaginal artery

–ascending pharyngeal artery anastomosis with 151

–in petro-cavernous anastomoses 135, 135–136

R

Radiculomedullary arteries

–anatomy 205

–anterior 207, 207, 208

–embryology 205

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 201

–in spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula 205–206

–posterior 207, 207 Radiculomeningeal arteries 202 Radiculopial arteries

–anatomy 205

–embryology 205

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 202

–in spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula 205–206

Recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) 62, 64, 64, 65, 67, 69–72

Recurrent meningeal artery

–in dural arteriovenous fistula 134

–in orbital group 35 Retrocorporeal artery 201 Right subclavian artery

–aberrant 6, 6, 7–9

–isolation of 8

Rolandic artery 77–78, 81

S

SCA, See Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Schwannoma 203 Segmental spinal arteries

–anatomy 200

–arteriovenous shunt in 202

–in spinal arteriovenous metameric

syndrome 200–201

SMV, See Superficial middle cerebral vein (SMV)

Sphenopalatine artery 146, 146–147, 148

Sphenoparietal sinus 177 Spinal arteries

–See Intrinsic arteries of cord

–See specific arteries

Spinal arteriovenous metameric syndrome 200–201

Spinal cord veins 220, 222

Spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula 205–206

Splenial artery

–anatomy 124

–in leptomeningeal anastomosis 84 SSS, See Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) Stapedial artery 14

–anatomy 129

–middle meningeal artery from internal carotid artery through 129

–persistent 14, 16

Stroke

–aberrant internal carotid artery and 15

–basilar artery perforator 102, 106– 107

–internal carotid artery 132

–leptomeningeal anastomoses and 84

–middle cerebral artery 40, 83–84

–orbital region embolization and 130

–See also Infarct(s)

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

–persistent occipital sinus in 196

–with azygos anterior communicating artery 55

Subcallosal artery 53

Subclavian artery, embryology of 6 Sulcal arteries 211 Sulcocommissural arteries 211, 212–

214

Superficial cortical veins 175–177

–anatomic variations in 175

–anterior group 175

–balanced 175

–mediodorsal group 175

–posteroinferior group 175

Superficial infratentorial veins 193 Superficial middle cerebral vein (SMV)

–anatomy 176

–cavernous capture of 177

–dominant 176

–drainage of 177

–in arteriovenous malformation 175–

177

Superficial sylvian vein, See Superficial middle cerebral vein (SMV)

Superficial temporal artery 36, 36, 130,

158

Superficial temporal veins 171, 172 Superior anastomotic vein, See Vein of

Trolard

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

–anatomy 97

–embryology of 94

–in arteriovenous malformation 97– 98, 193

–occlusion 99

Superior hemispheric veins

–anatomy 193

–in arteriovenous malformation 193– 194

Superior hypophyseal artery complex 28

Superior labial artery 147 Superior parietal artery 59

Superior pharyngeal artery 150, 151 Superior sagittal sinus (SSS)

–anatomy 162

–drainage to 163

–duplication of 162, 164

–dural arteriovenous fistula in 162– 163

–embryology 162

–variations of 162

Superior vermian vein

–anatomy 193

–in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Supraorbital artery 36 Supratrochlear artery 36

Supreme intercostal artery 200

T

Tectal vein 189

Tectogeniculate vein 189

Tentorial incisura meningioma 184– 185

Thalamoperforating arteries (ThPA) 115, 115, 116–120

Thalamostriate vein

–anatomy 186

–drainage of 185

–in arteriovenous malformation 186 Transmedullary veins 179, 179, 180–

183

Transverse sinus

–absence of 221

–anatomy 162

–aplasia 165

–dural arteriovenous fistula in 138,

156, 164–165, 166, 166

–embryology 162

–hypoplasia of 165

Trigeminal artery

–in basilar artery embryology 101

–persistent 19, 20–21, 90 Trigeminal nerve 142, 143 Trochlear nerve 142 Tuberothalamic arteries

–absence of 115

–anatomy of 115

–infarct in 118

Tympanic paraganglioma 15

U

Uncal vein

–in arteriovenous malformation 190,

195

–in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Upper cervical anastomoses 137–138

V

Vagus nerve 144, 145

Vasocorona 208, 211

Vein of Galen

–anatomy 186

–embryology of 184

–in arteriovenous malformations 185,

186

Vein of Labbé

–absent 175–176

–anatomy 176

–dominant 176

–duplicated 176

–in arteriovenous malformation 177,

190

Vein of Markowski, See Median prosencephalic vein (MPV)

Vein of Rosenthal

–absence 186

–anatomy 188

–anterior drainage of 184

–discontinuous 188, 197

–embryology 188

–in arteriovenous malformation 176,

189–191, 195

–in dural arteriovenous fistula 191

–inferior temporal vein drainage of 185

–tributaries of 189

Vein of Trolard

–anatomy 175

–dominant 175

–duplicated 175

–in arteriovenous malformation 175,

190

Venous angle 186

Venous circle of Trolard

–anatomy 191

–in arteriovenous malformation 188 Ventral ophthalmic artery 31, 31, 32–

33

Ventral schwannoma 203 Vertebra-venous fistulas 223, 225–226 Vertebral artery (VA)

–anatomy 200

–anterior spinal artery origin from 207

–ascending pharyngeal artery anastomoses with 137

–embryology of 3

–in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses 17

–in radiculomedullary artery anatomy 208

–in segmental spinal artery anatomy 200–201

–“kissing” 103

Vestibulocochlear nerve 142–143, 143,

144

Vidian artery

–in dural arteriovenous fistula 135

–in petro-cavernous anastomosis 135, 135