книги / Writing and Presenting a Research Paper

Civil Protection plan. New tools are based on a new resilience community plan by encompassing urban planning tools, resilient mitigation strategies, and ____10____, emergency management planning.

Задание 6

Tick the features an abstract should have: Detailed explanations

Graphs and tables Linking words

The author’s main idea

Formal expressions Quotations Abbreviations

Details to support an idea

Задание 7

Read the abstracts below and identify the type of the article (research, review or technical note). Give arguments to support your point of view. (Chapter I, 3)

1.Underline the linking words used by the authors

2.Write out the phrases for writing abstracts

3.Mark all the cases of using the Passive voice

4.Highlight the keywords

Article 1

Abstract

The performance concept in the construction field is very broad, can occur within the project scope and building, suggesting effective ways to evaluate according to the activities involved. Although a large number of studies on construction project performance (CPP) and performance-based building (PBB) have been conducted in the last decade, there remains a lack of consensus among researchers and professionals regarding how to integrate PBB-related activities into the construction project phases (design, planning, construction and operation). After an in-depth analysis of hundreds of journal articles published between 2008 and 2018, this study provides a holistic understanding and critical reflection on the nexus between CPP and PBB, systematically illustrated by a “Performance information mapping” and a “Performance Taxonomy Framework” at each project phase in the strategic deci- sion-making process. The results can help future researchers and professionals to conduct searches that are more relevant and to design, aiming at steps to ensure project success and building efficiency. A systematic review contributes to a better understanding of the performance concept in the construction field because it covers an

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unprecedented performance study of both stages, process management and product performance requirements in the construction industry. The review concludes by suggesting, as further work, a search for an integration tool.

Article 2

Abstract

This research paper presents a scientific attempt of a comprehensive systematic review of three-dimensional printing in geopolymer construction technology. The concept of 3D printing is an automated manufacturing process, layerby- layer command, with computer-aided design model to create physical objects, acquiring swift development for the last few decades. An expansion of novel Geopolymer technology has been adopted in the construction and infrastructure industries for decades. The critical challenges of construction and infrastructure industries, such as the need for architectural, holistic, and rational designs, can be dealt with 3D printing techniques. Plentiful advantages of this emerging novel technology include a reduced amount of cost, ease of construction, a lesser amount of time, freedom of design, less wastage, aptitude to create complex structures, decrease in labor requirements, etc. Accordingly, the paper discusses common 3D techniques, such as Fused Deposition Modelling, Selective Laser Sintering, Stereolithography, 3D plotting, Laminated Object Manufacturing technique, Direct Energy deposition technique or laser engineered net shaping, Powder Bed Fusion and Inject Head 3D printing and direct deposition method. Overall, this study provides an introduction of 3D printing automation and robotics processes in a geopolymer construction industry. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes to motivate researchers towards future studies about 3D printing.

Article 3

Abstract

In this paper the authors present a new solution for the highway interchange, which represents the best compromise between the traffic capacity, the land area used and construction cost. The difference between the known and the new design solution is in the implementation of the opposite directional ramps which are widely separated in the area of the interchange. In the middle, between the directional ramps, some space is created for the left directional ramps. Interchange should be used for four-way highway interchanges or other heavy traffic roads junction in order to increase the capacity and traffic safety at the crossing point. It has no conflict points. ITL Interchange left directional ramps is much shorter than all other known

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solutions for interchanges. The interchange is built in two levels. These two facts significantly lower the cost of construction. The study compares different types of interchanges. We made a geometric comparison and performance measures. In geometric comparison, the greatest advantages of the ITL interchange are the shortest overall roadway length and the shortest overpasses length. Therefore, such an interchange is advantageous in terms of construction and maintenance costs. When measuring performance, ITL Interchange achieves the best results regardless of the number of vehicles.

Article 4

Abstract

The dynamic nature and increasing complexity of the construction projects impose many challenges for project planning and control. As a project progresses, more information becomes available and the level of uncertainty decreases. It can be used to proactively check the validity of the previous decisions and develop revised and more detailed plans for the upcoming activities in construction planning meetings. For this purpose, this study implements ontological knowledge representation and semantic reasoning techniques to propose an intelligent information collection and decision support system framework for short-term collaborative construction and resource planning. Moreover, a new approach is suggested that allows for incorporating resource specifications and limitations, and complex multi-factor constraints in the ontological planning process. The framework was tested based on a real-world construction project and different application cases were discussed. The framework showed a promising performance for analyzing different scenarios and help the planners making informative decisions.

Article 5

Abstract

The greatest challenges for construction infrastructure projects are those related to increasing problems of managing the time and cost in project implementation. For many years, new methods have been used to reduce the problems to do with separation of design from the implementation stage. An important point is that all projects tend to require integration; however, it has been observed that construction projects usually enjoy the benefits and capacities of updated methods and technologies later than other industries. One of these approaches, which have been growing in developed countries for some time, is using the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) approach. Using such an approach has various benefits, but also would seem to pose

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significant challenges. To-date, it and has not still achieved success in terms of legal recognition and wider implementation. The aim of this study is to extract the benefits of the implementation of the IPD approach using an in-depth literature review. Then descriptive analysis is applied to identify the benefits of IPD. The benefits of applying this approach for key construction project stakeholders are classified using pattern analysis. This study has offered a framework in order to present available generic and specific benefits to each project stakeholder, and it provides the required motivation for project owners to use and implement it in their future projects. Moreover, they should understand the important factors that lead to IPD adoption. They can use this information to develop a contractual framework to make it more effective.

Задание 8

Translate the possible phrases for abstracts. Don’t forget about direct word order. (Chapter II, 1)

1.Подробно исследуется влияние … на …

2.Внимательно изучался вопрос …

3.Проведен тщательный анализ …

4.Новый метод … рассматривался во всех подробностях.

5.Составлены формулы для определения / расчета ...

6.Показаны новые подходы к …

7.Определены основные направления …

8.Сделаны выводы о возможных путях улучшения …

9.Дан краткий обзор наиболее эффективных методов …

10.Представлены результаты недавних исследований в области …, направленные на оптимизацию …

Задание 9

Write an abstract of your future article on your research.

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Раздел III. ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ

1. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)

Страдательный залог в английском языке употребляется тогда, когда внимание говорящего сосредоточено не на субъекте, совершающем действие, а на объекте действия. Глагол в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее подвергается действию, а не само его выполняет.

Глагол в страдательном залоге можно переводить на русский язык тремя способами:

○глаголом с окончанием – ся, – сь;

○глаголом быть (в прошедшем и будущем времени) и краткой формой причастия;

○неопределенно-личной формой глагола

Сравните:

Страдательный залог образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II смыслового глагола (или третьей формы смыслового глагола), т.е. по формуле tobe (изменяемая часть) + Participle II (неизменяемая часть).

Заметьте: непереходные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, которые не могут иметь при себе прямого дополнения (to live, to arrive и т.п.), не могут употребляться в форме страдательного залога.

Следует помнить, что подлежащее в предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык винительным или дательным падежом:

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Для научного стиля характерны пассивные конструкции с модальными глаголами (can, may, must / should). Как правило, они переводятся неопреде- ленно-личными предложениями с глаголами нужно, необходимо, должен/должны, можно с последующим инфинитивом:

Задание 1

Rewrite the sentences (a–h) using the Passive voice:

1.The authors discuss the problem of BIM implementation.

2.The article describes some effective ways of waste disposal.

3.The authors give possible examples of recycled materials.

4.The researchers carried out some experiments.

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5. The experimenters paid much attention to sustainable construction materi-

als.

6.The investigators used a new approach to urban planning.

7.The experiment will cover a wide range of problems.

8.This study will provide a solution for many problems in the construction in-

dustry.

9.We will perform the comparison of two approaches.

10.The researchers have examined the state of construction industry.

11.The author has found out different solutions.

12.We have distributed a survey questionnaire to 300 participants in the field of construction projects.

13.This research can provide a new knowledge about the construction cycle

analysis.

14.We could enhance the construction process by incorporating two new technological developments.

15.Construction companies must adopt BIM technologies.

Задание 2

Rewrite the sentences (a–h) using the Passive voice.

Limitation Factors of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Implementation

Abstract

(a) Many researchers have recommended Building Information Modeling (BIM) as the best tool to improve construction processes. (b) However, most construction companies do not adopt BIM because there are many limitations slowing BIM adoption.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors that limit BIM implementation in the construction industry.

(c) To investigate the research objectives, the authors of this article adopted a quantitative approach and designed a structured questionnaire. (d) The researchers distributed a total of sixty-eight copies of the questionnaire and sixty-five of them were satisfactorily completed, making the total response rate = 95.58 %. Snowball sampling method helped to obtain a high rate of response and thus increase accuracy.

(e) The researchers divided BIM limitation factors into five categories. (f) The results illustrated that the respondents ranked the personnel category as the most important, while the legal category was ranked as the least important. Findings showed that requirement of large culture change within the organization, lack of senior management support, lack of knowledge on how to implement BIM, lack of staff experi-

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ence and skills, and need to change in workflows to comply with the new requirements were ranked as the most important factors that obstruct BIM implementation.

(g) In fact, the researchers have reported the high cost of BIM implementation as a major barrier in the construction industry. (h) Obviously, the lack of sufficiently trained BIM specialists has slowed down BIM implementation in the AEC industry.

2. Цепочки определений (Noun Chains)

Цепочка существительных – это вид словосочетания, представляющий собой ряд трех или более существительных, определяющих одно понятие. В таких словосочетаниях главное существительное, выполняющее непосредственно функцию существительного, стоит всегда в конце цепочки, а все предшествующие слова, связанные с ним, являются определениями. В начале словосочетания, как правило, стоит артикль или другой определитель. Впервые понятие nounchain было введено юристом Ричардом Уайдиком (Richard

Wydick).

Такие словосочетания являются характерной спецификой английского языка. Они строятся по схеме:

Определение 1.

Определение 2 … Определение N. Главное слово.

Способы перевода существительных, выступающих в роли определения: 1) существительное в родительном падеже:

saturation pressure – давление насыщения, pump modification – доработка насоса,

an institute building – здание института;

2) прилагательное:

a pump house – насосная станция, light waves – световые волны;

3) предложный оборот:

an exchange contract – договор об обмене;

4) причастный оборот:

flood damage – ущерб, нанесенный наводнением.

В цепочке определений могут дополнительно участвовать прилагательные, которые могут относиться как к существительным-определениям, так и непосредственно к главному слову.

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Если в цепочке первым стоит прилагательное, то оно обычно относится к последнему слову, например:

automatic dataprocessing system – автоматическая система обработки данных.

Однако иногда прилагательное, стоящее первым в цепочке, может определять следующее за ним существительное:

straight line motion – движение по прямой линии.

Следует отметить, что злоупотребление цепочками существительных считается стилистическим недочетом. Рекомендуется использовать не более трех существительных-определений к одному существительному.

Задание 1

a)Analyse the development of the following chains of nouns. Translate them into the Russian language, pay attention to the key words.

arch bridge

arch bridge construction

arch bridge construction methods

arch bridge construction methods optimization speed traffic / traffic speed

facility management / management facility construction market / market construction journal paper / paper journal

b)Translate the following attributive groups:

study results concrete weight

BIM technology adoption cash flow problems product liability risks deep foundation design federal highway office

long-term erosion protection construction project delivery delay automatic noise control equipment modern house ventilation facilities

construction projects investment and encouragement heat insulation development company worker

“Sustainable Architecture” conference program

10 % water filters discount

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Задание 2

Make attributive phrases from the suggested English words: 1. Запасы древесины всего мира

a) world’s; b) resources; c) entire; d) timber.

2.Индекс цен на кровельные материалы a) price; b) index; c) roofing.

3.5 % скидка за покупку строительного оборудования: a) building; b) discount; c) 5 percent; d) equipment.

4.Система очистки сточных вод:

a) system; b) treatment; c) wastewater.

5.Давление за счет энергии воды: a) water; b) energy; c) pressure.

6.Технология трехмерного моделирования зданий: a) 3D; b) modeling; c) buildings; d) technology.

7.Система контроля звукоизоляции: a) system; b) sound; c) control.

8.Безопасность на строительной площадке: a) safety; b) construction; c) site.

9.Празднование десятой годовщины строительной компании: a) tenth; b) celebration; c) anniversary; d) construction; e) company.

10.Важные параметры измерений:

a) important; b) measurement; c) parameters.

Задание 3

Translate the following attributive groups into the English language, pay attention to the key words.

Утилизация древесных отходов, план разработки рыночных реформ, проблема вычисления скорости автомобиля, система управления строительными проектами в режиме реального времени, повышение зарплаты, процедура отбора кандидатов на вакансию, рыночная стоимость объекта недвижимости, работник компании по развитию информационных технологий, номер кредитной карты, Федеральная программа помощи заемщикам, система поддержки принятия решений на основе BIM, уровень безработицы среди выпускников университетов.

Задание 4

Read the titles of some journal articles. In what way could they be shortened?

1.Theory of Determination of the Frequency of Natural Oscillations of Span Structures.

2.Ways of Optimization of Facility Management through the Adoption of BIM in Existing Buildings.

3.Methods of Improvement of Technology of Purification of Surface Wastewaters.

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