книги / Writing and Presenting a Research Paper

4.Features of Application of Resource-Saving Technologies of Warming Buildings.

5.Factors of Limitation of Implementation of Building Information Modeling.

3.Порядок слов (Word Order)

А. Порядок слов в предложении.

Всего несколько неправильно построенных предложений и статья может быть отклонена. Поэтому важно соблюдать правила построения предложений

ванглийском языке.

Ванглийском языке порядок слов строго определен и почти никогда не меняется.

1. Суть заключается в том, чтобы подлежащее, сказуемое и дополнения находились как можно ближе друг к другу.

Пример 1:

S1. The researchers sent their manuscript to the journal. This order is rarely altered. It is:

1. subject (the researchers)

2. verb (sent)

3. direct object (their manuscript)

4. indirect object (the journal)

Впредложении 2(S2) сохранен порядок слов S1.

S2. Last week the researchers sent their manuscript to the journal for the second time.

S3. * The researchers last week sent for the second time to the journal their manuscript. – В данном случае порядок слов в предложении нарушен, поскольку косвенное дополнение стоит перед прямым дополнением.

Что еще в этом предложении стоит не на своем месте? Пример 2:

Heavy metals play a major role in the deterioration of soil physicochemical properties including the circumference of the highways.

Тяжелые металлы играют основную роль в ухудшении физикохимических свойств почв, включая прилежащую территорию автомобильных дорог.

Определите части предложения, следуя примеру 1.

1.subject – подлежащее (Heavy metals).

2.verb/ – сказуемое (play).

3.direct object – прямое дополнение (a major role).

4.indirect object – косвенное дополнение (the deterioration).

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1.Наиболее важную/новую информацию ставьте в начале предложения

вкачестве подлежащего.

! Читатель обращает больше внимания на участки предложения, стоящие непосредственно перед или после точки.

Пример:

The rotated component matrix is shown in Table 7 and presented in Fig. 9.

(Матрица повернутых компонентов приведена в таблице 7 и представлена на рис. 9.)

2. Из двух возможных подлежащих выбирай то, с которым предложение короче. Обычно это предложение в активном залоге.

Пример:

S1. The most significant values are highlighted in Table 1. S2. Table 1 highlights the most significant values.

1. Не используйте безличные предложения с it в качестве подлежащего. Используйте модальные глаголы, где это возможно (should, might, need

и др.). Пример:

S1. It is possible do this with the new system. S2. This can be done with the new system.

2.Не используйте местоимения (it, they), если в предложении еще не указано существительное, которое они замещают.

Пример:

For the observers rating hue–saturation changes, 100 % meant that the

“hue and saturation of the center square in the two patterns looks exactly the same,” and 0 % meant that they “look quite different”.

(Для наблюдателей, оценивающих изменения оттенка и насыщенности, 100 % означало, что «оттенок и насыщенность центрального квадрата в двух шаблонах выглядят совершенно одинаково», а 0 % означало, что они «выглядят совершенно по-разному»).

3.Избегайте уточнений и пояснений между подлежащим и сказуемым. Пример:

Among the factors that influence the choice of parameters are time and cost. Time and cost are among the factors that influence the choice of parameters.

4.Не отделяйте подлежащее от сказуемого.

Пример:

S1. *A gradual decline in germinability and vigor of the resultant seedling, a higher sensitivity to stresses upon germination, and possibly a loss of the ability to germinate are recorded in the literature [5, 8, 19].

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S2. *People with a high rate of intelligence, an unusual ability to resolve problems, a passion for computers, along with good communication skills are generally employed by such companies.

Предложения S1 и S2 затянуты, так как сказуемое сдвинуто к концу предложения.

Впредложениях S3 и S4 показаны более удачные варианты решения, поскольку в них сказуемое поставлено ближе к началу, и поэтому смысл предложения становится понятен сразу.

S3. There is generally a gradual decline in germinability and of the resultant seedling, followed by a higher sensitivity to stress upon germination, and possibly a loss of the ability to germinate [5, 8, 19].

S4. Such companies generally employ people with a high rate of ...

Вобоих предложениях используется активный залог. В некоторых случаях можно использовать страдательный залог. Иногда одно сказуемое может относиться сразу к нескольким подлежащим. В таком случае сказуемое в страдательном залоге лучше всего поставить после первого подлежащего.

S5. People with a high rate of intelligence are generally employed by such companies. They must also have other skills including: an unusual ability to ...

5. Избегайте уточнений и пояснений между подлежащим и сказуемым. Они мешают читателю следовать за мыслью.

Пример:

S1. This sampling method, when it is possible, is useful because it allows ....

S2. When this sampling method is possible, it allows us ...

6. Не отделяйте дополнение от сказуемого. Дополнение должно следовать непосредственно после сказуемого.

Пример:

S1. We can associate with these values a high cost. S2. We can associate a high cost with these values.

Вданном примере прямое дополнение состоит из нескольких слов, и читатель очень долго не знает, к чему ведет автор.

S1. *We can associate a high cost, higher overheads, a significant increase in man-hours and several other problems with these values.

Если дополнение довольно объемное, его можно представить несколькими способами:

Впримере S2 косвенное дополнение поставлено после первого дополнения с использованием выражения ‘along with’ («на ряду с…»)

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S2. We can associate a high cost with these values, along with higher overheads, a significant increase in man-hours and several other problems.

Также возможны следующие варианты:

S3. We can associate several factors with these values: a high cost, higher overheads, a significant increase in man-hours and several other problems.

S4. The following can be associated with these values: a high cost

higher overheads

a significant increase in man hours

Прямое дополнение ставится перед косвенным дополнением. Пример:

S1. However, only for some cases this operation is defined, these cases are called ..

S2. However, this operation is only defined for some cases, which are called ...

Б. Место наречия.

1. Наречия частотности выполнения действий и also, only ставятся перед основным смысловым глаголом:

Пример:

This also enables collaboration work with other software to create models more accurately.

Если в предложении два вспомогательных глагола – перед вторым вспомогательным глаголом:

Пример:

With natural scenes, both these and higher order statistics might also be exploited.

(В естественных условиях можно также использовать как эти, так и статистические данные более высокого порядка).

В предложениях с глаголом to be в настоящем или прошедшем времени – сразу после глагола.

Пример:

Interestingly, constancy is also illustrated here, since distance is discounted when the inferred heat is projected back into the fire and experienced as a property of the fire.

Поэкспериментируйте с наречием «только». Поставьте его в разных местах предложения. Он говорил ей, что любит BIM. Что происходит?

Куда можно поставить наречие only в предложении:

The complexity of this model makes it very difficult to build the model with normal BIM design tools. На что это влияет?

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2.С целью выделения, подчеркивания какой-либо мысли наречия sometimes, often, normally, occasionally, usually могут быть поставлены в на-

чало предложения. Пример:

Usually, apart from the view of the garden from the sofa…

3.Наречия, выражающие различную степень уверенности – probably, certainly, definitely, rather, very, quite – ставятся сразу после отрицания:

Пример:

It is not quite critical for managers to understand…

4.Наречия образа действия slowly, rapidly, fast, quickly, carefully

чаще всего ставятся после глагола или после прямого дополнения: Пример:

Lightweight panels and transporting them to the building site, allows for extremely rapid refurbishment and reopening of the bridges.

5.Наречия времени already, still, today, now могут встречаться в разных местах предложения. Лучше всего их располагать после того, как подлежащее уже названо.

Пример:

The FRP deck had already been partially glued by the manufacturer. (FRP – fibrereinforced polymerполимеры, армированные стекловолокном)

6.Старайтесь не использовать наречия причины и цели consequently, therefore, hence, accordingly в начале предложения.

Пример:

The regression method had the most absolute errors of 17.5 and was, therefore, the least effective method.

7.Наречия контраста и последовательного изложения мысли используются в начале предложения. Обычно после них ставится запятая.

Thus

Пример:

Thus, a collaborative platform is needed to visualize the as-built plan.

Moreover, since, although, despite the fact, however

Пример:

However, most of the researchers are not from a civil engineering background.

Nevertheless, in contrast, alternatively … Firstly, secondly, finally…

Пример:

Firstly, the curved wall in the first floor needs to ensure the reasonable width of cloakroom and shop. Secondly, the curve line of the curved wall on the second floor needs to guarantee an effective width and height of the audience

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lounge to avoid pressure. Last but not least, the intersection of the curtain wall and the curve wall should be below the structure of the roof.

Некоторые наречия этого типа обычно ставятся в середине предложе-

ния:

Пример: whereas

The hue and saturation of the bush were the same in the first and third displays, but different in the second display, whereas the material was the same in the first and second displays, but different in the third display.

(Оттенок и насыщенность куста были одинаковыми на первом и третьем дисплеях, но различались на втором дисплее, тогда как материал был одинаковым на первом и втором дисплеях, но отличался на третьем дисплее).

Задание 1

The virus has infected the file. Put the sentences in the correct order.

1. Is achieved, in this project, a 30 % Return on Investment (ROI), through

BIM.

2.Different tasks, assigned, to engineers in different areas, are, in a collaborat-

ed way.

3.There are, because of the particularity of large-scale public projects, however, many difficulties in management.

4.Four-dimensional (4D) computer-aided design (CAD), to improve the construction planning process, has been adopted for, many years.

5.Applied, in the South Tower, the core-tube system, is, and the frame coretube system in North Tower,

6.On the projector for collaboration and discussion, the plan, in a highlight colour, can be simulated and, for easy recognition, visually displayed.

7.It, in the South Tower, covers 170,000 square metres, with a height of 210 metres, including offices, dormitories in the North Tower, and a basement level.

8.To be revised, thus, plans, in real time, need, on site.

Задание 2

Rewrite the sentences if necessary. Use modal verbs (may, might, can, could, need, should, etc.) where possible.

Образец:

original version: It is probable that this is due to poor performance. revised version : This may / might / could be due to poor performance.

It is probable (вероятно, вполне возможно, есть вероятность, не исключено, по всей вероятности).

It is mandatory (это обязательно, является обязательным, необходимо в обязательном порядке).

It is possible (возможно, допускается, можно, позволяет, представляется возможным).

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It is evident (очевидно, совершенно ясно).

1.It is possible to update the schedule with the BIM model.

2.It is evident that the following characteristics of BIM help to solve these issues: (1) BIM could simulate the construction phase to find potential issues…

3.It is possible to analyze the availability of this space with the help of the three-dimensional modeling.

4.It is mandatory to analyze the availability of this space with the help of the

three-dimensional modeling.

5.According to the BIM regulation of planning, it is mandatory that the BIM construction plan of International Expo Centre will be created first.

6.It is mandatory to illustrate the main problem as well as the disadvantages of adopting traditional methods.

Задание 3

Match the parts.

Задание 4

Insert the adverbs into the sentence.

1.Building Information Modelling (BIM), as a powerful set of tools, has been applied in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. (widely)

2.Through the creation of 3D models, designers can understand the complicated construction space, thus avoiding the disadvantages of 2D design. (clearly)

3.The process of clash detection is simplified through pre-handling with BIM software. (also)

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4.To the last case, New City International Expo Centre is a large-scale public project. (similarly)

5.BIM enables checking of the clarity of view at the entrance and exit. (also)

6.As the financial city is used for different purposes, it is important to ensure every part will be occupied. (comprehensively)

7.Carelessness and mistakes occur in manual work. (always)

8.The space management includes both the conventional space for MEP equipment and the partition of the pavilion’s interior space. (thus)

Задание 5

Make a list of adverbs/highlight the adverbs in the article. What kind of adverbs are they? Check them out.

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ I

Useful Phrases

INTRODUCTION

• Establishing why your topic (X) is important

X is the main / leading / primary / major cause/part of … X is increasingly becoming a vital factor in …

Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to … X has many applications in the field of …

The main / principal / fundamental characteristics of X are:

•Outlining the past-present history of the study of X (no direct references to the literature)

Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as … Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …

X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …

•Outlining the possible future of X

In the next few years X will become / is likely to have become an important component in …

X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …

• Indicating the gap in knowledge and possible limitations

Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of … Most studies have only focused / tended to focus on …

Current solutions to X are inconsistent / inadequate / incorrect / ineffective

/inefficient / over-simplistic / unsatisfactory

•Stating the aim of your paper and its contribution In this report / paper / review / study we…

This paper outlines / proposes / describes / focuses on / discusses / investigates presents a new approach to …

The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …

The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …

• Explaining the key terminology in your field

In the literature there seems to be no general definition of X / a general definition of X is lacking / there is no clear definition of X.

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The term ‘X’ is generally understood to mean / has come to be used to refer to / has been applied to …

In broad / general terms, X is / can be defined as a way to … X is defined / identified / described as … [Njimi 2004].

• Explaining how you will use terminology and acronyms in your paper

The acronym PC stands for / denotes …

The fonts, i.e. / that is to say the form of the characters, are of various

types.

Throughout the / In this paper we use / will use the term X to refer to …

•Giving the structure of paper – what is and is not included This paper is organized as follows / divided into five sections. The first section / Section 1 gives a brief overview of …

The second section examines / analyses …

In the third section a case study is presented / analyzed …

A new methodology is described / outlined in the fourth section … Some / Our conclusions are drawn in the final section.

•Giving general panorama of past-to-present literature

A growing body of literature has examined / investigated / studied / analyzed / evaluated … [Ref]

Various approaches have been proposed / put forward / suggested / hypothesized to solve this issue [Ref].

Much work on the potential of X has been carried out [Ref], yet / however there are still some critical issues … [Ref]

• Reviewing past literature

Initial / Preliminary work in this field focused primarily on … The first investigations into / studies on X found that …

The first systematic study / report on X was carried out / conducted / performed in 1995 by …

• Reviewing subsequent and more recent literature

Experiments on X were conducted / carried out / performed on X in 2009 by a group of researchers from …

Since 2011 / In the last few years, much more information on X has become available …

More recent evidence [Obama, 2013] shows / suggests / highlights / reveals / proposes that …

Many attempts have been made [Kim 2009, Li 2010, Hai 2011] in order to

/with the purpose of / aimed at …

•Reporting what specific authors of have said

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