книги / Социально-экономический обзор Пермского края

Studying of life style of the regional population proved that low the level of self-preservation behavior is typical for The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)’s residents. It is evidenced by high rates of alcohol consumption (17 l per capita, on the average in the RUSSIAN FEDERATION this value is equal to 15 l), spreading of drug addiction (251,1 registered patients per 100 000 people, in the RUSSIAN FEDERATION – 228,8 people) and adolescent toxicomania (number of teenagers suffering of toxicomania in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is 2 times higher than on the average in the country) as well as by low level of physical activity of population (share of people not attending sport sections and not doing physical exercises during the last 5 years does not exceed 60 %).

The conditions stimulating the population’s orientation towards the healthy life-style and cacoethes overcoming have not formed in the Territory. The region is characterized by territorial disproportions in development of cultural-leisure infrastructure, by reduction of services consumption provided by the above infrastructure on the part of population, by low level of sports and physical culture establishments’ availability as well as by low covering of population with fitness services. Out of all sporting events carried out in the region over 90 % fall to competitions on different sports and only 5–6 % – to popular events.

In terms of preschool education development, the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) outruns the All-Russian indices. Thus, in 2004 preschool educational establishments (PEE) covered 71 % of children that corresponds to the 22nd place in the Russian Federation (average index in the Russian Federation is 58 %). Negative trends typical for preceding evolution periods are preserved in the preschool education system: number of educational establishments implementing the preschool education program decreases, significant territorial disproportions in providing places in preschool educational establishments is observed. The queue for getting the place in PEE grows, the overcrowdness of kindergartens is observed.

Evolution of general and occupational education is impacted by demographic recession. As a result gradual reduction of students’ quota and of general education establishments network occurs. This trend is typical for the majority of regions, however due to areal specifics of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) the rates of educational establishments reduction in Prikamye are higher than in the other territories.

The share of children of corresponding age attending general education establishments in 2005 amounted to 83 %, that is somewhat lower than in general in the Russian Federation (84 %).

Optimization of the establishments network, capital investment into the repair and accomplishment of schools during the last 5 years allowed to considerably improve the educational conditions. Nevertheless, in 2005 over half of schoolboys studied in the buildings that required complete overhaul. In general, the conditions for implementation of curriculum invariant component were improved, the level of provision with workshops, gym halls, computer hardware (including that with

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Internet access) increased. The number of students which did not study foreign language decreased.

In terms of key indicators, the level of higher education development in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is inferior to that of the comparable regions. In Prikamye the higher education is represented only by 14 institutions of higher education and 10 branches, the number of students is lower (as per 10 000 people – 59th place in the Russian Federation). Among the occupied population the share of employees with higher education is relatively small: 174 men per 1000 employees as on the average in the Russian Federation this figure corresponds to 232 men.

The following disproportions were formed in the educational system of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY):

1.The disproportion is kept in implementation of possibilities of urban and rural population, population of economically independent and depressive areas, citizens belonging to various social groups in respect to getting high quality education on the basis of federal standards.

2.There exists discrepancy between professional-qualification structure of educational system and labor market demands (over 50 % of graduates of higher education institutions and specialized secondary educational establishments fail to get job corresponding to their trades).

3.The interaction system between different levels of personnel training is not efficient and does not correspond to world and Russian standards.

4.Sectorial salary system of employees in the educational sphere does not stimulate the inflow of teachers and administrative staff of the required qualification to the branch. Due to the low level of wages the state educational system becomes the least attractive field of professional activity.

5.On the one hand the possibilities of regional educational and scientific system are not in full demanded on the part of business, on the other hand the demands of business in manpower and scientific developments are not fully met by educational and scientific system.

6.The network of educational institutions does not fully meet the demands and financial capabilities of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) and its residents.

7.The contradiction exists between the demands of people, society and state in high quality education and actual quality of educational programs. It assumes creation of control system over the education quality, development of network and individual educational programs.

8.There are no required conditions for expansion of innovation and experimental works, for development of regional insurance and reserve funds, for strengthening the role of civil order on the regional, municipal and school levels.

9.The conditions are not established for providing the possibility of choice making in the educational services market for the citizens and employers, there is no system of state-public control over the quality of services.

10.The demand in transition to state-public character of control over education is hindered by insufficiently formed regulatory and legal framework.

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During the last decade active growth of children and youth organizations is observed in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY). At present over three hundred of nonregistered associations of different directions operate in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY).

2.15. State Youth Policy within the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is carried out by number of power bodies’ divisions and the most important of them is the Committee on Youth Policy of Territorial Administration. It takes upon itself functions for implementation of those directions of youth policy that are not treated by public structures: development of public, civil, social-economical, creational activity of youth, support of youth associations and initiatives. The policy is based on the approach providing for treating the youth as active and equal subject in development and implementation of youth policy.

The distinctive features of youth policy in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) are: innovative character of the carried out measures, active use of public organizations’ potential, involvement of business structures into the process of priority directions implementation.

The problems in interactions between the power bodies and youth public associations relate to the following: execution of state order by public associations: development of civil education system, spreading of tolerance values and political culture of participation in youth environment; system development for youth participation in policy by setup of consultative bodies consisting of young generation representatives in the structure of state and municipal power.

2.16. State Social Policy. The conditions formed in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) as well as implemented measures of regional social policy promoted the rise of family status, mother’s health protection and protection of children’s rights. Thus, number of marriages increase and decrease of divorces is registered in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) (change of coefficients as per 1000 people as compared to 2001 amounted correspondingly to 0,9 and 0,5). The death rates decreased: motherly death rate – to 20‰; perinatal – to 10,3 ‰; infant – to 11,2‰. The rate of family adoption of orphans is increased to 75 % (in the Russian Federation – 69 %), number of uncared children and families with children in socially-hazardous situation reduced by 27 %.

At the same time, negative trends continue to develop in the region. The deterioration of reproductive health of women of fertile age is observed (16,1 %). The share of illegitimately born children is still high (in Perm region – 46 %, in KomiPermyak Autonomous Area – 68 %), number of newly detected orphans and children without parents’ care annually increases by more than 3800 people. Large number of children in the region do not study or work (over 2000 people), the level of uncared children continuously grows (annual growth of children being searched amounts to 5 %). The number of families with children which have status of poor is high, the number of children living in extremely poor families (with income of less than 60 % of subsistence level) increases.

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The undeveloped system of interdepartmental actions on early preventive treatment of family and children ill-being, lack of system in use of restoration and rehabilitation techniques in work with families and children of risk group hinder the solution of existing problems in the field of family, motherhood and children protection. The system of emergency social-psychological aid to children and of their protection against cruel treatment, of overcoming children’s poverty does not exist. The control mechanisms providing for systemic work on protection of main child’s rights are weakened.

In the field of social policy in respect to disabled persons, the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) has high indices on primary disablement (the second place in Privolzhsky Federal District). At that the network of establishments on complex rehabilitation of disabled persons renders services only to 8,5 % of people belonging to this category.

Number of acute problems exist in the field of social policy in respect to this group of population. First of all, against the background of disabled persons’ demand in employment the existing system of professional (occupational) rehabilitation and training is inefficient as it trains either non-competitive or uncalled potential employees. The intentions of the enterprises’ heads to provide the disabled persons with specialized types of work are significantly limited by attempts to increase labor productivity at the enterprises.

Secondly, the existing system of social transfers distribution gives preference to pensions financing. And taking into account the fact that major part of disabled persons are pensioners that became invalids due to social-economical reasons, the “true” disabled persons who mostly need the support do not actually get it or get on the residual basis.

Thirdly, conditions providing for accessibility of vital activity environment for the disabled persons such as barrier-free movement conditions, availability of social infrastructure facilities, special types of services etc. are not sufficiently developed in the region.

Introduction of new social policy’s principles and approaches fixed in the legislation and directed to social integration of disabled persons in the Territory is not supported by actual implementation mechanisms and contradicts to historically established policy oriented to isolation of disabled persons from society. Introduction of the above principles and approaches is implemented not taking into account psychological unwillingness of society to adopt the disabled persons as its fullfledged members. As a result the disabled persons enjoy more rights and at the same time they have lesser real possibilities for their implementation.

In the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) the system of social aid to people that found themselves in hard life situation (HLS) is established.

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During the last years annual reduction of residents’ number with income below the subsistence level is observed. For the period of 2000–2004 the share of poor population decreased from 25,5 % to 20,6 %. New social technologies on poverty overcoming (“From allowance to salary”, “Self-sufficiency”) are introduced in the Territory that allow the needy to get the new income sources and improve their material position at the expense of their own efforts (more than 2600 PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) residents became the projects’ participants). The financial support value of poor families increased from 458 rubles per year in 2001 to 9285 rubles in 2005. Use of new social work techniques allows to reduce the number of asocial families with children (for the period from 2002 till 2004 3845 asocial families were withdrawn from the record list).

At the same time, the rates of poor population reduction in the Territory is below those in the RUSSIAN FEDERATION and in the competitive regions. Measures supporting people and families that face HLS are not sufficiently effective, they do not facilitate the overcoming of HLS and do not provide for man social integration, their annual financing level on the average is 20 times lesser than the required one. The system of criteria for receiving the social aid is mostly oriented on economic soundness evaluation and does not consider the other reasons (disablement, desolation, unemployment, endured psychological and physical injuries, dependencies of different kinds etc.). System of state social order on execution of preventive and rehabilitation services is not developed, the required infrastructure and specialists training system do not exist.

2.17. Migration situation in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) remains complicated. Insufficient attractiveness of the territory as a place of residence resulted in reduction of migrants flow from the other RUSSIAN FEDERATION regions as well as from the near and far abroad. Starting from 2001 the trend to migration decline of population became typical for the region. In migration exchange in 2005 Prikamye lost 2065 people.

The priorities and directions of regional policy in respect to attraction of foreign manpower are not defined in the region. System of foreign employees’ involvement is not fully legalized and simplified. As a result the number of foreign citizens illegally present in the Territory under estimations amounts to over 15 thousand people; annually the regional quota for attraction and use of foreign manpower is exceeded; the majority of foreign employees work on illegal basis (in 2005 only 11 % of registered citizens get permits on labor activity).

2.18. Infrastructure condition. General condition of housing and communal (engineering) infrastructure in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) can be evaluated through the main characteristics of housing stock’s accomplishment level.

In general for the Territory in 2005 the share of total housing stock area equipped with water lines amounted to 76,5 %, including that provided with centralized water line – 73,4 %, housing stock area equipped with water drainage amounted to 71,6 %, including that with centralized water drainage – 67,8 %. Heating

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is provided for 78,7 % of housing stock, and centralized heating – for 68,3 %, hot water supply is provided for 62,9 %, at that centralized hot water supply is provided for 59,0 %. 77,1 % of the entire housing area in the Territory is provided with networked liquefied gas, 62,0 % of the housing area is equipped with baths (showers), 3,2 % of housing area is equipped with floor electric ovens.

The infrastructure entities in the field of water supply and water drainage are characterized with considerable wear-out. Water supply networks operate inefficiently: water leaks and losses amount to 23 %. It is conditioned by poor quality condition of water supply networks. So, out of 6794 km of communal water supply networks 2767 km (40 %) are in worn-out condition. Physical wear-out of water supply entities amounts to 63 %, at that for buildings and structures it amounts to 61 %, and for networks – to 65 %.

Housing and communal services is the most powerful water user that gives the most powerful withdrawal of water resources and their pollution. The length of communal sewage networks amounts to 3362 km, including 1276 km (about 38 %) of worn-out ones. Qualitative condition of water drainage networks is also rather poor: actual wear-out of water drainage entities amounts to 59 %.

63 % of housing stock in the Territory is equipped with hot water supply. In general the provision with water supply in the Territory is not sufficient, there is required both expansion of water supply and increase of water intake facilities’ capacity.

Centralized heating in the Territory is provided for 70 % of dwelling houses. Gasification of housing stock on the average for the Territory amounts to 77 %.

Power engineering produces direct impact on life quality of population and development of communal infrastructure. It provides for the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) power supply in accordance with demands of economy and social sphere.

In 2005 in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) 776,98 mln. kW/h of electric power was provided to the consumers that amounted to 73,3 % of the preceding year’s value, including to population – 339,68 mln. kW/h or (78 % of 2004). Heat energy was provided in the amount of 11851,99 thousand Gcal., including to population – in amount of 9904,4 thousand Gcal. That makes up 96 % of the previous year.

On the basis of conjugated analysis of housing and communal infrastructure rates one can single out several types of areas in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY).

1 type – areas highly provided with housing and characterized with high level of its accomplishment (Perm, Gremyachinsky, Gubakhinsky and Berezniki).

2 type – areas highly provided with housing and characterized with average level of its accomplishment (Oktyabrsky, Krasnokamsky, Krasnovishersky. Kizelovsky, Nytvensky, Ochersky and Ilyinsky).

3 type – areas averagely provided with housing and characterized with high level of its accomplishment (Vereschaginsky, Yelovsky, Okhansky, Chernushinsky, Chusovskoy).

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4 type – areas averagely provided with housing and characterized with average level of its accomplishment (Solikamsky, Bardymsky, Karagaysky, Dobryansky, Kungursky, Lysvensky and Alexandrovsky).

5 type – areas poorly provided with housing and characterized with poor level of its accomplishment (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area, Berezovsky, B. Sosnovsky, Sivinsky, Suksunsky, Osinsky, Cherdynsky).

One of the most important indices characterizing the level of road infrastructure development is the share of population living in the settlements having access to the motor roads of general use with improved pavement. Motor roads with improved pavement connect only 1205 settlements in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) (30,6 %) where 2 446 thousand people (88 %) live. In the countryside only 1150 out of 3713 country settlements (29,7 %) where 391 thousand people (56,1 % of rural population) live, are connected with motor roads with improved pavement. Condition and development rates of motor roads do not meet the motorization rates as 2563 settlements do not have reliable connection with motor road network of the Territory.

The existing road network in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) does not meet the economic requirements and the motorization rates of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY). In terms of motor road density the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is inferior to the developed regions of the country. The setup of unified road network that in the most optimal way connects all PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) settlements is not completed and that is keenly felt in the rural areas and in the northern part of the Territory. Many nearby municipal formations are not provided with direct motor road links. Car park grows with advancing rates not proportionally to the growth of motor road length and quality. The growth of motor park aggravates the problems of roads’ overload, especially in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) center and in the access roads to it. There are no highways of intraregional meridional direction with Komi and Bashkiria Republics.

The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is crossed with two latitudinal railways that conditions large-scale transit transportation of goods and passengers between European and Asian parts through its territory. As a result of economic growth the trend of demand growth on transportation services provided by railway is observed, especially in the part of freight in transit, and its considerable increase is expected in the forecasted future. That is why the problem of freight transit through Perm railway junction is still faced and will be aggravated in the transportation system of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY).

The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) possesses considerable network of internal water ways that is an integral part of Unified deep-water system of European part of Russia which has no analogues in the world. The system represents super channel with guaranteed depth of 4 m and length of 6,5 thousand km. At present tourist trips of passengers are revived and developing among which the trips to Astrakhan, Saint

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Petersburg and Moscow are especially popular. Tourist, cruise and pleasure passenger trips are of relatively high profitability and represent growing market segment.

River transportation interacts with railway and motor transportation. Along with that port system of the Territory in the majority of cases does not meet the current requirements in terms of condition and composition of handling equipment, development of port terminal complexes. Number of PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) ports combine the cargo transportation operations with passengers’ transportation. At the same time the potential of internal water transportation in the region is not fully used.

Two aviation companies operate in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY), there are 2 airports in Perm (Savino) and in Kudymkar. Aircraft park of the Territory incorporates the airplanes (ТU-204, ТU-154, ТU-134, АN-26, АN-24) and helicopters (МI-8, МI-2). In the airport Savino the revamping of the runway is under way upon completion of which it will be possible to use it for the large-capacity airplanes. Great attention is paid to technical modernization of the aerodrome and the airport.

Pipeline transportation system is significantly developed in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY). A number of large-scale oil and gas pipelines of All-Russian and international importance pass along the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) area: two routes of oil pipeline Surgut – Polotsk, product line Perm – Almetyevsk, main gas pipelines Urengoy – Tsentr I, Urengoy – Tsentr II, Urengoy – Pomary – Uzhgorod, Urengoy – Petrovsk, Urengoy – Novomoskovsk, Nizhnyaa Tura – Perm – Kazan – Nizhny Novgorod. The length of main pipelines is 11247,3 km including 1286,5 km of oil pipelines and 9960,8 km of gas pipelines. The main problem of main pipeline transportation operating in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) area is high physical wear-out. That is why the main direction of its development for the coming years is the revamping of pipeline network.

3.Territorial and Municipal Development

3.1.Problem-conditioned Division into Districts

On the basis of analysis and evaluation of social-economic development of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) several types of districts were singled out that considerably differ in terms of the most important social-economic parameters.

Division into districts was conducted basing on the degree of natural resources involvement into social (public) reproduction, on the scale and intensity of their use that can be characterized by three main parameters:

1. Level of area development reflecting the production load (and society as a whole) on the natural environment;

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