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pain (angina pectoris). The nitroglycerin is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and opens coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

Rectal Administration (per rectum)

Suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and aqueous (water) solutions are inserted into the rectum (distal end of the digestive tract). At times, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficulties, such as when the patient is nauseated and vomiting.

Parenteral Administration (per injectionem)

This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe (syring/o = tube) under the skin, into muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:

Subcutaneous Injection. This type of administration is sometimes called a hypodermic injection, and is given just under the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for subcutaneous injections.

Intradermal Injection. This shallow injection is made onto the upper layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions. Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an intradermal injection is given properly.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 1

UNITS COMMONLY USED IN GENERIC NAMES OF DRUGS

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DOSAGE FORMS

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MISCELLANEOUS

Exercises

1. Read drug names; say what information about the drug they provide:

Valocordinum, Covarboxylasum, Morphinum, Testoenatum, Sarcolysinum,

Bicillinum, Rifothyroinum, Amycazolum, Pharyngosept, Polyoestradiolum,

Aëvitum, Valosedan, Diiodthyrosinum, Chinicidum, Chlorophthalmum,

Methicillinum, Kanamycinum, Cholosasum, Novocainum, Somatotropinum,

Haemodesum, Haemophobinum, Panangin, Quadevitum, Phenobarbitalum,

Anaesthesinum, Apressinum, Pyromecainum, Rocefinum.

2.Translate into English minding the grammatical structure of the name of pharmaceutical preparation:

Solutio Strophanthini, tabulettae Prednisoloni, granula Orasi, Tabulettae Octoestroli, unguentum "Psoriasinum", species antiasthmaticae, solutio Camphorae oleosa, extractum Crataegi fluidum, tabulettae Furacilini,

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Streptocidum solubile, solutio Streptocidi solubilis, drag ée “Undevitum”, suppositoria vaginalia “Osarbonum”, remedia thyreostatica, tabulettae Mycoheptini obductae, species cholagogae, unguentum Tetracyclini ophthalmicum, remedia diuretica, flores Calendulae, dragée “Aëvitum”, tabulettae olei Menthae, remedia antineoplastica, folium Frafarae, radix Althaeae, sirupus Althaeae, decoctum corticis Frangulae, frustus Anisi, emplastrum Plumbi compositum, remedia contraceptiva, tabulettae Barbamyli, extractum Leonuri fluidum, suppositoria “Anaesthesolum”, tabulettae Aloës obductae, chole conservata medicata.

3. Translate into Latin:

Syrups, extracts, solutions, oils, infusions and decoctions, suppositories, complex powders, seeds, flowers, roots, white rhizome, white bark, drops, rutin tablets, promeran tablets, Vaseline oil, monomycine tablets, myelosan tablets, flowers of chamomile, nitroglycerine tablets, "Pyromein" tablets, ophthalmic ointment of dibiomycine;

"Flacarbin" granules, anise oil, Novocain solution, "Undevit" dragee, anise fruits, streptocide liniment, heparin ointment, arnica flowers, infusion of arnica flowers, valerian tincture, motherwort tincture, decoction of bark of oak tree, leaves of nettle;

tetracycline ointment, dactinomycine solution, alcoholic solution of iodine, "Camphomen" aerosol, oily solution of folliculine, sedative tea, infusion of valerian root, coated tablets of valerian extract, herb of lily-of-the-valley.

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Active: the Present and Future Participles.

Passive: the Perfect Participle and the Gerundive.

The Gerund: this is in form a neuter noun of the second declension, used only in the oblique cases of the singular.

The Supine: this is in form a verbal noun of the fourth declension in the accusative (-um) and dative or ablative (-u) singular.

1.The Infinitive is strictly the locative case of an abstract noun, expressing the action of the verb.

2.The Participles are adjectives in inflection and meaning, but have the power of verbs in construction and in distinguishing time.

3.The Gerundive is also used as an adjective of necessity, duty, etc. In late use it became a Future Passive Participle.

SIGNIFICATION OF THE FORMS OF THE VERB

Voices

The Active and Passive Voices in Latin generally correspond to the active and passive in English; but:

The passive voice often has a reflexive meaning:

Turnus vertitur - Turnus turns (himself).

Moods

The Moods are used as follows:

The Indicative Mood is used for most direct assertions and interrogations: as,-- “Valesne”? – “Valeo” - Are you well? - I am well.

The Subjunctive Mood has many idiomatic uses, as in commands, conditions, and various dependent clauses. It is often translated by the English

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Indicative; frequently by means of the auxiliaries may, might, would, should; sometimes by the (rare) Subjunctive; sometimes by the Infinitive; and often by the Imperative, especially in prohibitions. A few characteristic examples of its use are the following:

eamus - let us go; ne abeat - let him not depart.

adsum ut videam - I am here to see (that I may see).

The Imperative is used for exhortation, entreaty, or command.

The Infinitive is used chiefly as an indeclinable noun, as the subject or complement of another verb. In special constructions it takes the place of the Indicative, and may be translated by that mood in English.

Participles

The Participles are used as follows: The Present Participle (ending in -ns) has commonly the same meaning and use as the English participle in -ing; as vocans (calling); legentes (reading).

The Future Participle (ending in -urus) is oftenest used to express what is likely or about to happen: as recturus ( about to rule); auditurus (about to hear).

The Perfect Participle (ending in -tus, - sus) has two uses:

1.It is sometimes equivalent to the English perfect passive participle: as tectus (sheltered); acceptus (accepted) and often has simply an adjective meaning: as acceptus (acceptable).

2.It is used with the verb to be ( esse) to form certain tenses of the passive: as, vocatus est (he was (has been) called).

NOTE. There is no Perfect Active or Present Passive Participle in Latin.

The Gerundive (ending in -ndus), has two uses:

1. It is often used as an adjective implying obligation, necessity, or propriety (ought or must): as, audiendus est (he must be heard).

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2. In the oblique cases the Gerundive commonly has the same meaning as the Gerund though its construction is different.

Gerund and Supine

The Gerund and Supine are used as follows:

The Gerund is a verbal noun, corresponding in meaning to the English verbal noun in -ing: as, loquendi causa (for the sake of speaking).

NOTE. The Gerund is found only in the oblique cases. A corresponding nominative is supplied by the Infinitive: thus, scribere est utile ( writing (to write) is useful); but ars scribendi (the art of writing).

The Supine is in form a noun of the fourth declension, found only in the accusative ending in - tum, - sum, and the dative or ablative ending in - tu, -su.

The Supine in -um is used after verbs and the Supine in -u after adjectives:

venit spectatum (he came to see).

Tenses of the Finite Verb

The Tenses of the Indicative have, in general, the same meaning as the corresponding tenses in English:

Of continued action,

1.PRESENT: scribo (I write, I am writing, I do write).

2.IMPERFECT: scribebam (I wrote, I was writing, I did write).

3.FUTURE: scribam (I shall write).

Of completed action,

4.PERFECT: scripsi (I have written, I wrote).

5.PLUPERFECT: scripseram (I had written).

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