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A B

C D

E F

2c. Pronunciation

Check the pronunciation of the following words:

bulk, freighter, containerised, utilise, wharf, lighter, stevedores, vehicles, hinged, yachts, hatches, liquid, spherical.

2d. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

сырье; готовая продукция; насыпной (наливной)/массовый груз; сборный/ смешанный груз; судно для перевозки генерального груза; тарно-штучный груз; палубный кран; лихтер; причал; грузчик (в порту); трюм; укладывать груз в трюме; ролкер; подвижной состав; откидная

рампа (наклонный съезд или въезд); установочное место (паз); судно для перевозки насыпного груза (сухогруз); палуба вровень с бортами; водонепроницаемые люки; судно для перевозки наливного груза (танкер); сырая нефть; насос; судно для перевозки сжиженного газа; сферические емкости.

3. Air Freight

3a. Reading

Read the text about the main features of air freight.

Air Freight

Most air cargoes are carried on passenger airliners. About 80% to 90% of air cargoes are transported by IATA (International Air Transport Association) members. IATA standardises the rules and regulations for air carriers throughout the world.

Some air freighters can carry loads weighing up to a hundred metric tons. The air container permits cargo transport linking air, land and ocean freight without intermediate reloading, using a multimodal transport document.

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Air freight is often used for high value but low volume cargo. It is generally perceived as expensive. The higher transport charges of air freight, compared to the charges of land and ocean freight, are

compensated for by various benefits:

• faster delivery

The ports worldwide can be reached in 1 or 2 days or in a few hours by air freight, thus reducing the risks of theft, pilferage, and damage to the goods. Delivery to certain areas may take several weeks to arrive by

ocean and land freight. Time sensitive or perishable goods, such as fresh seafood and flowers, often rely on air freight.

• better security

Air freight has a tighter control over its cargo, thus it has better security that reduces the cargo exposure to theft, pilferage, and damage.

• less packaging

Air freight requires less packaging because of faster delivery and better security. Less packaging may mean saving freight, packaging and labour costs.

• lower insurance

Air freight is faster and has better security than the land and ocean freight, thus the insurance premium rate is generally lower.

3b. Pronunciation

Check the pronunciation of the following words:

loads, weighing, pallets, dimension, intermediate, reloading, charges, theft, pilferage, exposure, labour.

3c. Vocabulary

Name the commodities that are frequently air freighted and give the reasons why.

3d. Comprehension

Continue the sentences using the information from the text above.

3e. Pair work

Daniel Brendon is on the phone arranging an airfreight consignment with British Airways. Complete the conversation with the phrases from the box. Practise the conversation with a partner.

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3f. Comprehension

Answer the questions on the conversation:

1.Can Daniel Brendon send the goods via today’s flight?

2.What is the destination of the goods?

3.When are the goods supposed to arrive in Rome?

4.How many cases of the goods will be sent?

5.What are the measurements and weight of the products?

4.Rail Freight

4a. Reading

Read the text about transportation of goods by rail and the benefits of intermodality.

Rail Freight

Rail transport is a cost-effective and efficient way to move goods. It offers the consignors the following advantages:

•fast rail links;

•goods will be safe and secure;

•it is environmentally friendly compared with other transport modes. However, there are also risks for rail transport:

•routes and timetables can be inflexible;

•rail transport can be more expensive than road transport;

•mechanical failure or strikes can disrupt services;

•further transportation may be needed.

Although rail has traditionally been used for moving bulk materials, there is a significant market in

intermodal containers and non-bulk goods. Generally, exporters use rail when other modes of transport are unsuitable or relatively expensive. Rail can be cheaper than other forms of transport, particularly over long distances. It is generally more cost-efficient than road transport if the journey exceeds 400 kilometres. Transporting goods by rail can offer greater reliability and time savings. However, rail services can take time to arrange and are not well-suited for small consignments.

For international shipments, rail is often used as part of an intermodal movement where cargo is transferred between trains and other types of transport. Intermodality helps to build a transport system for

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freight based on the best combination of various models. Each mode of transport has its own particular advantages or disadvantages, and intermodal transport allows each mode to play its fullest possible role in

building efficient and cost-effective transport chains.

Goods wagons

Some rail wagons (Am. cars) are specially designed to carry road trailers in a road-rail service or TOFC (trailer-on-flatcar) service, which is often referred to as the piggyback. In a COFC (container-on- flatcar) service, the combined flatcars may carry loads weighing up to 3,000 metric tons, which is far more than a truck or an airplane can carry. Hence, rail freight is very popular in the movement of ocean freight containers and in the transport of bulk cargo in long distance land travel. Some countries have a double-stack train system that moves more freight.

An international organisation for rail transport is the UIC or International Union of Railways (Fr Union Internationale des Chemins de fer).

4b. Pronunciation

Check the pronunciation of the following words:

efficient, environmentally, mechanical, failure, industrial, action, disrupt, significant, exceeds, reliability, arrange, transferred, intermodality, particular, wagons, piggyback, weighing.

4c. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

прибыльный; железнодорожные сообщения; экологически чистый; по сравнению с; негибкие расписания; механическая неисправность; забастовки; нарушать/прерывать; дальнейшая транспортировка; значительный рынок; интермодальные контейнеры; сравнительно дорогой; большие расстояния; превышать; большая надежность; экономия времени; перемещаться/передаваться; играть максимально возможную роль; железнодорожные вагоны; автоприцепы/трейлеры; автомобильно-железнодорожные услуги; прицеп на платформе; контрейлерные (комбинированные автомобильно-железнодорожные) перевозки; контейнер на

платформе; груз; поезд для двухъярусной перевозки контейнеров.

5.Road Freight 5a. Reading

Read the text about some characteristics of road freight.

Road Freight

The road freight is often (about 50-80%) used in the cross-border deliveries, for example, the delivery of export goods between mainland European countries or between North American countries. Generally, a transit distance within 1,000 kilometers using road freight is competitive compared to rail and air freight.

Road freight is also widely used in the inland delivery of goods to the port of export. The delivery charge is called the cartage or trucking fee. The cartage and other inland transport charges (e.g. waterway freight and rail freight) are known as inland freight.

In some countries, there are legal limitations to the height and gross weight of a vehicle on freeways and major roads. The transportation of bulk cargo may not be suitable in road freight.

The main vehicles used to transport goods by road are lorries (Am. trucks). They consist of a prime mover (tractor) with a turn-table device which can be linked to a trailer. Vans are usually used to transport smaller cargoes over shorter distances.

While goods are being transported, drivers are responsible for the security of goods and compliance with weight and similar restrictions. Traders are responsible for providing adequate dunnage (protective wrapping) to protect and stabilise the goods and for any damage caused to the vehicle while being loaded if they are the party actually loading the vehicle.

The cargo on a trailer may be accompanied by a driver who completes the journey to the final destination; or another driver continues the journey with the same trailer at certain place to the final destination; or a subsequent carrier collects the cargo and trailer or the cargo only and continues the transit to the final destination, such as in the case of a transhipment.

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The International Road and Transport Union (IRU) is the international organisation which upholds the interests of the road transport industry worldwide. Via its network of 181 national Member Associations in 71 countries across all five continents, it represents the operators of buses, coaches, taxis, and trucks.

5b. Pronunciation

Check the pronunciation of the following words:

mainland, competitive, cartage, trucking, fee, height, weight, lorries, trailer, compliance, adequate, dunnage, wrapping, stabilise, subsequent, transhipment, coaches.

5c. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

расположенный на материке (материковый); доставка товаров внутри страны; плата за доставку; стоимость автомобильной перевозки; вес брутто; скоростная автострада; грузовик; тягач; вращающееся устройство; автоприцеп; автофургон; средства крепления и защиты груза; последующий; перегрузка; Международный дорожно-транспортный союз; защищать

интересы; междугородний автобус.

5d. Discussion

1.Name key advantages and drawbacks of transporting goods by road.

2.What modes of transport would you prefer if you had to send the following commodities?

3.What means of transport are described? Sometimes several variants are possible.

1.It is quite a slow mode.

2.It can allow direct access to consignors and consignees.

3.Costs of fuel and security requirements are high.

4.It has limited capacity on weight and volume.

5.It has such characteristics as speed and capability to move larger quantities of goods.

6.The hazards of this mode are relatively lower.

7.It is the dominant mode of transport for international transport movements.

8.It reduces to a minimum insurance costs.

9.It can move cargo quickly to a remote area, though at a high cost.

10.It is the most environmentally damaging mode of transport.

11.It is most valuable in emergency situation.

12.It cannot directly link individual consignors and consignees.

13.It has the capacity to move immense quantities of cargo at low cost.

14.It has such characteristics as availability and frequency.

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15.When countries are connected by land, it is possible to use this mode to move merchandise.

16.It is appropriate for transportation between countries if there is a very long distance and boundaries are not joined.

17.When a large quantity of goods needs to be moved over a long distance by land, this method can prove to be quite economical.

18.It can respond rapidly to unpredictable demand.

4.Which of the above-mentioned ideas can be referred to advantages and which to disadvantages of different modes of transportation?

Unit 3. Packing and Marking 1. Packaging

1a. Reading

Read the text about packaging goods and match packaging categories and factors influencing the export packaging to the paragraphs describing them.

•Customs duties and freight rates

•Retail packaging

•Kind of product

•Cost of packing materials

•Cargo packaging

•Mode of transport

•Transport packaging

•Place of destination

Packaging Goods

Packaging goods for transport to their overseas destination is an important component of the international trade business. Exporters must not only ensure that their goods arrive at their customers premises intact but also ensure that they comply with all the packaging regulations applied to each of the forms of transport which could be used.

There are two basic terms: packaging and packing. Usually, when we talk of packaging, we mean the wrapping of products for display in shops such as packets of biscuits, boxes of matches, and jars of jam. When something is packaged, it is put into packets to be sold. The paper, plastic, or a box that something is sold in is called its packaging. The term packing refers to larger quantities packed for transport such as tea chests, crates of machinery, and barrels of wine. When goods are packed, they are put into containers or parcels so that they can be transported. However, the term packaging is now widely used to speak about packing for transportation.

Packaging performs the following three basic functions, which may be called the three P’s of packaging: protection, preservation, and presentation. A package should protect and preserve the contents during storage and transportation. Protection is required not only against loss, damage, and pilferage but also against moisture, high or low temperatures, light, gases, insect infestation, contamination, and other natural hazards. Moreover, a package should create a positive image of the goods.

Packaging for overseas shipment falls into three categories that include: a) _____

This type of packaging is the box or other container which is used when goods are displayed on the retailers’ shelves. This packaging also forms part of marketing as the retail packaging should sell goods to consumers.

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b) _____

Retail items have to be packed in a secure outer shell so that they can be loaded into a container or other transport packaging. Usually transport providers will give the guidelines regarding how exporters can consolidate retail items into fewer larger cargo packs.

c) _____

The final layer of packaging is the actual shipment container that will be loaded onto the transport. This type of packaging can be a container for sea, rail, and road shipment or a special type of container for air shipment.

The type and nature of export packaging is influenced by such factors as: d) _____

Use crates for large and heavy objects like machines, bags for powder like cement, plastic drums or containers for liquids like acetic acids, wooden cases for small and heavy items like nails, and bales for bulky materials like cotton.

e) _____

Generally, air freight requires less packing than ocean and land freight, and containerised shipments require less packing than non-containerised shipments due to lower risks of loss or damage.

f) _____

In areas with higher incidence of loss or damage due to mishandling, theft, and pilferage, the more and stronger packing is necessary. Special packing materials, such as waxed paper, may be required in areas with high moisture levels.

g) _____

Lighter and less packing material is preferred in cases where the specific duty or the freight rate is based on weight.

h) _____

The exporter, being a manufacturer, may select the most economical materials and method of packing that can adequately protect the export goods.

1b. Pronunciation

Check the pronunciation of the following words:

packaging, premises, intact, comply, regulations, applied, wrapping, packaged, chests, crates, machinery, barrels, parcels, preservation, moisture, insect, infestation, contamination, hazards,

outer, layer, powder, drums, acids, bales, mishandling, waxed.

1c. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

упаковывание товаров, процесс упаковки; заграничный пункт назначения; прибыть к клиентам (на склад, базу) неповрежденным; соответствовать всем правилам упаковки; упаковка товаров для выставления в магазинах; ящики; обрешетки (деревянные ящики с просветами между элементами конструкции) с машинным оборудованием; бочки с вином; для защиты содержимого во время хранения; влажность; поражение насекомыми; загрязнение, заражение; опасности; розничная упаковка; надежная внешняя оболочка; предоставлять инструкции; консолидировать розничные товары; завершающий слой упаковки; пластмассовые цилиндрические бочки; деревянные ящики; тюки для крупногабаритных (объемных, громоздких) материалов; более

высокая частота потери груза; вследствие неправильного обращения; вощеная бумага.

1d. Reading

Read the text about the main types of packaging and match the picture to the type.

Types of Packaging

Bags (sacks)

The commodity itself has to be strong to withstand outside pressure and compression, because bags will only hold the contents in one place and will not provide protection against external damage. Such commodities might typically be fertilizers, grain, fried fruit, sugar, coconut, flour, salt, mineral sands, dried

milk, etc. Bags can be made of paper, plastic, or jute (hessian).

Fibreboard boxes

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They are very widely used because they are cheap and able to withstand normal transport hazards and protect the contents against loss or damage. They may be particularly suitable in the case when goods are not

fragile and carried in containers.

Wooden cases (boxes, chests)

Their main advantage is that they have the wall strength. They are more expensive than the cartontype packing because of the cost of wood. Wooden cases are particularly suitable when the goods are carried by traditional methods and when they are sensitive to heat, moisture, etc. They are commonly used for hand

tools, industrial cutting tools, and machine parts.

Crates

There are two kinds of wooden crates: the open, or skeletal, crate and the fully covered crate. Wooden crates are often used for the carriage of large pieces of machinery. Sometimes they are used as an

outer package to consolidate fibreboard boxes or give cartons extra protection.

Bales

The use of hessian-wrapped bales is suitable when the product permits pressure baling or compression by banding, for example cotton. They are, however, vulnerable to pilferage, damage by

handling using hooks, etc.

Drums, barrels, casks

These are generally used for liquids such as chemicals, whisky, detergents, oil, paints, etc. A drum is a cylindrical container; a barrel is a cylindrical container usually bulging outwards in the middle and held

together by metal hoops; a cask is a strong wooden barrel used mainly to hold alcoholic drinks.

Pallets

1e. Pronunciation

Check the pronunciation of the following words:

withstand, fertilizers, jute, fibreboard, fragile, vulnerable, hooks, detergents, cylindrical.

1f. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

куль (мешок); противостоять внешнему давлению и сжатию; удобрение; дерюга, мешочная ткань, джутовая ткань; коробки из фибрового картона; хрупкий; ручной инструмент (слесарно-монтажный инструмент); режущие инструменты; упаковывание в кипы, тюковка под давлением; сжатие при обвязывании, скреплении; подвергаться частым кражам; повреждение от использования крюков; бочка (бочонок); моющие средства; выпуклый; металлические обручи;

поддон.

Complete the phrases below:

1.A … of machinery

2.A … of oil

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3.A … of wine

4.A … of cotton

5.A … of tea

6.A … of apples

7.A … of paint

8.A … of chemicals

9.A … of grain

10.A … of cutting tools

Read the packing information and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

1.“… All powders should be _____ in polythene bags and packed in _____, the lids of which should be

_____ with adhesive tape. …”

2.“… You should pack the material in _____ of size approximately 2 metres long and 3 metres wide. The _____ canvas should be provided with ears to facilitate lifting. …”

3.“For your information, _____ is packed as follows: each device is wrapped in _____ paper and packed in _____, ten to a carton, separated from each other by corrugated paper _____; we put on each carton symbols representing the following _____ and directions: USE NO HOOKS, STOW AWAY FROM HEAT, DO NOT DROP.”

4.“In practice, the unit _____ concept means that small highly expensive items, such as calculators, should first be totally enclosed in wood boxes, or double, even triple wall containers to avoid _____ and damage. Second, the boxes or containers should be secured to _____ with shrink-wrap or steel _____. Large items can be secured directly to pallets, assuring that they are adequately protected from damage.”

2.Marking

2a. Reading

Read the text about export marking.

Export Marking

Labelling requirements vary from country to country. It is important to follow closely the buyer's labelling instructions. For example, in the labelling of food products and drugs, besides the country of origin marking, it is often required that the names of the foreign manufacturer and local distributor, the ingredients,

and the expiry date be clearly marked on the package.

Country of origin marking

The country of origin (C/O) is the country where the goods are grown, produced, or manufactured. Typical wordings are:

Made in (name of the country), e.g. Made in Canada Product of (name of the country), e.g. Product of USA

The C/O marking normally is required on the product package in a permanent manner, in legible words (some countries may require a minimum size of the words), and in a conspicuous place. The permanent marking can be in the form of printing, stencilling, embossing, and other means, such as moulding. In certain countries the importer may request the use of stickers (printed labels) to mark the

product and its package, instead of a permanent marking.

Marking plastic bags

As a safety precaution and a reminder to consumers, the exporter may print on plastic bags used in packaging the goods the following:

WARNING! TO AVOID DANGER OF SUFFOCATION, KEEP THIS

BAG AWAY FROM BABIES AND CHILDREN. DO NOT

USE IN CRIBS, BEDS, CARRIAGES, OR PLAYPENS.

THIS IS NOT A TOY.

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Shipping marks and numbers

The marks and numbers of a shipment are analogous to the identification (ID) card of a person. They identify the cargo the same way an ID card identifies a person. The exporter, Customs, carriers, and importer rely on them to distinguish one consignment from another.

The purpose of the marks and numbers is to identify the cargo, not the consignee, and they must be easily identifiable. Any old markings (when using a second-hand package or packing material) or irrelevant information may interfere with a product identification. The marks and numbers on the outside export packs must be consistent with the marks and numbers on the shipping documents.

An example of the marks and numbers is presented in Fig. 4 below.

Front marks

The lead mark can be enclosed in any shape (triangle, diamond, etc.) or without enclosure. For security reasons – to avoid being the target of pilferage – it is advisable not to write the full company name as it is too conspicuous. Use letters or numbers that are unrelated to the company name, such as the purchase order (P.O.) number.

In Fig.4 Pusan is the port of destination. In some cases the name of the country may be added after the port or point of destination, particularly in the transhipment. In this case put "VIA (+ the named transhipping point)" below the point of final destination. For example, if the cargo is destined for Zurich, Switzerland, and the transhipping point is Rotterdam, the Netherlands, put "VIA ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS" below the point of final destination which is "ZURICH, SWITZERLAND". The carton number can be in a running number; for example, "C/NO. 1/50" or "C/NO. 1 OF 50" identifies the carton number 1 from a total of 50 cartons.

Figure 4. Shipping Marks

Side marks

Exporters should know that in certain countries direct naming of the content of an outside export pack may make the product an easy target for pilferage.

The ITEM NO. (item number) is very important in identifying the content in a “coded” manner, and it is being used in the warehouse management at destinations.

The N.W. (net weight), G.W. (gross weight), and MEAS. (measurement) may contain both the metric (kgs, cubic metres, and cms) and the Imperial (lbs, cu ft, and inches) units of measurement. The

carrier uses the gross weight or the measurement in calculating the freight rate.

Handling marks

The handling marks give clear instructions regarding the handling of the goods. In some cases it may be necessary to put the cautionary markings in the importer's language.

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