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From Customs, follow the signs to the international arrivals area. You'll find rest rooms, ground transportation, and connecting flights. (If you need to take another US flight, you won't have to clear Customs again.)

2h. Pair work

1.Study the ideas given below and complete the conversation between a customs officer and a girl visiting the USA.

The questions which can be asked by a customs officer:

•Do you have anything to declare?

•Is this your first time in …?

•What's the purpose of your visit?

•Are you here for business or pleasure?

•Did you purchase any perishables?

•How long do you plan to stay in the country?

•What's your final destination?

•Can you open your bag for me, please?

•Did you pack the bag yourself?

•Can you come through here, please?

Some answers to the questions above:

• I'm staying here for two weeks.

• I'm here on business.

• I'm visiting friends.

• I'm studying in a college in ….

• I haven't got anything to declare.

• This is my first time in ….

2.Student A is visiting the USA. Student B is a customs officer. Make up a conversation.

3.Conducting a Personal Search

3a. Reading

Read the text about how the personal search is conducted in the USA.

Personal Search

US Customs and Border Protection is responsible for protecting the United States against the illegal importation of prohibited items. So one of customs missions is to ensure that travellers entering the United States comply with US laws.

In support of this mission, Customs conducts a random personal search. Under the search authority granted to Customs by the US Congress, every passenger who crosses a US border may be searched.

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If a passenger is selected for a customs examination, it does not mean that he is suspected of unlawful activity. The purpose of the customs examination is to verify the information on passengers’ customs declarations.

For example, travellers returning to the US must declare: items they purchased and are carrying with them; items they received as gifts, such as wedding or birthday presents; items they inherited; items they bought in duty-free shops or on the ship or plane; repairs or alterations to any items they took abroad and then brought back, even if the repairs/alterations were performed free of charge; items they brought home for someone else; items they intend to sell or use in their business.

They must state on the customs declaration, in United States currency, what they actually paid for each item. The price must include all taxes.

During a customs examination:

•a passenger will receive an explanation of the examination process as it occurs;

•a passenger will have the opportunity to speak with a customs supervisor;

•a passenger can request that Customs notify someone of his delay if he is detained more than two hours after the personal search has begun;

•a passenger can request a body scan instead of a pat-down search, where body scan option is available;

•a passenger may not be searched on any discriminatory basis (e.g., race, gender, religion, ethnic background);

•a passenger is to be treated in a courteous, professional, and dignified manner.

Customs will assist a passenger with connection fees and meal and lodging expenses if he is inconvenienced as a result of a prolonged customs detention with negative results.

If a passenger feels that the examination was not conducted in a professional manner, he may ask to speak with a supervisor immediately. In addition, a passenger may speak with a Customs Passenger Service Representative, who is specifically trained to handle any questions.

3b. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

случайный, выбранный наугад; проверять, контролировать; сверять; унаследованный; изменения; лицо, осуществляющее контроль выполнения правил при осмотре; быть задержанным; сканирование тела; осмотр человека путем прощупывания его руками; вежливый, обходительный; не унижающий достоинства; траты на проживание; причинять неудобства; представитель пассажирской службы таможни; решать вопросы.

Find synonyms of the following words in the text.

1.casual

2.to examine, check

3.changes

4.polite

5.dwelling expenses

6.to trouble

3c. Comprehension

Decide whether these statements are true or false.

1.US Customs and Border Protection is responsible for protecting the United States against the illegal importation of banned items.

2.Every passenger who crosses a US border must be searched.

3.If a passenger is selected for a customs examination, it means that he is suspected of unlawful

activity.

4.Travellers returning to the US must declare: items they purchased and are carrying with them; items they received as gifts, such as wedding or birthday presents; items they inherited; items they bought in duty-free shops or on the ship or plane.

5.If a passenger feels that the examination was not conducted in a professional manner, he may complain only to a supervisor.

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Unit 4. Customs Law Enforcement Missions

1. Combating Terrorism

1a. Discussion

1.Why do you think airport security is a big concern in many countries of the world?

2.What measures of airport security can you name?

3.Have you ever passed through security checks at airports? Can you describe your experience?

1b. Reading

Read the text about security measures at US airports and compare with your own ideas.

Customs and Airport Security: The First Line of Defence

Millions of people fly on thousands of planes every day. Although security at airports has always been tight, the 9/11 terrorist attacks woke many people up to a harsh reality – it wasn't tight enough. On that day, men armed with simple box cutters took over four passenger jets and used them as

flying bombs. What security measures might have stopped them? How has airport security changed since then?

Since September 11, 2001, American travellers have learned to drop off their knives on the way to the airport and to take off their shoes before reaching the security checkpoint. According to the US Department of Homeland Security, 730 million people travel on passenger jets every year, while more than 700 million pieces of their baggage are screened for explosives and other dangerous items. Various high-tech

solutions are being used to make flying as safe as possible.

Step 1. Screening

All public access to an airport is channelled through the terminal, where every person must walk through a metal detector and all items must go through an X-ray machine. Metal detectors have been a staple of airport security for decades. Nowadays airline passengers can skip metal detectors and instead are screened by body scanning machines that look through clothing.

While you are going through a metal detector or body scanner, your carry-on items are going through the X-ray system. A conveyor belt

carries each item past an X-ray machine. X-rays can penetrate many materials. Since different materials absorb X-rays at different levels, the image on the monitor lets the machine operator see distinct items inside your bag. Items are typically coloured on the display monitor, based on the range of energy that passes through the object, to represent one of three main categories: organic, inorganic, metal. While the colours used to signify "inorganic" and "metal" may vary between manufacturers, all X-ray systems use shades of orange to represent "organic." This is because most explosives are organic. Machine

operators are trained to look for suspicious items – and not just obviously suspicious items like guns or knives, but also anything that could be a component of an improvised explosive device (IED). Passengers’ luggage that travels separately goes through a larger X-ray system.

One old-fashioned method of bomb detection still works as well or better than most hi-tech systems – the use of trained dogs. These special dogs, called K-9 units ( K-9 sounds the same as “canine” which means “relating to a dog”), have been trained to sniff out the specific odours emitted by chemicals that are used to make bombs, as well the odours of other items such as drugs. Incredibly fast and accurate, a K-9 barks at a suspicious bag or package, alerting the human companion that this item needs to be investigated.

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Step 2: Identification

One of the most important security measures at an airport is confirming the identity of travellers. This is done by checking a photo ID, such as a driver's licence. The term “photo

identification” (or photo ID) is generally used to define any form of identity document that includes a photograph of the holder. If you are travelling internationally, you need to present your passport. Simply taking a look at a photo ID isn't enough, however. The high-tech buzzword in airport security today is biometrics.

Biometrics essentially means checking fingerprints, retinal scans, and facial patterns using complex computer systems to determine if someone is who they say they are – or if they match a list of people the government has determined might be potential terrorists.

Checking fingerprints

The user presses his fingers gently against a small reader surface (optical or silicon). This reader is attached to a computer and takes the information from the scan and sends it to the database. There it is compared to the information within. The user is usually required to leave his fingers on the reader for less than 5 seconds during which time the identification or verification takes place.

1c.Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

брать под контроль, захватывать; проверять, досматривать (на таможне); главный элемент; проникать (о лучах); поглощать (излучение); самодельное взрывное устройство; кинологический; выделять; насторожить, предупредить (об опасности); подтвердить личность; удостоверение личности; модное словечко; биометрические данные;

изображение узора сетчатки глаз; считывающая поверхность.

1d.Reading

Are airports the only potential points where terrorists might enter a country?

Read the text about the main missions of US Customs and Border Protection and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

US Customs and Border Protection, America's Frontline against terrorism

Terrorists are continually probing America’s borders looking for opportunities to slip into the country, _____. In the endless streams of arriving travellers and cargo, or along remote stretches between border _____ , denying terrorists those opportunities, intercepting terrorists and their _____ requires innovation, a new breed of officer, and a new kind of organisation. CBP _____ more than a million travellers, hundreds of thousands of _____ and planes, and tens of thousands of trucks and containers every day. Twenty-four hours a day. Monitoring more than six thousand miles of border. It's an immense mission requiring dedication, relentless attention to detail, and constant _____. CBP continually implements new approaches and technologies to strengthen _____ while speeding the entry process for _____ travellers and trade. Partnering with the trade community and customs and security agencies worldwide, CBP is expanding Homeland Security beyond US borders with new systems that help secure the international supply chain, and people on the ground in foreign countries to identify _____ shipments and travellers before they board a ship or plane bound for the US. And on top of its efforts against _____, CBP continues its traditional missions of curbing _____ immigration and drug trafficking, enforcing US import laws and protecting American agriculture and food supplies.

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2. Combating Smuggling

2a. Discussion

The two faces of Customs: to most people, Customs is just another stop in the airport, but to smugglers, customs agencies are a highly mobilised border guard.

How much do you know about smuggling?

Match the following words or word combinations with the definitions.

2b. Reading

Read the text about different types of smuggling activities.

Smuggling

Smuggling or contraband is illegal transport of items (goods) or people, in particular across a border. In this way taxes are avoided; or the goods themselves are illegal; or people are transported to a place where they are not allowed to be. Smuggling has a long and controversial history, probably dating back to the first time at which duties were imposed in any form.

Such kinds of smuggling as illegal drug trafficking, and the smuggling of armaments (gunrunning), as well as the historical staples of smuggling, alcohol and tobacco, are widespread.

With regard to crossing borders we can distinguish concealment of the whole transport or concealment of just the smuggled goods:

•Avoiding border checks, such as by small ships, private airplanes, through overland smuggling routes and smuggling tunnels. This also applies for illegally passing a border oneself, for illegal immigration or illegal emigration. In many parts of the world, particularly the Gulf of Mexico, the smuggling vessel of choice is the go-fast boat.

•Submitting to border checks with the goods or people hidden in a vehicle or between other merchandise, or the goods hidden in luggage, in or under clothes, inside the body, etc. Many smugglers fly on regularly scheduled airlines. A large number of suspected smugglers are caught each year by airport police worldwide. Goods and people are also smuggled across seas hidden in containers, and overland hidden in cars, trucks, and trains.

2c. Vocabulary

Find equivalents of the following in the text:

контрабанда; противоречивый; наркоторговля; контрабанда оружия; основные товары; различать; сокрытие; контрабандные товары; проверка на границе; наземные пути контрабандистов; переход границы; моторная лодка; предоставлять для проверки; следующие по регулярному расписанию; подозреваемые.

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2d. Reading

Read the text about the work of US governmental agencies responsible for countering

smuggling.

Combating Smuggling in the US

In addition to monitoring legal imports, a nation's customs agency also works to keep out illegal or contraband items. Without customs agencies, nations would have no control over what comes in and goes out of their country. In order to protect its citizens and businesses, a government has to be vigilant in protecting its borders against unwanted imports. Customs agencies also monitor what is being exported from a country. For example, most governments strictly regulate what weapons can be exported to other nations. This is simply a common-sense safety measure. It is not a good idea to arm enemy nations, so the government has to know who is buying any domestically-produced weaponry. Most countries maintain a number of different border-patrol agencies that work together and separately to regulate who and what comes in and out of the country.

Each year, contraband valued at hundreds of millions of dollars is intercepted at US borders. Examples include counterfeit goods, illegal electronics, incorrectly manifested cargo, illegal cigarettes, ancient artifacts, wildlife, child pornography, and narcotics. The illegal drug market in the US is based on illegal narcotics grown or manufactured in foreign countries and smuggled across US borders. Smuggling methods include the use of high-speed vessels, cargo containers, aircraft, commercial trucking, commercial vessel, and human carriers. In order to stop drug smugglers customs agencies may employ a fleet of boats, planes and border-patrol cars to keep people from getting drugs into the country without passing through Customs. In the United States of America the following agencies under the Department of Homeland Security would all have to work together in order to apprehend and prosecute the smugglers:

•United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for guarding nearly 7,000 miles of land border the United States shares with Canada and Mexico and 2,000 miles of coastal waters surrounding the Florida peninsula and off the coast of Southern California. The agency also protects 95,000 miles of maritime border in partnership with the United States Coast Guard.

•United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is responsible for conducting investigations of persons and criminal organisations involved in the smuggling of all forms of contraband into the United States.

•The United States Coast Guard is a military maritime service within the Department of Homeland Security and one of the nation's five armed services.

2e. Vocabulary

Find equivalents of the following in the text:

бдительный; контролировать, наблюдать; мера безопасности; вооружать; оружие, вооружения; пограничный патруль; перехватывать, задерживать; поддельный, фальсифицированный; неправильно задекларированный груз; предметы искусства; лица, перевозящие контрабанду; задерживать, арестовывать; обвинять; Министерство национальной безопасности США; Таможенная и пограничная служба США; Иммиграционная и таможенная

полиция США; Береговая охрана США.

2f. Reading

Read the text about the methods used to detect contraband.

Detecting Methods

Not all smugglers try to bypass customs control entirely. Many will hope that customs agents don't search their bags or don't find the illegal goods if they do. Experienced agents have seen it all: drugs hidden in shampoo bottles, speakers, coolers, taped under a smuggler's clothes or even secured inside the smuggler's body. To stop smugglers, customs agents rely on a combination of their own experience, sophisticated equipment, and specially trained dogs. These animals go through an intense training process that teaches them to recognise and locate particular odours in exchange for some play time. In airports, customs agents let the dogs sniff out arriving passengers' luggage and sometimes the passengers themselves. Customs also employs high-tech devices to detect contraband. At airports, Customs uses room-sized X-ray machines

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calibrated to look through a person's clothes for any mysterious bulges. At the main border crossing between the United States and Mexico, customs agents use an X-ray machine large enough to scan entire cars and trucks. Some agents are also equipped with hand-held electrovacuum devices that analyse the particles in the air around a package or piece of luggage. Using these sensitive “sniffers”, the agents can quickly determine

if there are explosives or drugs inside.

2g. Vocabulary

Find synonyms of these words in the text:

to avoid, complex, to find, smells, apparatus, tuned, suspicious, examine, portable, atoms, delicate.

2h. Over to you

Name 4 methods of detecting smuggling mentioned in the text above. Describe one of them in details.

2i. Reading

What do you think the expression “a drug mule” means? Read the text below and fill in the gaps with the ideas from the box:

A mule or courier is someone who smuggles something with him or her (as opposed to _____, etc.) across a national border, including smuggling into and out of an international plane, especially a small amount, transported for _____. The organisers employ mules _____

getting caught themselves, while often profiting most. The mule typically gets paid an amount which is small compared with the profit, but large for somebody with little money, so that it seems to him or her _____. Methods of smuggling include hiding the goods in a vehicle, luggage or clothes, strapping them to one's body, or _____. In the case of transporting illegal drugs, the term “drug mule” applies. “Kinder Surprise” and “Easter Egg” are both _____ for drug mules. Sometimes

the goods are hidden in the bag or vehicle of _____ , who does not know about this, for the purpose of

retrieving the goods elsewhere.

2j. Comprehension

Here is an example of how CBP officers intercept drug mules. Put the sentences into the logical order.

1.____ 2._____3._____ 4._____ 5._____ 6._____

a)A total of nearly three pounds of heroin and just under a pound and a half of cocaine were removed from under the driver’s clothing.

b)The secondary inspection of the driver resulted in the discovery of hidden packages concealed under the woman’s clothing.

c)On February 10, 2010 US Customs and Border Protection officers at the Brownsville and Matamoros International Bridge in Texas came in contact with the 1996 Honda driven by a 24-year-old female US citizen and resident of Donna, Texas.

d)CBP officers turned the driver over to the custody of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement special agents for further investigation.

e)A primary CBP officer referred the Honda for further examination in the secondary inspection area.

f)The combined estimated street value of the heroin and cocaine seized as a result of this enforcement action totalled nearly $335,000.

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2k. Reading

Read the text about some areas of customs investigations and answer the questions.

1.What items besides drugs and weapons are of particular interest to smugglers? Why?

2.What US government agencies are responsible for investigating and prosecuting violations of Intellectual Property Rights laws?

3.Why is counterfeiting harmful to a national economy and citizens’ security?

4.What countries of the world are involved in violation of IPR laws on a great scale?

Drugs are not the only goods that people smuggle across borders; in different countries throughout the world, there are a wide variety of things that are considered contraband.

Customs authorities also watch for people carrying illegally gained money across borders. Criminals will try to smuggle money from country to country in an effort to launder it (deposit or invest it in legitimate forms, concealing its true source). In some countries, customs agents are more concerned with people exporting money than importing money. Criminals will take ill-gotten cash to a country with less vigilant law enforcement, where they can use it freely.

In many countries, the customs agency closely monitors the importing and exporting of cultural artifacts. While a traveller may have purchased the item in good faith, it might have been stolen at an earlier point. Customs agencies have helped to restore many priceless artifacts to their rightful owners.

Another important task of the customs is protecting Intellectual Property Rights through identifying and preventing importation of counterfeit items. A counterfeit is something that is forged, copied, or imitated without the consent of the intellectual property right holder. A counterfeit product under trademark law is a product bearing a mark that is identical with or indistinguishable from a genuine trademark. According to the World Customs Organisation (WCO), pirated and counterfeit goods account for 7% to 9% of global trade. Counterfeiters produce everything from fake ZARA clothing and LEGO play bricks to CARTIER watches and BMW spare parts. United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) plays a leading role in targeting criminal organisations responsible for producing, smuggling, and distributing counterfeit products. ICE manages the Intellectual Property Rights Center, which plays a fundamental role in preventing IP violations.

On December 3, 2009 CBP and ICE released their Annual Report on Counterfeit Goods Seized. According to the report, in fiscal year 2009 they made 14,841 seizures of counterfeit and pirated goods with a total domestic value of $260.7 million. Imports of counterfeit and pirated goods undermine the economic vitality of the United States directly by reducing sales of legitimate goods, and indirectly by reducing employment and tax revenues. Additionally, these goods can threaten the safety of consumers and the security of the United States if the goods are of inferior quality and used in health care, or are potentially hazardous consumer goods, or are used in critical infrastructure such as defence, financial, and telecommunication systems. The theft of intellectual property also undermines the rule of law and often funds organised crime.

The top 10 categories of IPR infringing products seized include footwear, consumer electronics, clothes, computers, hardware, pharmaceuticals, toys, and electronic games. In fiscal year 2009, more than 62 per cent of the value of seizures of goods infringing IPR that also posed potential safety or security risks came to the USA from China. China continues to be the number one source country for counterfeit and pirated goods seized, accounting for 79 per cent or $204.7 million of the total seizure value. India was the second highest source country with 9 per cent. The total domestic value of counterfeit products seized, presenting potential safety or security risks, was $32 million. Pharmaceuticals were the top product in this

category.

2l. Vocabulary

Find equivalents of the following in the text:

отмывать (деньги); законный; добытый нечестным путем; добросовестно; подделывать; согласие; неотличимый; подлинный; выявление (обнаружение); налоговый; подрывать экономическую жизнеспособность; низкого качества; нарушающий право на интеллектуальную собственность; представлять опасность, угрозу.

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Part III

Unit 1 The World Customs Organisation and Customs Administrations 1. The World Customs Organisation

1a. Discussion

In your opinion, what does the World Customs Organisation logo symbolise?

1b. Read the text about the World Customs Organisation and find the paragraph which gives the idea of the main functions of the organisation.

THE WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANISATION

Established in 1952 as the Customs Cooperation Council, the World Customs Organisation (WCO) is an independent intergovernmental body whose mission is to enhance the effectiveness of customs administrations. With more than 170 Member Governments, it is the only intergovernmental worldwide organisation competent in customs matters. WCO Members are responsible for processing more than 98% of all international trade.

The WCO is a forum where delegates representing Member Governments can tackle customs issues on an equal footing. Each Member has one representative and one vote. The WCO offers its members a wide range of conventions and other international instruments. WCO Members can also take advantage of the technical assistance and training services. The two official languages of the WCO are English and French, but Spanish is also used for some technical meetings.

The WCO develops and administers various international instruments for the harmonisation and uniform application of simplified and effective customs systems and procedures governing the cross-border movement of commodities, people, and means of transport.

The WCO developed and introduced the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System generally referred to as “Harmonised System” (HS). It is a multipurpose international product nomenclature which is used as the basis for classifying goods and for the collection of customs duties. It serves for many other purposes involving trade policy, rules of origin, monitoring of controlled goods, internal taxes, freight tariffs, transport statistics, quota controls, and economic analysis.

In June 1999, a revised International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonisation of Customs Procedures (the Kyoto Convention) was approved by the Council. The Convention has several key governing principles: transparency of customs controls; standardisation and simplification of the goods declaration and supporting documents; simplified procedures for authorised persons; maximum use of information technology; minimum necessary customs control to ensure compliance with regulations; use of risk management; partnership with the trade.

The WCO designed Customs Convention on the ATA (Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission) carnet for the temporary admission of goods (1961) and the Convention on Temporary Admission (Istanbul Convention, 1990). The ATA system, which is integral to both Conventions, allows the free movement of goods across frontiers and their temporary admission into a customs territory with relief from duties and taxes. The goods are covered by a single document known as the ATA carnet that is secured by an international guarantee system.

The SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade was adopted in 2003. The SAFE Framework is a non-binding instrument that contains supply chain security and facilitation standards for internationally traded goods, enables integrated supply chain management for all modes of transport, strengthens networking arrangements between customs administrations to improve their capability to detect high-risk consignments, promotes cooperation between Customs and the business community through the Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) concept, and facilitates movement of goods through secure international trade supply chains.

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The WCO has recognised that the new challenges of the 21st century demand much closer collaboration between customs administrations. This requires the development of a Global Customs Cooperation Network. The challenge for the WCO is to enable customs administrations to become interconnected, and their systems to become interoperable.

The development of the Global Customs Cooperation Network requires:

–internationally standardised data requirements for export, transit, and import;

–interconnected and aligned customs databases to enable the electronic exchange of data between customs administrations as early as possible in the international movement of goods;

–mutual protocols between exporting and importing administrations to eliminate unnecessary duplication of controls in international supply chains.

1c. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

Всемирная таможенная организация; Совет таможенного сотрудничества; улучшать эффективность; отвечать за обработку; решать таможенные вопросы; на равных основаниях; воспользоваться преимуществом; разрабатывать; управлять различными международными инструментами; единообразное (унифицированное) применение; Гармонизированная система описания и кодирования товаров; использоваться в качестве основы для классификации товаров; правила о происхождении; пересмотренная Международная Конвенция об упрощении и согласовании таможенных процедур (Киотская Конвенция); быть принятым; обеспечивать соответствие (чему-либо); таможенная Конвенция о временном ввозе товаров с применением книжки АТА (Конвенция АТА); Конвенция о временном ввозе товаров (Стамбульская конвенция); являться неотъемлемой частью; освобождение от пошлин; обеспечиваться системой гарантий; Рамочные стандарты безопасности и содействия мировой торговле ВТамО; способствовать сотрудничеству; уполномоченный экономический оператор; Всемирная сеть таможенного сотрудничества; исключить ненужное дублирование контроля.

Combine the words in a) with the words in b) to make up word combinations as they occur together in the text. Translate them into Russian.

a)technical, economic, temporary, freight, trade, internal, intergovernmental, networking, quota, goods, interconnected, guarantee, free, authorised, information, risk, customs, non-binding, supply, business, facilitation, training, mutual, simplified

b)tariffs, body, system, services, assistance, taxes, analysis, declaration, persons, community, technology, management, territory, instrument, arrangements, controls, databases, movement, admission, procedures, protocols, chain, standards, policy

Put the words in the right order and translate them into Russian.

1.nomenclature international multipurpose product

2.key several principles governing

3.necessary control customs minimum

4.supply integrated management chain

5.trade supply international chains secure

6.requirements standardised internationally data

Find 11 pairs of the italicised words in the text which mean the same.

1d. Comprehension

Decide if the following statements are true or false.

1.The WCO is a governmental body.

2.About 98% of countries in the world are Members of the WCO.

3.One of the WCO’s missions is to improve the productivity of customs administrations.

4.The WCO helps to develop international trade.

5.One of the WCO’s objectives is to ensure the lowest degree of harmonisation of customs procedures.

6.The revised Kyoto Convention provides customs administrations with uniform principles for effective customs control.

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