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7. The WCO is noted for its facilitation of the trade supply chain.

Match the beginning of the sentence in A with the ending in B.

THE WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANISATION

A

1.The World Customs Organisation is an independent intergovernmental body whose mission is

2.The WCO is a forum where Member Governments

3.The WCO offers its members a wide range of

4.Member Governments can also take

5.The WCO develops and administers various international instruments for the harmonisation and uniform application of

6.The WCO developed and introduced the Harmonised

7.It is a multipurpose international product nomenclature

8.In June 1999, a revised International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonisation of Customs Procedures

9.The Convention has several key governing principles:

10.The WCO designed Customs Convention on the ATA (Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission) carnet

11.The SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure

12.The SAFE Framework enables integrated supply chain management for

13.The WCO is developing the Global Customs Cooperation Network which requires internationally standardised data requirements for export, transit, and import;

B

a)all modes of transport and promotes cooperation between Customs and the business community.

b)can tackle customs issues on an equal footing.

c)simplified and effective customs systems and procedures governing the cross-border movement of commodities, people, and means of transport.

d)interconnected customs databases; mutual protocols between exporting and importing administrations to eliminate unnecessary duplication of controls.

e)to enhance the effectiveness of customs administrations.

f)which is used as the basis for classifying goods and for the collection of customs duties.

g)(the Kyoto Convention) was approved by the Council.

h)transparency of customs controls; standardisation and simplification of the goods declaration and supporting documents; simplified procedures for authorised persons; and some others.

i)advantage of the technical assistance and training services.

j)for the temporary admission of goods (1961) and the Convention on Temporary Admission (Istanbul Convention, 1990).

k)conventions and other international instruments.

l)and Facilitate Global Trade was adopted in 2003.

m)Commodity Description and Coding System.

2. Customs Administrations

2a. Discussion

What customs missions do you know? Divide the pie chart into several sectors representing missions according to their significance.

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2b. Reading

Read the text about the main responsibilities of customs administrations and add other sectors if necessary.

Nowadays customs administrations around the world have the following responsibilities: revenue collection, the administration of trade policies and border controls, community protection, and the facilitation of trade. Often they are required to manage risks on behalf of other government agencies in areas such as health, immigration, agriculture, environment, and trade statistics. These border control responsibilities originate from the more traditional customs role of collecting duties on internationally traded commodities at the point of importation and exportation.

Both customs authorities and traders are looking for the most cost-effective ways of doing business. However, traders are driven by commercial imperatives, while customs organisations are primarily driven by the law. What customs administrations are now seeking to achieve is an appropriate balance between trade facilitation and regulatory control.

The responsibilities of customs administrations vary from country to country and are often the subject of regular review and modification. A general idea of a government’s view of the role of its customs authority can be understood from the manner in which administrative responsibilities are structured. Thus, where border protection is the main concern, customs administrations join forces with other agencies that have a border management focus.

For instance, prior to 12 December 2003, the customs authority in Canada formed part of the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency. In December 2003, it became part of the newly created Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), which in turn formed part of the new Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. The portfolio of the Ministry now combines the functions of Customs, food inspection and immigration, together with those of emergency preparedness, crisis management, national security, and crime prevention.

The UK Border Agency is an agency of the Home Office. The Agency was formed in April 2008 to improve the security of the United Kingdom. The Agency brings together the work previously carried out by the Border and Immigration Agency, customs detection work at the border from Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC), and UK Visa Services from the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO).

On 4 December 2008, Australian Government announced the renaming of Australian Customs Service. The enhanced Australian Customs and Border Protection Service was set to meet the complex border security challenges of the future by providing unified control and direction.

US Customs and Border Protection (CBP), formed in 2003, is the unified border agency within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). CBP combined the inspectional workforces and broad border authorities of US Customs, US Immigration Service, US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and the entire US Border Patrol.

2c. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

по поручению других правительственных служб; происходить от более традиционной роли таможни; руководствоваться коммерческими целями; предмет постоянного пересмотра; Таможенно-налоговое агентство Канады; Канадское агентство пограничных служб; Министерство общественной безопасности и готовности к чрезвычайным ситуациям; Пограничное агентство Великобритании; Министерство внутренних дел (Великобритании); Агентство по пограничным и иммиграционным вопросам; Управление (Ее Величества) по налоговым и таможенным сборам (Великобритания); визовое подразделение Министерства иностранных дел и дел Содружества; Австралийская таможенная служба; Австралийская таможенная и пограничная служба; Таможенная и пограничная служба США; Министерство национальной безопасности США; Служба иммиграции

США; Ветеринарная и фитосанитарная служба США; Пограничный патруль США.

2d. Comprehension

Answer the following questions on the text:

1.What are the traditional missions of customs administrations?

2.How have the responsibilities of customs administrations changed recently?

3.What are the changes in the attitude of Customs towards business community?

4.What is the main concern of the majority of governments nowadays?

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5.Functions of what agencies has the UK Border Agency assumed?

6.What is common for the mentioned customs administrations?

3.The Customs Administrations in the US and Australia

3a. Reading

Read the text about the work of US Customs and Border Protection.

United States Customs and Border Protection

Within the Department of Homeland Security, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) protects the nation’s borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade. CBP uses multiple strategies and employs the latest in technology to accomplish its goals.

CBP screens all travelers entering the United States using a risk-based approach. It identifies people who may pose a risk through automated advance data combined with intelligence and new biometric travel documents. In addition, CBP has established expedited traveller programmes that facilitate the entry process for frequent travellers who have undergone prior screening of their biographical and biometric data.

CBP regularly refuses entry to people who may pose a threat to the security of

the USA. This was not a focus prior to September 11, 2001, but a shift in priorities and the formation of US Customs and Border Protection has made this the top priority of the agency – keeping terrorists and terrorist weapons out of the country.

CBP’s Border Patrol agents prevent illegal entry into the United States of people and contraband between the ports of entry. CBP Air and Marine patrols the nation’s land and sea borders to stop terrorists and drug smugglers before they enter the United States.

CBP agriculture specialists prevent the entry of exotic plant and animal pests, and confront emerging threats in agroand bioterrorism.

The agency gathers advance data regarding incoming and outgoing means of transport and goods to focus its law enforcement resources on high-risk items. The agency also

uses technology, such as non-intrusive inspection devices, to make the most of its resources. In addition, CBP uses advance information from the Automated Targeting System (ATS) and Automated Export System (AES) to identify cargo that may pose a threat.

CBP does not rely on any single technology or inspection process. Instead,

officers and agents use various technologies in different combinations to substantially increase the likelihood that terrorist weapons including a nuclear or radiological weapon will be detected and interdicted.

Trade and tariff laws are enforced by CBP import and entry specialists and other trade compliance personnel. This helps to ensure that industry operates in a fair and competitive trade environment. Traderelated activities include:

–protecting US businesses from theft of intellectual property and unfair trade practices;

–collecting import duties, taxes, and fees;

–enforcing trade laws related to admissibility;

–regulating trade practices to collect the appropriate revenue;

–maintaining export controls;

–protecting US agricultural resources via inspection activities at the ports of entry.

CBP has established working groups with foreign counterparts to improve security and facilitate the flow of legitimate trade and travel. CBP has established the Container Security Initiative (CSI). Under the CSI, CBP pushes the border outward by working jointly with host nation counterparts to identify and prescreen containers that pose a risk at the foreign port of departure before they are loaded on board vessels bound for the US.

In addition, US Customs and Border Protection is using the Advance Trade Data Initiative. This programme works with the trade community to obtain information on US bound goods at the earliest possible point in the supply chain.

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3b. Vocabulary

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

использовать последние достижения в области технологии; отказывать людям во въезде; угрожать безопасности; изменение приоритетов; предотвращать нелегальное проникновение в США; порты ввоза; воздушные и морские силы; сосредоточить правоохранительные ресурсы на объектах с повышенным риском; использовать свои ресурсы (возможности) по максимуму; Автоматизированная поисковая система; Автоматизированная экспортная система; посредством осмотра; Инициатива по обеспечению безопасности контейнерных перевозок; в иностранных портах отправления; грузиться на борт кораблей; направляющиеся в США;

Инициатива (программа) по предварительному предоставлению торговых данных.

Match the beginning of the phrase in A with the ending in B. Sometimes several variants are possible.

3c. Comprehension

Answer the following questions on the text:

1.What are the goals of CBP?

2.What is the top priority of the agency nowadays?

3.What new programmes has CBP developed to facilitate legitimate travel?

4.What up-to-date technology does CBP use to check goods and means of transport crossing

the border?

5.What sources of information does CBP use?

6.What are the responsibilities of CBP import and entry specialists?

7.What kind of links has CBP established with customs administrations of other countries?

3d. Reading

Complete the text about Australian Customs and Border Protection Service using the ideas from the box.

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Australian Customs and Border Protection Service

On 4 December 2008, Australian government announced the renaming of Australian Customs Service. The new name, Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, recognised its important

(1)_______ responsibilities, including a new role in ensuring a response to the (2)_______ of maritime people smuggling.

Australian Customs and Border Protection Service manages the (3) _______ of Australia's borders. It works closely with other (4) _______, in particular the Australian Federal Police, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship and the Department of Defence, to

(5) ________ unlawful movement of goods and people across the border.

The agency is a national organisation (6) _______ more than 5500 people in Australia and overseas, with its Central Office in Canberra. It has a fleet of ocean-going (7) ______ and contracts two (8)______

surveillance providers for civil maritime surveillance.

Additional (9) _______ given to Customs and Border Protection under the new arrangement include analysing and coordinating the gathering of (10) _______, coordinating surveillance and on-water response, and (11) _______ internationally to deter maritime people smugglers.

Customs plays an important role in protecting the country’s borders from the entry of illegal and harmful goods and (12) ________. It must carry out this role while not slowing down the (13)_______ of people and goods across the border.

Protecting the Australian community through the (14) ________ of illegal drugs and firearms is a high priority, and (15) ________ techniques are used to (16) ________ high-risk aircraft, vessels, cargo, postal items and travellers. This includes intelligence analysis, (17) _______ analysis, (18) _______ dogs and various other technologies.

Unit 2. Customs Cutting-Edge Technologies 1. People Screening Equipment

1a. Reading

Read the article published in 2008 about a new body scanner and put the words into the gaps.

New body scanners see through clothes

Travellers at two US airports will soon be __________ by new ________ scanners. International airports in Los Angeles and New York have __________ digital body scanners that can ‘see through’ clothing. The new machines will mainly search for __________ and explosives. They use the very latest technology, called millimeter wave imaging. Radio waves create a 3D __________ of someone’s body to see if they are _______ anything dangerous. Government officials say the new equipment will make air travel

__________. A spokesperson said: “Imaging _______ are not a brand new security tool, but they are a brand new security tool for airports.” There are plans to install the devices in another 30 airports across the country. An official promised that passengers will prefer the scanner to a security guard ______ their body.

The new technology has __________ questions by privacy groups, who believe the scanning process is too __________. They say the device can see too much of the naked body. A civil liberties spokesman said it was the same as a __________ strip search. He warned: “We need to make sure there are good ______. The temptation is great not to __________ procedures when a celebrity or someone well-known is involved.” One female passenger at LA airport suggested that only female _______ should be allowed to scan female passengers. She said she was highly embarrassed to see a male official looking at the digital image of her body. She was also worried the scanned images could __________ up on the Internet. It seems it’s only a matter of time, however, before the machines __________ metal detectors.

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1b. Vocabulary

Match the following synonyms:

1c. Comprehension

Decide if the statements are true or false.

1.All US airports will soon have high-tech body scanners.

2.The main purpose of the scanners is to prevent terrorist attacks.

3.The scanners are a brand new tool for the global security industry.

4.An official said that people will prefer metal detectors to the body scanner.

5.Civil liberties groups are concerned about people’s privacy.

6.The civil libertarian was worried only about celebrities and famous people.

7.A passenger wondered whether body images would be posted online.

1d. Over to you

1.Do you worry about security when you travel?

2.Do you think air travel will ever be totally free from terrorist attacks?

3.What do you think of the current security procedure of going through metal detectors and being frisked by security officials?

4.How would you feel to be scanned by something that can see through your clothes?

5.What other kinds of security would you like to see at airports?

6.Do you share the civil liberties group’s concerns that the scanner is the same as a virtual strip search? Do famous people need extra attention when passing through the body scanner?

7.Do you think the 3D images could end up on the Internet?

1e. Reading

Read the text about Eqo imagers and complete the feature highlights.

Eqo Imagers

One major trend in aviation security is implementation of a new generation of body scanners – millimetre-wave (MMW) imagers – to replace the more traditional metal detectors at airports.

Eqo is an innovative solution offered by Smiths Detection, which provides government regulated technology products, to people screening. Using its unique flat-panel millimetre-wave technology, this body imaging system offers state-of-the-art imaging and detection capability within a minimal footprint.

The 3D scanning system provides a rapid means of detecting threat objects using its high resolution, real-time, full motion display. Acting as an electronically configurable lens, the panel scans a large cubic volume. This ensures that the person being scanned always remains in focus.

This “next-generation” approach marks the evolution of millimetre-wave people screening from mechanically scanned to electronically steered imaging technology, which offers a reliable system.

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The combination of a small footprint with a reversible design means the system can be easily integrated into any current checkpoint configuration.

The open plan design offers a positive user experience and facilitates communication between the operator and person being screened. The remote operator is provided with a real time movie-like image of the person being scanned. The simple operation of the system ensures that concealed items are easily detected by the screener.

Feature highlights

•State-of-the-art _____________________________________________

•Rapid detection of __________________________________________

•High resolution, ____________________________________________

•Possibility of integration into __________________________________

•Positive ___________________________________________________

1f. Translate the text about the biometric collection technology into Russian using a dictionary.

Biometric Collection Technology

US Customs and Border Protection has upgraded its biometric collection technology from a twoto a 10-fingerprint collection standard. Collecting additional fingerprints gives CBP officers more information against which to verify a traveler’s identity, making the process faster and more accurate, reducing the possibility that the system will misidentify an international traveler.

The new fingerprint scanners are being used at all major US ports of entry, and most travelers will use them when they enter the US.

CBP has been collecting biometrics – digital fingerprints and a photograph – from all non-US citizens between the ages of 14 and 79 (with some exceptions) since 2004. Biometrics protect US citizens and visitors because they help stop fraud. Unlike names and dates of birth, which can be changed, biometrics is unique and virtually impossible to forge. For travelers, collecting fingerprints helps protect their identities if their travel documents are lost or stolen.

Many countries around the world are using biometrics. The government of Japan began collecting fingerprints from arriving visitors in 2007. The European Union built a 10-fingerprint visa-issuance programme based on the Eurodac (European Dactyloscopy). The United Kingdom collects fingerprints from visa applicants and checks them at the border.

1g. Read the text about a new CBP traveller programme and give points for and against using this programme.

Global Entry is a new traveller programme to facilitate the entry of preapproved US citizens, lawful permanent residents of the US, and citizens of other certain countries. It allows frequent international travellers who have passed a background check to use an automated kiosk to clear passport control, and provides an exit lane out of the CBP processing area.

Participation in the programme is voluntary and requires a $100 application fee which is valid up to five years.

The minimum age for participation is 14 but applicants 14-17 years of age must have consent of a parent or legal guardian. Applicants must pass a security threat assessment and appear for an in-person interview. All participants must have a machine readable passport.

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1h. Put the steps of using a Global Entry Kiosk in the correct order.

How to Use the Global Entry Kiosk

2. Luggage Screening Equipment

2a. Pairwork

Student A. You are a customs inspector who is being interviewed about a new trace detector. Read the text describing this tool and be ready to answer the questions.

Hand-held Trace Detector

For those who protect the public, every day presents a new challenge. What will you be faced with today? Strange smells? Suspicious packages? Drugs? You need to have an instrument by your side that can detect the widest range of substances. The SABRE 4000 is the only portable trace detector that can detect threats from explosives, chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals, or narcotics and can do so in approximately 20 seconds. It weighs about 3 kg including the 4-hour battery

and has some new features, such as the 3.5” color TFT display.

A detection using the SABRE 4000 means that traces of a target substance have been found on the sampled item. This in turn means that the item or its handler has been in contact with the identified substance and appropriate actions need to be taken.

Proper sample collection is key to the success of any trace detector. The versatile SABRE 4000 is capable of analysing either trace particle or vapour samples, allowing the operator to apply the ideal sampling technique for the suspected substance.

For example, most explosive and narcotic substances do not have a strong vapour presence and in the real world are very difficult to detect by vapour. Therefore, the most reliable collection and analysis method for those substances is particle collection.

The SABRE 4000’s ability to analyse either trace particle or vapour samples lets the operator decide

which sample collection method will yield the most accurate analysis results.

Student B. You are a journalist who needs to find out as many interesting details about a new sophisticated trace detector as possible.

Ask about the following:

–size;

–weight;

–range of analysed substances;

–display characteristics;

–trace collection process.

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2b. Vocabulary

Complete the text about a new airport liquid analysis system with the words in the box.

MagViz Technology from Los Alamos Sorts out Liquids and Gels

An innovative ________ of a technology first used for medical imaging may enhance airport security if Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists are successful. Los Alamos technologists have adapted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology to create MagViz, a new tool that distinguishes ________

liquids from the _______ shampoos and sodas a regular traveller might take aboard an aircraft.

_________ with a computer database, MagViz can identify some 50 liquids from their chemical _________. And that's only the beginning. Scientists say that they can add different threats as technologists become _________ these threats.

If MagViz finds a chemical ________ as a threat, the machine will _______ the container with a red dot on the screen. Harmless substances get a green dot, and if the machine can't identify the liquid, a yellow dot appears, indicating that ________ inspection is needed.

As new threats _________, technologists just put them in the database.

A _________ MagViz machine was presented at the Albuquerque International Sunport, where it was _________ field testing. If the development process continues successfully, machines could be in US airports by 2012.

3. Border security. Cargo and vehicles inspection

3a. Reading

Read the text about the advanced technologies of border security and cargo/vehicle inspection applied by US CBP.

CBP employs a wide range of border security and non-intrusive cargo inspection technologies to complement the work of its officers. These technologies serve a vital function in day-to-day inspection and movement of vehicles, trucks, and containers.

CBP is securing the areas between ports of entry by implementing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Used in conjunction with ground-based sensors, UAVs can fly to areas of sensor activity, spot the cause of the activation, and maintain surveillance. It can also operate independently using programmed flight plans, or under the control of UAV mission specialists,

using on-board sensors to detect and track border intrusions.

The UAV is capable of performing missions that can last far longer than typical manned aircraft flights, and allow more efficient use of available apprehension forces.

CBP also uses Z-portals which are safe, efficient, drive-through passenger vehicle imaging systems with enhanced capability for rapid scanning of conveyances for the presence of contraband and hidden stowaways. The Z-portal quickly produces images from three sides (left, right and top-down) of the vehicle, resulting in an improved capability to detect suspicious items.

The advanced technology offered by the Z-portal is beneficial to US Customs and Border Protection because it performs a unique function as part of the inspection tools, including gamma-ray and X-ray non-intrusive technologies. In comparison with the technology presently used by CBP, the Z-portal provides a much clearer image of low density objects that may be hidden in car fenders, tires, trunks, gas tanks, or under the hood.

The Z-portal will assist CBP officers in preventing illegal drugs and terrorist weapons from entering the US. In addition, it will reduce the risks

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faced by CBP officers when they physically dismantle vehicles suspected of carrying concealed contraband and crawl into confined spaces to detect and retrieve hidden merchandise or persons that may pose a threat.

All vehicles directed from the primary inspection lanes to secondary inspection areas will be scanned by the Z-portal. It is safe for drivers and passengers to remain in the vehicle during the scanning process. The system creates only a silhouette with no facial or body detail of the driver or passengers inside the vehicle. It cannot be used to identify an individual, or

the race, gender, or age of people. The extremely low radiation dosage of the Z-portal is safe for operators, drivers, and the environment. A person

would have to go through the system more than 2,000 times to get the radiation

exposure of one medical chest X-ray.

3b.Vocabulary.

Find English equivalents of the following in the text:

неинтрузивные методы досмотра груза; дополнять работу; беспилотные летательные аппараты; в сочетании с наземными датчиками; бортовые датчики; выявлять и отслеживать незаконные пересечения границы; силы, выполняющие задержание;

системы визуализации пассажирского транспорта; транспортные средства; безбилетные пассажиры; объекты низкой плотности; крылья автомобиля; под капотом; сталкиваться с рисками; разбирать транспортные средства; замкнутые пространства; извлекать спрятанный товар; транспорт, направленный с полосы первичного досмотра; радиационное облучение.

Solve the cross-word puzzle by putting the words from the text that mean the same.

Across

1. carry on

4. vehicles

7.instruments

8.stay

9.fast

10.identify

Down

2.using

3.everyday, daily

5.very important

6.fulfills

3 c. Comprehension

Answer the following questions on the text:

1.What are UAVs capable of?

2.How do CBP officers know about the intrusions that UAVs track?

3.What can be detected with the help of Z-portals?

4.What are the improved features of Z-portals?

5.What difficulties do CBP officers encounter when they have to inspect vehicles without imaging systems?

6.Must all vehicles be scanned by Z-portals?

7.How is privacy of people inside screened vehicles protected?

8.Why are Z-portals considered to be safe?

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