Лекции и пособия / Proizvodstvo_kamennyh_rabot

ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɩɨɥɭɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɬɢɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɭ (ɪɢɫ.2.8).ɍɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɢɦɢ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɪɫɬɚɦɢ. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ.

ɚ – ɥɨɠɤɚɦɢ; ɛ – ɬɵɱɤɚɦɢ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.8 – Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɩɨɥɭɩɪɢɫɵɤ

ȼɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɲɬɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (250×120×65 ɦɦ). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (250×120×88 ɦɦ) ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɟ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɭ ɤɟɥɶɦɨɣ, ɚ ɧɚɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ.

Ɋɚɫɲɢɜɤɚ ɲɜɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɣ, «ɦɨɤɪɵɣ» ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɨɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɜɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ. ɒɜɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨ-

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ɰɟɫɫ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɨɤ, ɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɜɨɜ ɥɭɱɲɟ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɲɢɜɤɨɣ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɢ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ.

ɒɜɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɲɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ, ɪɚɫɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 15 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜ 100 ɦɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 15% ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɜɚ. ɇɟɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɜɤɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ.

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɍɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɬɟɧ, ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ, ɨɛɪɟɡɨɜ, ɧɚɩɭɫɤɨɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ: ɩɨɪɹɞɧɵɣ, ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ.

ɉɨɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ – ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɟɪɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ: ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɭ ɫɬɟɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ ɪɟɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ.

ɋɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɲɟɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɧɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɭ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.

ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ 7…9 ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ 0,6…0,8 ɦ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 8…10 ɪɹɞɚ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɧ 2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ.

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§ 2.6. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ

ȼɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɨɜ. ɍɝɨɥ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɜ 900.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 5 ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ. ɉɪɹɦɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ (ɰɟɩɧɨɣ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ, ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɯɱɟɬɜɟɪɤɨɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (ɭɝɥɵ) ɫɬɟɧ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜ 1 ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɢ ɜ 11/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɞɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.9.

ɚ – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɜ 1 ɤɢɪɩɢɱ; ɛ – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɜ 11/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.9 – Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ (ɰɟɩɧɨɣ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ

ɉɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ (ɰɟɩɧɨɣ) ɢ ɬɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ ɲɜɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ, ɜɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 10%. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɩɭɫɬɨɲɨɜɤɭ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ

32

ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɞɨ 10 ɦɦ ɨɬ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 21/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɨɤ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ 2.10ɚ, ɛ). ɂɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɜɟɫɭ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɜɟɥɢɪɭ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɫɟɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɚɯ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 10…15 ɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ.

ɚ– ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɢ;

ɛ– ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɢ

1 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɚ; 2 – ɤɪɸɤɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɢ; 3 – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɧɭɪɚ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ; 4 – ɲɧɭɪ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɚ; 5 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ

ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɚ; 6 – ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɢ; 7 – ɤɥɢɧ; 8 – ɞɜɨɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɛɚ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.10 – ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɨɤ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɹɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɲɬɪɚɛɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.2ɝ, ɞ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ.

Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɚɦ ɡɚɱɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɲɧɭɪɵ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɬ ɲɧɭɪ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ, ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɫ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ 3…4 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢɱɚɥɤɭ ɭ ɦɚɹɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɛɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.11ɚ), ɨɫɬɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɲɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɤ ɬɭɩɨɦɭ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɭ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɹɱɧɵɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ, ɩɪɢɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɭ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɲɧɭɪɚ ɧɚɦɚ-

33

ɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɤɭ ɫɤɨɛɵ. ɉɨɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɛɵ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.11ɛ) (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɨɦ) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɫɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɹɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞ ɲɧɭɪ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɹɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɧ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɸɬ ɲɧɭɪ (ɪɢɫ. 2.11ɜ). Ɇɚɹɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɧɶɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ 4…5 ɦ.

ɚ– ɩɪɢɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɛɚ; ɛ – ɩɟɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɤɨɛɵ ɫɨ ɲɧɭɪɨɦ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɨɣ;

ɜ– ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɲɧɭɪɚ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ ɦɚɹɤɨɦ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɜɢɫɚɧɢɹ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.11 – ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɲɧɭɪɚ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɢ, ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɚɹɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɟ, ɪɚɫɫɬɢɥɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ: ɩɨɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ, ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɫɬɟɧ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɫɬɟɧ (ɩɢɥɹɫɬɪ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɢɥɹɫɬɪɵ 4 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɢɥɹɫɬɪɵ ɞɨ 31/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ — ɩɨ ɬɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɢɥɹɫɬɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɣ (ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ) ɫɬɟɧ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɟɧ ɫ ɧɢɲɚɦɢ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɟɧ ɫ ɧɢɲɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɢɲɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ, ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ, ɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɧɢɲɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 2.12).

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ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɟɞɚɬɶ ɫɚɠɚ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɲɚɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 100 ɦɦ, ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɲɧɭɪɟ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɧɭɪɚ ɫ ɲɚɪɨɦ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚ-

ɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ. Ʉɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɲɜɵ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɥɚɝɢ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɳɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɦ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɩɨɥɶɟ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɵɪɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɥɚɝɚɦ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɧɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɬɨɥɛɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

Ⱦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɥɚɝɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɬɟɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɜɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ, ɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ – ɫ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚ 2-ɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɣɤɨɣ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɤ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɚɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ.

Ⱥɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ. Ⱥɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧ-

ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɲɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚɦɢ. Ⱥɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ.

ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɦɢ. ɋɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.

ɋɬɨɥɛɵ, ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2.13ɚ) ɢɥɢ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2.13ɛ) ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɫɟɬɤɢ «ɡɢɝɡɚɝ»). Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2,5 ɦɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 8 ɦɦ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ

36

ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɤɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 ɦɦ, ɚ ɜ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 8 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.

ɚ) ɛ)

ɚ – ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ; ɛ – ɡɢɝɡɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ;

1 – ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɫɟɬɨɤ (ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɟɬɨɤ)

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.13 – Ⱥɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɫɟɬɤɚɦɢ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2 ɦɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɲɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 5 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 14 ɦɦ.

ɋɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɫɟɬɨɤ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɹɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɤɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 120

ɦɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɲɜɚɯ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɚ 2…3 ɦɦ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ.

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɪɟɠɟ ɱɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ – ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ-

37

ɧɵɦ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ: ɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɚɯ, ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ.

ɋɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ. ɋɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɜɚɪɤɨɣ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬɤɭ ɜɹɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɥɟɫɬɨɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɧɚ 20 ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɰɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɸɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɞɟɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ.

Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ EN 845-3, ɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ȼ.1 (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ȼ).

ȽɅȺȼȺ III. ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼȺ ɄȺɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ

Ʉ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɨɧɬɚɠ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɚ ɩɚɡɭɯ) ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɚɤɬɭ.

Ⱦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɜɟɫɵ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵ); ɡɚɜɟɡɟɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 3 ɫɭɬɨɤ; ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ; ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɭɳɟɧ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ) ɤɪɚɧ; ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ.

§3.1. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ

Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɢ-

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ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ), ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɩɚɥɶɳɢɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.

ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ

2,5 ɦ [9].

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɡɨɧɵ:

–ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 60…70 ɫɦ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɢ);

–ɡɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 60…100 ɫɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɨɜ (ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ) ɫ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɨɦ ɢ ɹɳɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ; ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ (ɫɟɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ.);

–ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 110…120 ɫɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɟɥɚɠɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ: ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɚɯ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɹɳɢɤɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɹɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 3…3,5 ɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ 2 ɦ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ 2…4 ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ, ɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.

§ 3.2. ɉɨɞɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɚ

ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɨɧɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 2,7 ɞɨ 3,6 ɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3,0 ɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ – ɹɪɭɫɵ.

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