Лекции и пособия / Proizvodstvo_kamennyh_rabot
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ɉɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɤɟɪɨɜ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.4.).
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1 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ; 2 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ (ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ);
3 – ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɤɟɪ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5.4 – ɍɡɟɥ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɳɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɛɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɪɵɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ.
Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟɥɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ (ɬɟɩɥɵɟ) ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ «ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ» ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɜɚɯ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ «ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 2…4 ɦɦ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟɥɵɯ, ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɮɨɪɦɚɬɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɸ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɨɤ. Ⱥɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɛɥɨɤɚ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟɥɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 5.5.
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1 – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ (ɫɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ);
2 – ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ; 3 – ɛɥɨɤ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ʉɉɉɉ; 4 – ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5.5 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ʉɉɉɉ
§ 5.3. Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ.
Ʉɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ: ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɨ 75% ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ:
– ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟɥɵɟ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ: 440×200×240 ɦɦ; 400×300×240 ɦɦ; 300×400×240 ɦɦ;
–ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɳɟɥɟɜɵɟ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ: 415×300×220 ɦɦ; 415×200×220 ɦɦ; 238×400×220 ɦɦ;
–ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ: 415×300×220 ɦɦ; 390×190×220 ɦɦ.
Ƚɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɢɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɞɪɵ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ, ɜ ɦɦ: 600×200×300; 600×250×50; 600×250×75; 600×250×100; 600×250×150; 600×250×200; 600×250×250; 600×250×300; 600×250×375; 600×250×400; 600×250× 500.
ɉɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ: 200×300×410 ɦɦ (ɧɚ 1 ɦ3 – 41 ɛɥɨɤ) ɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ: 120×410×600 ɦɦ (ɧɚ 1 ɦ3 – 34 ɛɥɨɤɚ). ɂɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɧɵ ɫ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ. ɉɟɧɨɛɥɨɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ
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ɬɟɩɥɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ (ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɟɧɨɛɥɨɤɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɟɧɨɛɥɨɤɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɚɝɭ.
Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ. Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɚɜɬɨɤɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 5-ɬɢ ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15 ɦ, ɜ ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ – ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 9-ɬɢ ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɦ. Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɚɜɬɨɤɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 3-ɯ ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 12 ɦ.
Ɍɢɩɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ (ɋɌȻ1117-98) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ȿ.1.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ) ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ (ɋɌȻ1117-98) ɞɚɧ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ȿ.2.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɈȺɈ «Ɂɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ», ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ȿ.3.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɉɨ ɋɇ 290-74 ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ. ɇɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɲɜɚ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10…20 ɦɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɟɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ʋ 118, 118.1, 118.2 (ɛɟɥɚɹ). ɋɭɯɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ʋ 118, 118.1, 118.2 (ɛɟ-
ɥɚɹ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ȽɈɋɌ 28013. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5.1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.1 Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ |
ȿɞ. ɢɡɦ. |
|
ɋɭɯɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ |
||
ʋ118 |
|
ʋ118.1 |
ʋ118.2 |
||
ȼɨɞɨɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ- |
% |
98.2 |
|
99.7 |
98.8 |
ɧɨɫɬɶ |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ |
ɤɝ/ɦ3 |
1890 |
|
1990 |
1890 |
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ |
|
|
|
Ɇ100 |
|
Ⱥɞɝɟɡɢɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ |
Ɇɉɚ |
|
|
0.2…0.6 |
|
62
ɋɭɯɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɋɭɯɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɲɤɚɯ ɩɨ 40 ɤɝ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɚɯ ɩɨ 25 ɦɟɲɤɨɜ (1000 ɤɝ). Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ + 5 °ɋ. Ɇɟɲɤɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɵ ɜ ɪɹɞɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1,8 ɦ. ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 9 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5.2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.2. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ʋ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ |
Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ |
|
|
ɋɭɯɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɝ |
|
ȼɨɞɚ, ɥ |
|
|
|
||
118; 118.1; 118.2 |
1000 |
|
0,25 |
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ 1ɦ3 ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟɲɜɚ ɞɨ 3 ɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 28 ɤɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɢɤɫɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɋɦɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɚ ɤ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ 5 ɦɢɧ. ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 60 ɦɢɧɭɬ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ʋ 118, 118.1, 118.2 ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɩɨɬɚɲɚ.
Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5.3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.3. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ |
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚ 1ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɣ |
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ |
|||
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɝɪɚɞ. ɋ |
ɫɦɟɫɢ |
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ |
|||
|
|
30% ɪɚɫ- |
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
30% ɪɚɫ- |
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
ɨɬ |
ɞɨ |
ɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɬɚ- |
ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɥ |
ɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɬɚ- |
ɜɨɞɵ, ɦɥ |
|
|
ɲɚ, ɦɥ |
|
ɲɚ, ɦɥ |
|
0 |
-5 |
42 |
208 |
63 |
312 |
-6 |
-10 |
55 |
195 |
83 |
293 |
-11 |
-15 |
70 |
180 |
105 |
285 |
63
Ɂɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɬɚɲɨɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɱɚɫɚ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –
15 °ɋ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ 30% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɬɚɲɚ (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 1,248 ɝ/ɫɦ3) ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜ 1 ɥɢɬɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ (t = 40…80 °ɋ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ 430 ɝ ɩɨɬɚɲɚ. ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɬɚɲɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨɥɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ ɚɪɟɨɦɟɬɪɭ).
ȼ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ʋ 118, 118.1, 118.2 ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɚɪɤɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ (ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɊȻɍ).
5.3.1.Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ
Ʉɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ – ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ) ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɋɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɵ ɫ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɟ ɫ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ 1205×1000×1230 (h) ɦɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɫɹ 1,8 ɦ3 ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ɋɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɩɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɨɜɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɞɨɧɵ ɫ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɜ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɹɯ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2-ɯ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ.
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ) ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɡɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ (ɧɢɜɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 1:3. ɇɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɫ-
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ɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɟɥɶɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɤɢ.
Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ «ɞɜɨɣɤɚ» ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ:
–ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ – ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ IV ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ – 1 ɱɟɥ, ɤɚ-
ɦɟɧɳɢɤ III ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ -1 ɱɟɥ.
–ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ – ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ III ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ - 2 ɱɟɥ.
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ «ɞɜɨɣɤɚ» ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.
5.3.2.Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
–ɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ: ɩɢɥɵ-ɧɨɠɨɜɤɢ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɢɥɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɥɵ) ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ, ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ;
–ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɬɢɩɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɟɧɵ;
–ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ.
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɭɝɥɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɹɱɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɢ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɦɚɹɱɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 2…3 ɦɦ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ, ɲɧɭɪ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɲɧɭɪɚ-ɩɪɢɱɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ (ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɚ) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɹɱɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ.
ɉɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɧɚɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɤɢ (ɝɥɚɞɢɥɤɢ) ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ (ɬɨɪɟɰ ɛɥɨɤɚ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɸɬ ɛɥɨɤ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɲɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 3 ɦɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɟɛɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ.
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Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɛɥɨɤɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɬɤɚ. ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɲɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɟɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɛɚɧɤɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɳɟɬɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɬɚɸɬ ɩɵɥɶ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɨɫɤɨɥɤɢ. ɋɬɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɰɨɤɨɥɸ, ɩɨɥɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɧɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.
ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɥɨɬɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ (Ɍɍ ɊȻ 05891370-131-97) ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 120 ɦɦ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɢɡ ɥɨɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ (Ɍɍ ɊȻ 05891370.158-98) ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɥɭɛɤɭ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ U-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ. ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ U - ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɛɟɬɨɧ. Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɬɵɤɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
U-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 25 ɫɦ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɵɲɟ +20°ɋ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɀ.
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ȽɅȺȼȺ VI. ɄɅȺȾɄȺ ɉȿɊȿȽɈɊɈȾɈɄ § 6.1. Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ
Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɨɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ (1ɦ2 ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɜ 1/2 ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜɟɫɢɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 280 ɤɝ), ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (65 ɢɥɢ 88 ɦɦ). Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɷɬɚɠɚɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ, ɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɠɚɯ ɫ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ - ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ. Ʉɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɤ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:
–ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɠ/ɛ ɩɥɢɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ: ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɭɬɤɚ ɜɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɜɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ;
–ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɸɛɟɥɹɯ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟ- ɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ, ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɛɪɨ, ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 525×525 ɦɦ. ȼ ɲɜɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ: ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 2×25 ɦɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɭɬɤɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 4…6 ɦɦ. ȼ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɯ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 1,5 ɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 65 ɦɦ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ.
Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1/4 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɞɨ 3 ɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɞɨ 2,7 ɦ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ
–1/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ.
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Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɜɟɧɨ «ɞɜɨɣɤɚ». Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɹɪɭɫɚɦɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ «ɫɵɪɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ» ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɜ 1/4 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ, ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɬɚɩ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 1,5 ɦɟɬɪɚ. Ʉ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɥɫɹ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ Ɇ10. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɪɲɢ ɢɥɢ ɲɬɵɪɢ. ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1/2 ɢ 1/4 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɜɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɝɥɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.1) ɢɡ ɞɨɫɨɤ, ɨɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɮɭɝɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ.
ɚ) |
ɛ) |
1 – ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɨɤ; 2 – ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ;
3 – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.1 – Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɫ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɨɤ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɭɠɟ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɜɟɫɭ ɜɪɚɫɩɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɤ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-
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ɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɚ.
ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɧ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ½ ɢ 1/4 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2).
1 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ;
2 – ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.2 – Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ
Ɂɜɟɧɨ «ɞɜɨɣɤɚ» ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ 1 ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɚɧɭɡɥɚ ɩɨ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɨɦ. ɉɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ. ɉɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɢ ɡɚɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɲɜɵ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɪɲɢ (2…3 ɟɪɲɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ), ɩɪɢɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɭɬɤɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 1/3 … 1/4 ɩɪɨɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɤɢ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ ½ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɛɨɤ.
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