Index

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. See MDMA.

4H syndrome, 979

- Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease vs., 981

22q11.2 deletion syndrome, callosal involvement in, 1200

A

Aβ42 residue, 1076 Abducens nerve, 702–703

-intracranial internal carotid artery, 198

-sellar region anatomy, 775

Abducens schwannoma, 720–721

Aberrant intracranial internal carotid artery, 200 ABRA. See Amyloid β-related angiitis.

Abscess, 353–358

-amebic, 400

-as complications of meningitis, 352

-differential diagnosis, 357–358

-IDH-wild-type glioblastoma vs., 542

-intraventricular rupture of a brain abscess (IVRBA), 358

-multiple sclerosis vs., 461

-neurocysticercosis vs., 397

-parenchymal metastases vs., 845

-pituitary, pituitary apoplexy vs., 813

-pyogenic, fungal abscess vs., 389

-textiloma vs., 832

-tuberculoma vs., 381

-tuberculosis vs., 381

Abusive head trauma (child abuse), 53–60 - differential diagnosis, 60

Aceruloplasminemia, brain iron accumulation disorders vs.,

984–985

Acoustic neuromas. See Vestibular schwannoma. Acoustic schwannomas. See Vestibular schwannoma. Acquired hypothyroid disorders, 1038–1039

-Hashimoto encephalopathy, 1038–1039

-pituitary hyperplasia, 1038–1039

Acquired metabolic and systemic disorders, 1017–1068 - glucose disorders, 1029–1036

hypoglycemia, neonatal/infantile, 1031–1033 hypoglycemia-associated disorders, 1033–1036 hypoglycemic encephalopathy, pediatric/adult,

1029–1031

- hypertensive encephalopathies, 1017–1029

acute hypertensive encephalopathy, 1017–1025, 1027

chronic hypertensive encephalopathy, 1027–1029 malignant hypertension, 1025–1027. See also

Hypertension, malignant.

posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, 1017–1025. See also Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

- miscellaneous disorders, 1056–1068 bilirubin encephalopathy, 1059–1060 heavy metal deposition disorders, 1068 hepatic encephalopathy, 1056–1059 hyperthermic encephalopathy, 1061–1062 osmotic encephalopathy, 1062–1068 uremic encephalopathy, 1060–1061

-parathyroid and related disorders, 1040–1047 hyperparathyroidism, 1040–1042 hypoparathyroid disorders, 1043–1044

primary familial brain calcification (Fahr disease),

1044–1047

-seizures and related disorders, 1047–1056

cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLCCs),

1054–1055

mesial temporal (hippocampal) sclerosis, 1049–1051 status epilepticus, 1051–1054

temporal lobe, anatomy of, 1048–1049 transient global amnesia, 1055–1056

- thyroid disorders, 1036–1040

acquired hypothyroid disorders, 1038–1039 congenital hyperthyroidism, 1036–1037 hyperthyroidism, 1039–1040

Acquired pyogenic infections, 346–363

-abscess. See Abscess.

-empyemas. See Empyema.

-meningitis. See Meningitis.

-ventriculitis, 358–359

as complications of meningitis, 352 differential diagnosis, 359

Acquired viral infections, 364–375

-acute necrotizing encephalopathy. See Encephalopathy, acute necrotizing.

-chronic encephalitides, 372–374

Rasmussen encephalitis, 374

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 372–374

-Epstein-Barr encephalitis, 370, 374, 375

-herpes simplex encephalitis. See Herpes simplex

encephalitis.

-HHV-6 encephalopathy. See HHV-6 encephalopathy.

-influenza-associated encephalopathy, 371, 375

-miscellaneous acute viral encephalitides, 369–372

-miscellaneous infectious viral encephalitides, 372

-rabies encephalitis, 371, 375

-varicella-zoster encephalitis, 369–370, 375

-West Nile virus encephalitis, 370–371, 374, 375

ACR (American College of Radiology) criteria, for imaging appropriateness in head trauma, 7–8

Acrocephalopolysyndactyly. See Carpenter syndrome. Acrocephalosyndactyly

-type 1 (Apert syndrome), 1310

-type 2 (Apert-Crouzon syndrome), 1310

-type 3 (Saethre-Chotzen syndrome), 1310

-type 4 (Waardenburg syndrome), 1310

1318

-type 5 (Pfeiffer syndrome), 1310 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotrophic hormone.

Acute alcohol poisoning, toxic encephalopathy, 920 Acute cerebral ischemia-infarction, 208–220

-cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome vs., 248

-differential diagnosis, 217

-genetics, 209

-status epilepticus vs., 1052

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 464–468

-acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs., 471

-chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy vs., 489

-differential diagnosis, 468

-multiple sclerosis vs., 461

-Susac syndrome vs., 479

Acute dural venous sinus thrombosis, dural arteriovenous fistula vs., 170

Acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE), 1058–1059 Acute hyperglycemic brain injury, 1034–1035

Acute hypertensive encephalopathy, 916, 1017–1025, 1027

-hypoglycemic encephalopathy, pediatric/adult vs., 1031

-thrombotic microangiopathies vs., 321

Acute isolated punctate hippocampal infarction, transient global amnesia vs., 1056

Acute lacunar infarcts, 228

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 761 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 761, 762 Acute-on-chronic liver failure, 1058 Acute subdural hematomas, 26–29, 37

-differential diagnosis, 29 AD. See Alzheimer disease.

Addison disease, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 965 ADEM. See Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Adenohypophysis. See Pituitary gland, anterior. Adenoid cystic carcinoma, direct geographic spread, 854 Adenomagenesis, 790

Adenomas, pituitary. See Pituitary adenomas.

Adrenal insufficiency, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 965 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

-cell hyperplasia, 778

-lymphocytic hypophysitis, 806

Adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked, 963–968 - differential diagnosis, 968 Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), 964 Adult bithalamic lesions, 915

Adventitial (periarterial) fibroplasia, fibromuscular dysplasia, 296

Aging brain. See Brain, normal aging. Agyria, 1212

aHPE. See Alobar holoprosencephaly. Aicardi syndrome

-callosal anomalies, 1200

-choroid plexus papilloma associated with, 569 AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 740–741

-differential diagnosis, 741

-immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, 739 Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomographic

Score (ASPECTS), 213 Alcohol and related disorders

- fetal alcohol syndrome, callosal dysgenesis, 1200

- toxic encephalopathy, 919–931 acute alcohol poisoning, 920

chronic alcoholic encephalopathy, 920–922 ethylene glycol poisoning, 930–931 Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 926–928 methanol intoxication, 928–930

Wernicke encephalopathy, 923–926 Alcoholic encephalopathy, chronic, 920–922 Alexander disease, 997–999

-Canavan disease vs., 997

-differential diagnosis, 998–999

-glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) vs., 1007

-maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) vs., 973

-megaloencephalic leukodystrophy with subcortical cysts vs., 978

-vanishing white matter disease vs., 971

-X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy vs., 965

Alobar holoprosencephaly, 1227–1228

-differential diagnosis, 1228

-hydranencephaly vs., 1238

-semilobar holoprosencephaly vs., 1229 Alveolar echinococcosis. See Echinococcosis. Alzheimer disease (AD), 316, 1075–1082

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vs., 1095

-dementia with Lewy bodies vs., 1092

-differential diagnosis, 1081–1082

-frontotemporal lobar degeneration vs., 1090

-genetics, 1076

-hydrocephalus vs., 1141

-natural history and treatment options, 1080

-normal aging brain vs., 1075

-posterior cortical atrophy vs., 1096

-preclinical/asymptomatic disease, 1076

-presentation, 1079–1080

-staging, grading, and classification, 1078

-terminology, 1076

-vascular dementia vs., 1086

Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), 1109

Amebiasis, 400–402

-amebic abscess due to, 400

-differential diagnosis, 402

-granulomatous amebic encephalitis due to, 400

-primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to, 400 American College of Radiology (ACR) criteria, imaging

appropriateness in head trauma, 7–8 Ammonia disorders, 1008–1009

-differential diagnosis, 1009 Amnesia, transient global, 1055–1056

-differential diagnosis, 1056

-status epilepticus vs., 1052

Amphetamines and derivatives, toxic encephalopathy,

931–934

-benzodiazepines, 932–933

-cocaine, 933–934

-MDMA (ecstasy), 932

-methamphetamine, 932 Amyloid angiopathy

-Aβ42 causing, 1076

-cerebral. See Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

-spontaneous ICH, 114

-vascular dementia and, 1083

Amyloid β-related angiitis (ABRA), 316

Amyloidoma, 316

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 1106–1108

-differential diagnosis, 1108

-wallerian degeneration vs., 1111 Anaplastic astrocytoma

-anaplastic oligodendroglioma vs., 558

-ependymoma vs., 563

-extraventricular neurocytoma vs., 605

-IDH-mutant, 530–532

IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytoma vs., 530

-IDH-wild-type, 533–536

-IDH-wild-type glioblastoma vs., 539–542

-neurofibromatosis type 1, 1244, 1249

-wallerian degeneration vs., 1111 Anaplastic ependymoma, 564 Anaplastic medulloblastoma, 636, 642 Anaplastic meningioma, 673–674

-differential diagnosis, 674

-gliosarcoma vs., 546

Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 527 Anatomic sublocation, sellar neoplasms, 772 Anencephaly, 1225

-due to neurulation errors, 1160 Aneurysmal bone cyst, 825–827

-differential diagnosis, 826–827

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 124–129

-differential diagnosis, 128–129

-grading

clinically based, 125–126 image-based, 127–128

-nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage vs., 97

-perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal SAH vs., 131–132 Aneurysms, 136–153

-anterior circulation, 139

-blood blister-like, 148–149

definition, 124 overview, 136

saccular aneurysm vs., 144 - dissecting, 299

atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm vs., 151 extracranial atherosclerosis vs., 288 pseudoaneurysm vs., 147

-ectasias, 124

-familial intracranial, saccular aneurysm, 138

-fusiform, 149–153

atherosclerotic, 149–151 nonatherosclerotic, 152–153 overview, 124, 136 pseudoaneurysm vs., 147 saccular aneurysm vs., 144

-intranidal, angiography of, 162

-overview, 124

-pedicle, angiography of, 162

-pituitary apoplexy vs., 813

-pituitary macroadenoma vs., 795

-posterior circulation, 139

-pseudoaneurysm, 145–147

differential diagnosis, 147 overview, 124, 136 saccular aneurysm vs., 144

- saccular, 136–144

anomalous blood vessels, 137

Index

1319

definition, 124

differential diagnosis, 143–144 familial intracranial aneurysms, 138 genetics, 137

inherited vasculopathies, 137–138 overview, 136

pseudoaneurysm vs., 147 ruptures, 140

syndromic aneurysms, 137–138 unruptured, 140

-syndromic aneurysms, saccular aneurysm, 137–138

-vestibular schwannoma vs., 716

"Angiocentric" clustering, primary CNS lymphomas, 733 Angiocentric glioma, 580

-differential diagnosis, 580

-dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor vs., 592 Angiocentric lymphoma. See Intravascular (angiocentric)

lymphoma.

Angioendotheliotropic lymphoma. See Intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma.

Angiogenesis, in etiology of vascular malformations, 155 Angiomas. See also Retinal hemangioblastomas.

-venous, 177 Angiopathy

-cerebral amyloid. See Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

-cerebral postpartum. See Cerebral postpartum

angiopathy.

- cerebral proliferative. See Cerebral proliferative angiopathy.

Angiotropic large cell lymphoma. See Intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma.

Anterior cerebral artery, 204–205

-A1 (horizontal) segment, 204

-A2 (vertical) segment, 204

-A3 (callosal) segment, 204

-vascular territory, 205 Anterior neuropore, 1295

Anterior skull base meningioma, esthesioneuroblastoma vs., 652

Anterior temporal EDH, 24

Antidiuretic hormone, pars nervosa secretion, 774 Antineoplastic agents, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 735 Antineuronal antibodies, paraneoplastic limbic

encephalitis, 861 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 315–316

-autoimmune encephalitis vs., 474

-Behçet disease vs., 312

-CADASIL vs., 310

-differential diagnosis, 316

-systemic lupus erythematosus vs., 314

-thrombotic microangiopathies vs., 322 Aortic arch, 277–278

-anomalies

left AA, with aberrant right SCA, 279 right AA

with aberrant left SCA, 279

with mirror image branching, 279

-aortic isthmus, 278

-aortic spindle, 278

-atherosclerosis, 284–285

-vascular territory, 278–279 Apert-Crouzon syndrome, 1310

1320

Apert syndrome

-callosal anomalies, 1200

-syndromic craniosynostosis, 1310

Aphasia, progressive nonfluent, as subtype of frontotemporal dementia, 1088

Apolipoprotein E, 1072

Aprosencephaly, 1225 AQP4-IgG negativity, 477 AQP4-IgG positivity, 476 Arachnoid, anatomy, 610 Arachnoid cyst, 871–875

-cavum velum interpositum vs., 1127

-differential diagnosis, 874

-ecchordosis physaliphora vs., 831

-empty sella vs., 783

-ependymal cyst vs., 900

-epidermoid cyst vs., 876

-genetics, 872

-hemorrhage, 873

-imaging, 1194

-neurenteric cyst vs., 883

-neuroglial cyst vs., 891–892

-porencephalic cyst vs., 893

-Rathke cleft cyst vs., 790

-retrocerebellar, Dandy-Walker continuum vs., 1191

-schizencephaly vs., 1223

-tumor-associated cysts vs., 887

-vestibular schwannoma vs., 716

Arachnoid granulations

-giant, dural sinus thrombosis vs., 265

-middle cranial fossa, 1303

-skull and dural metastases vs., 850

-venous occlusion mimic, 274 Arachnoid membrane, anatomy, 773 Archenteric cyst. See Neurenteric cyst. ARR. See Arrhinencephaly. Arrhinencephaly, 1236–1237

-lobar holoprosencephaly vs., 1229–1231

Arterial anatomy, 197–251 - normal, 197–208

Arterial epidural hematoma, 21–23 Arterial infarcts, 208–246

-acute cerebral ischemia-infarction, 208–220

-hypoxic-ischemic injury. See Hypoxic-ischemic injury.

-lacunar infarcts, 227–229

-multiple embolic infarcts, 217–227

-subacute cerebral infarcts, 221–222

-watershed ("border zone") infarcts, 229–232 Arterial infundibulum, saccular aneurysm vs., 144

Arterial standing waves, fibromuscular dysplasia and, 298 Arterial strokes, deep cerebral venous thrombosis vs., 270 Arterial thrombosis, dissection vs., 302

Arteries

-ectasia of, colloid cyst vs., 898

-sellar region anatomy, 774

Arteriolosclerosis, 293–294

-differential diagnosis, 294

-vascular dementia and, 1083 Arteriopathy, neurofibromatosis type 1, 1243

Arteriosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus vs., 314 Arteriovenous fistula

-dural. See Dural arteriovenous fistula.

- pial, 173

dural arteriovenous fistula vs., 170 Arteriovenous malformation, 157–163

-brain, abusive head trauma (child abuse) vs., 60

-differential diagnosis, 162

-genetics, 157

-prevalence, 156

Artery of Percheron, 207 - infarction, 249–251

Wernicke encephalopathy vs., 926 Arthropod-borne encephalitis, 374 Artifacts

-"bounce point," superficial siderosis vs., 135

-flow, as venous occlusion mimic, 273

-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage vs., 38 Ascending transalar herniation, 73–74 Ascending transtentorial herniation, 73 aSDHs. See Acute subdural hematomas.

ASPECTS. See Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed

Tomographic Score.

Aspergillosis, 386, 387

Astroblastoma, 576–577, 580

-differential diagnosis, 577

-embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-

altered vs., 647

-ependymoma vs., 563 Astrocytes, 1161 Astrocytoma, anaplastic

-anaplastic oligodendroglioma vs., 558

-ependymoma vs., 563

-extraventricular neurocytoma vs., 605

-IDH-mutant, 530–532

-IDH-wild-type, 533–536

-IDH-wild-type glioblastoma vs., 539–542

-neurofibromatosis type 1, 1244, 1249

-wallerian degeneration vs., 1111 Astrocytoma, diffuse, 527–549

-anaplastic astrocytoma

IDH-mutant, 530–532

IDH-wild-type, 533–536

-in children, 512

-diffuse gliomas

midline, H3 K27M-mutant, 548–549 pediatric, 546–548

-diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant, 548–549

-ganglioglioma vs., 587

-glioblastomas

IDH-mutant, 542–543

IDH-wild-type, 536–542

-gliosarcoma, 543–546

-IDH-mutant, 528–530

differential diagnosis, 529–530

-IDH-wild-type, 532–533

-oligodendroglioma vs., 556

-pediatric diffuse gliomas, 546–548 Astrocytoma, localized, 512–527

-anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 527

-pilocytic astrocytoma, 513–519

-pilomyxoid astrocytoma, 519–521

-pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 525–527

-subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, 521–525

Astrocytoma, pilocytic, 513–519

-in children, 512

-chordoid glioma of third ventricle vs., 578

-differential diagnosis, 518–519

-ependymoma vs., 563

-ganglioglioma vs., 587

-hemangioblastoma vs., 691

-IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytoma vs., 530

-neurofibromatosis type 1, 1244

-pilomyxoid astrocytoma vs., 520

-pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma vs., 527

-rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor vs., 593

-von Hippel-Lindau disease vs., 1266 Astrocytoma, pilomyxoid, 512, 519–521

-differential diagnosis, 520

-pilocytic astrocytoma vs., 519

-staging, grading, and classification, 520 Astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell, 512, 521–525

-central neurocytoma vs., 605

-in children, 512

-differential diagnosis, 523–525

-subependymoma vs., 567

-tuberous sclerosis complex, 1256, 1259 Astrocytoma/ganglioglioma, desmoplastic infantile, 589

-differential diagnosis, 589

Astrocytomas, 509–549

- age and location, 511–512 adult, 512

childhood, 511–512 young adults, 512

-astroblastoma vs., 577

-classification and grading, 501–502, 510–511

-colloid cyst vs., 898

-diffuse (low-grade) fibrillary, pleomorphic

xanthoastrocytoma vs., 527

-diffusely infiltrating, herpes simplex encephalitis vs.,

366

-hypothalamic/chiasmatic, craniopharyngioma vs., 803

-Langerhans cell histiocytosis vs., 752–753

-low-grade diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma,

subependymal giant cell astrocytoma vs., 525

-origin, 509–510

-pilocytic, optic pathway/hypothalamic, hypothalamic

hamartoma vs., 787

ASVD. See Atherosclerotic vascular disease. Asymmetric lateral ventricles

-cavum septi pellucidi and vergae vs., 1125

-as normal variant, 1124

AT/RT. See Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. Ataxia-telangiectasia, 1292–1293

-congenital glycosylation disorders vs., 1015

-differential diagnosis, 1293

Atelencephaly, 1225

ATH. See Ascending transtentorial herniation. Atherogenesis, 281–284

Atherosclerosis, 281–294

-arteriolosclerosis, 293–294

-atherogenesis, 281–284

-dissection vs., 302

-extracranial atherosclerosis, 284–289

-fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 298

-genetics, 282

Index

1321

-intracranial atherosclerosis, 289–293

-moyamoya disease vs., 309

-neovascularization in, 283

subintimal hemorrhage due to, 283

-stable plaques, 283

-ulcerated plaques, 283

-vulnerable plaques, 283 Atherosclerosis, extracranial, 284–289

-aortic arch and great vessels, 284–285

-carotid bifurcation/internal carotid arteries, 285–287

-differential diagnosis, 288–289

-vertebral arteries, 287–288

Atherosclerosis, intracranial, 289–293

-atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm in, 291

-ectasia in, 291

-intracranial stenoocclusive disease in, 291–293 Atherosclerotic (ASVD) strokes, acute cerebral ischemia-

infarction, 209

Atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm, 149–151

-differential diagnosis, 151 Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD), 281 Atretic cephalocele, 1298

Atrophy, age-related, normal hydrocephalus vs., 1141 Atypical HUS (aHUS), 320

Atypical meningioma, 670–673

-anaplastic meningioma vs., 674

-solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma vs., 686 Atypical monoclonal plasma cell hyperplasia, 765 Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, 652–656, 1272–1273

-differential diagnosis, 656

-embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-

altered vs., 647

-nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome vs., 1272 Auricular artery, 280

Autism, Rett syndrome vs., 992

Autoimmune diseases, primary CNS lymphoma, 739 Autoimmune encephalitis, 472–474

-CLIPPERS vs., 482

-differential diagnosis, 474

-herpes simplex encephalitis vs., 368 Autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders,

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vs., 1095 Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPCKD),

saccular aneurysm, 138

Autosomal-dominant spinocerebellar ataxias, 1114 Autosomal-recessive spinocerebellar ataxias, 1114 Axonal injury, diffuse. See Diffuse axonal injury.

Axonal stretch injuries, Marchiafava-Bignami disease vs.,

928

B

Balo concentric sclerosis, 463–464

Band heterotopia or "double cortex" syndrome, in lissencephaly spectrum, 1212

Bartonella henselae, 374

Basal cell carcinoma

-plexiform neurofibroma vs., 726

-trichilemmal cysts vs., 870

Basal cell nevus (Gorlin) syndrome, 1271–1272, 1277 - differential diagnosis, 1272

Index

1322

Basal ganglia, 1097

-calcification, primary familial brain calcification vs.,

1046–1047

-dopaminergic striatonigral system, 906

-infarct, descending transtentorial herniation, 71

-lesions, bilateral, differential diagnosis, 909–911 common, 910

less common, 910

rare but important, 911

-metabolism, 906

-normal gross anatomy, 906–908

caudate nucleus, 907 globus pallidus, 907 putamen, 907 substantia nigra, 907

subthalamic nucleus, 907–908 thalamus, 907

Basal vein of Rosenthal, 257

Basilar infarction. See "Top of the basilar" infarct. Basilar perforating artery infarcts, osmotic

encephalopathy vs., 1067

Basipharyngeal canal. See Craniopharyngeal canal, persistent.

BBAs. See Blood blister-like aneurysms. BCVIs. See Blunt cerebrovascular injuries. BD. See Brain death.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, neonatal/infantile hypoglycemia associated with, 1031

Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD),

1088

Behçet disease, 311–312

- differential diagnosis, 312

Benign expansion of the subarachnoid spaces (BESS) of infancy, glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) vs., 1007

Benign familial macrocephaly, glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) vs., 1007

Benign mesenchymal tumors, 674–676 Benzodiazepines, toxic encephalopathy, 932–933 "Berry" aneurysm

-definition, 124

-overview, 136

Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, CLIPPERS vs., 482 Bilateral "open lip" schizencephaly, hydranencephaly vs.,

1238

Bilharziasis. See Schistosomiasis. Bilirubin encephalopathy, 1059–1060 - differential diagnosis, 1060

Bithalamic glioma, deep cerebral venous thrombosis vs.,

270

Bithalamic lesions

-by age, 915

-common, 916

-less common, 916

-rare but important, 917 Blake pouch cyst

-in Dandy-Walker continuum, 1186

-imaging, 1194

Blastoma, pituitary, 795–798

Blastomycosis, 386. See also Fungal infections.

Blood blister-like aneurysms, 148–149

-definition, 124

-overview, 136

- saccular aneurysm vs., 144

Blood vessels, anomalous, saccular aneurysm, 137 "Blooming black dots," nonhemorrhagic, 120

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS), 184, 1293 - Sturge-Weber syndrome vs., 1284

Blunt cerebrovascular injuries, 78–79 BMTs. See Benign mesenchymal tumors.

Bone and dura, posterior fossa anatomy, 1169–1170 Bone CT

-head trauma checklist, 11

-imaging head trauma, 10

Bone dysplasias, neurofibromatosis type 1, 1246 Bone marrow changes, HIV/AIDS-related, 424–425 "Bounce point" artifact, superficial siderosis vs., 135 Braak and Braak system, 1108

Brachiocephalic trunk, 278 Brachium pontis, 1171

Brachycephaly, in nonsyndromic craniosynostoses, 1308 Brain

-atrophy, chronic/mixed subdural hematoma vs., 33–35

-extremely premature, lissencephaly spectrum vs., 1214

-normal aging, 1072–1075

biomarkers, 1072–1073 genetics, 1072

Lewy bodies in, 1074 neurofibrillary tangles in, 1074 senile plaques in, 1073 "successfully aging brain," 1072 terminology in, 1072

- unmyelinated, as venous occlusion mimic, 274

Brain arteriovenous malformation, abusive head trauma (child abuse) vs., 60

"Brain attack" protocols, acute cerebral ischemiainfarction, 211

Brain death, 79–81

-differential diagnosis, 80–81

-due to descending transtentorial herniation, 71 Brain degeneration, dementia, 917

Brain injuries. See CNS trauma, primary effects; CNS

trauma, secondary effects and sequelae; Parenchymal injuries.

Brain interstitial fluid

-anatomy of, 1121–1123

-function of, 1123

Brain iron accumulation disorders, 982–985

-differential diagnosis, 983–985

-metabolic approach, classification, 959

Brain laceration, cerebral contusions and lacerations vs.,

41

Brain malformations, imaging approach, 1166–1167

-image analysis, 1166–1167

-technical considerations, 1166

"Brain rocks." See Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of neuraxis. "Brain stones." See Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of neuraxis. Brain swelling

-end-stage, brain death vs., 80

-posttraumatic, 75–76

Brain windows

-head trauma checklist, 11

-imaging head trauma, 9

Brainstem, in posterior fossa anatomy, 1170

1324

Carotid sulci, anatomy, 773 Carpenter syndrome, 1310–1311

Cat scratch disease, nontuberculous cervical lymphadenitis vs., 385

Caudate nucleus, 906

-normal gross anatomy, 907 Cavernous angiomas, multiple

-cerebral amyloid disease vs., 320

-parenchymal metastases vs., 846 Cavernous malformation

-calcifying pseudoneoplasm of neuraxis vs., 833

-hemangioblastoma vs., 691

Cavernous sinus, 255–256

- sellar region anatomy, 775

Cavernous sinus thrombosis/thrombophlebitis, 271–273

-carotid-cavernous fistula vs., 173

-differential diagnosis, 272

Cavum of velum interpositum, normal variant of velum interpositum, 609

Cavum septi pellucidi and vergae, 1124–1125

-cavum velum interpositum vs., 1127

-differential diagnosis, 1125

Cavum velum interpositum, 1126–1127

-cavum septi pellucidi and vergae vs., 1125

-differential diagnosis, 1127

Cellular schwannoma, 710

Cemental dysplasia, periapical, fibrous dysplasia vs., 822 Cementoosseous dysplasia, focal, fibrous dysplasia vs., 822 Central neurocytoma, 601–605

-differential diagnosis, 605

-extraventricular neurocytoma vs., 605

-oligodendroglioma vs., 556

-staging, grading, and classification, 602

-subependymal giant cell astrocytoma vs., 525

-subependymoma vs., 567

Cephaloceles, 1298–1305

-atretic, 1298

-definition, 1298

-frontoethmoidal, 1299–1302

associated abnormalities, 1300 differential diagnosis, 1302 terminology and classification, 1299

- occipital, 1299

terminology and classification, 1299

-parietal, 130, 1302

-skull base, 1302–1303

middle cranial fossa arachnoid granulations, 1303 midline, 1302–1303

sphenoethmoidal lesions, 1302–1303 sphenomaxillary, 1303

-trichilemmal cysts vs., 870 Cephalohematomas, 15

Cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome. See Greig syndrome. Cerebellar cortex, 1171

Cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic, 862–863 Cerebellar disruption, imaging, 1194

Cerebellar dysplasias, unclassified, 1193 Cerebellar gangliocytoma, dysplastic, 598–601

-differential diagnosis, 600–601

-genetics, 599

-staging, grading, and classification, 599

Cerebellar hemorrhage, remote, 119

Cerebellar hypoplasia

-callosal dysgenesis, 1200

-imaging, 1194

-unclassified, 1193

Cerebellar infarction, dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma vs., 600

Cerebellar tonsils, 1173 Cerebellar vein, precentral, 259

Cerebellitis, in varicella-zoster encephalitis, 371 Cerebellum

-in Chiari 2 malformation, 1181–1182

-in posterior fossa anatomy, 1170–1171

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), 316

-Alzheimer disease vs., 1081

-category of macrohemorrhage, 119

-chronic hypertensive encephalopathy vs., 1028–1029

-diffuse axonal injury vs., 45

-hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage vs., 118

-vascular dementia vs., 1087

Cerebral amyloid disease, 316–320

-differential diagnosis, 320

-genetics, 316

Cerebral aqueduct, normal anatomy of, 1121 Cerebral artery, anterior, 204–205

-A1 (horizontal) segment, 204

-A2 (vertical) segment, 204

-A3 (callosal) segment, 204

-vascular territory, 205 Cerebral artery, middle, 205

-large territorial infarcts, cerebral hemiatrophy vs., 1115

-M1 (horizontal) segment, 205

-M2 (insular) segment, 205

-M3 (opercular) segment, 205

-M4 (cortical) segment, 205

Cerebral artery, posterior, 205–207 - normal anatomy, 205–206

P1 (precommunicating) segment, 205

P2 (ambient) segment, 205

P3 (quadrigeminal) segment, 206

P4 (calcarine) segment, 206

-secondary (occipital) infarct, descending transtentorial herniation, 71

-variants and anomalies, 206–207

artery of Percheron, 207 "fetal" origin, 206

- vascular territory, 206

Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy without subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), chronic hypertensive encephalopathy vs.,

1029

Cerebral calculi. See Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of neuraxis.

Cerebral cavernous malformation, 186–190

-associated abnormalities, 187

-differential diagnosis, 190

-genetics, 186

-staging, grading, and classification, 187 Cerebral contusions and lacerations, 38–42, 47

-differential diagnosis, 41–42

Cerebral edema, diffuse

-acute cerebral ischemia-infarction vs., 217

-as venous occlusion mimic, 274

Index

1326

Chiari 1.5 malformation, 1185 Chiari 4 malformation, 1186

Chikungunya encephalitis, 375 Childhood bithalamic lesions, 915 Children, origin of CNS metastases, 836 Chloromas, 761, 764

Chondromas, benign mesenchymal tumors vs., 675 Chondrosarcoma, skull base, chordoma vs., 829 Chordoid glioma, of third ventricle, 577–579, 580

-differential diagnosis, 578

-staging, grading, and classification, 577

Chordoid meningioma, chordoid glioma of third ventricle vs., 578

Chordoma, 827–830

-clival, ecchordosis physaliphora vs., 831

-conventional, 829

-differential diagnosis, 829–830 Choriocarcinoma, mixed with nongerminomatous

malignant germ cell tumors, 630 Choriomeningitis virus, lymphocytic, 341–342, 343

-congenital cytomegalovirus vs., 336

-differential diagnosis, 342 "Choristoma." See Pituicytoma.

Choroid fissure, mesial temporal (hippocampal) sclerosis vs., 1051

Choroid fissure cyst, 875 Choroid plexus

-anatomy, 1121–1123

-function, 1123

-hyperplasia, choroid plexus papilloma vs., 572

-isolated, newborns and infants, 111

-normal development of, 1120

Choroid plexus carcinoma, 572–575

-choroid plexus papilloma vs., 571

-differential diagnosis, 575

-genetics, 572

-overproduction hydrocephalus etiology, 1137

-rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome, 1273

-staging, grading, and classification, 574 Choroid plexus cyst, 893–895

-differential diagnosis, 895

-ependymal cyst vs., 900

-genetics, 894

-overproduction hydrocephalus etiology, 1137 Choroid plexus metastases, 853

-choroid plexus papilloma vs., 572

-differential diagnosis, 853

Choroid plexus papilloma, 569–572 - atypical, 572, 575

choroid plexus carcinoma vs., 575 choroid plexus papilloma vs., 571

-calcifying pseudoneoplasm of neuraxis vs., 833

-choroid plexus carcinoma vs., 575

-classic medulloblastoma vs., 640

-differential diagnosis, 571–572

-overproduction hydrocephalus etiology, 1137

-rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor vs., 593

-staging, grading, and classification, 570

-subependymoma vs., 567

Choroid plexus tumors, 568–575

- atypical. See Choroid plexus papilloma, atypical.

-choroid plexus carcinoma. See Choroid plexus carcinoma.

-choroid plexus papilloma. See Choroid plexus papilloma.

-classification and grading, 502–503

Choroid plexus xanthogranuloma. See also Choroid plexus cyst.

-choroid plexus metastases vs., 853

-choroid plexus papilloma vs., 572 Choroidal artery

-anterior, 199

-medial posterior, 205, 610

Choroidal melanoma, ocular metastases vs., 854 Chromophobes, 774

Chronic alcoholic encephalopathy, 920–922 Chronic cerebral infarcts, 223

Chronic dural venous sinus thrombosis, dural arteriovenous fistula vs., 170

Chronic hepatic encephalopathy, 1057 Chronic hyperglycemic brain injury, 1034

Chronic hypertensive encephalopathy, 1027–1029

-cerebral amyloid disease vs., 320

-differential diagnosis, 1028–1029

-diffuse axonal injury vs., 45

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 489 - perineural metastases vs., 857

Chronic interstitial demyelinating polyneuropathy, 729 Chronic lacunar infarcts, 228

Chronic liver failure, bilirubin encephalopathy vs., 1060 Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine

perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids. See CLIPPERS.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 762 Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 761 Chronic subdural hematoma, 32–35

-arachnoid cyst vs., 874

-differential diagnosis, 33–35

-longstanding, 33

-uncomplicated, 33

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, 82–83 CIDP. See Chronic interstitial demyelinating

polyneuropathy. Circle of Willis, 202–204

-vascular territory, 203 Cistern

-quadrigeminal, 609

-of velum interpositum, 609 "Claw" sign, Rathke cleft cyst, 789

CLIPPERS (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine

perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids),

481–482

- lymphomatoid granulomatosis vs., 743

Clival chordoma, ecchordosis physaliphora vs., 831 Clival EDH, 24

Clival venous plexus, 255 CNC. See Carney complex.

CNPAS. See Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis. CNS embryonal tumors, 643–652

-CNS neuroblastoma, 648–650

-embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MCaltered, 643–647

-esthesioneuroblastoma, 650–652

-medulloepithelioma, 648

Index

1328

Commissural anomalies, 1197–1201

-callosal dysgenesis spectrum. See Callosal dysgenesis, spectrum.

-genetic conditions with callosal involvement 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 1200 Aicardi syndrome, 1200

Apert syndrome, 1200 CRASH syndrome, 1200 fragile X syndrome, 1201

morning glory syndrome, 1201 Williams syndrome, 1200

-malformations associated with callosal dysgenesis,

1200

-thick corpus callosum, 1201

Commissures

-connection of two crura by, 609

-habenular commissure, 609

-normal development, 1195–1196

-normal gross and imaging anatomy, 1196–1197 anterior commissure, 1196–1197

corpus callosum, 1196 hippocampal commissure, 1197

-pineal region anatomy, 609

-posterior commissure, 609 Congenital anatomic variation, 273

Congenital glycosylation disorders, 1014–1015

-differential diagnosis, 1015

Congenital hyperthyroidism, 1036–1037 - differential diagnosis, 1037

Congenital infections, 331–345. See also CNS infections.

-congenital cytomegalovirus, 332–337, 343

-congenital (perinatal) HIV, 342–343

-congenital toxoplasmosis, 336–337, 343

-herpes simplex virus, 337–340, 343

-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 341–342, 343

-rubella, 343, 343–344

-syphilis, 344–345

-TORCH infections, 332

-Zika virus infection, 340–341, 343, 375

Congenital malformations, 1159–1167

- brain malformations, imaging approach, 1166–1167 image analysis, 1166–1167

technical considerations, 1166

- cerebral hemisphere formation, 1159–1163 myelination, 1163

neuronal migration, 1161–1162 neuronal proliferation, 1160–1161 neurulation, 1159–1160

operculization, sulcation, and gyration, 1162–1163 - midbrain and hindbrain development, 1163

major embryologic events, 1163 midbrain-hindbrain anomalies, 1163

Congenital muscular dystrophy, 974–976 - differential diagnosis, 976

Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis, 1234 Congenital toxoplasmosis, 336–337

-congenital cytomegalovirus vs., 335–336

-congenital (perinatal) HIV vs., 343

-differential diagnosis, 337

-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vs., 342 Connatal cysts, neuroglial cyst vs., 892

Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease (CERAD), 1108

Contrast leakage, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage vs.,

38

Conventional schwannoma, 710

Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 124, 132–134, 268

-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage vs., 128

-nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage vs., 98

-perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal SAH vs., 132 Copper metabolism, disorders of, 989–990

-metabolic approach, classification, 959

"Cord" sign, superficial cerebral vein thrombosis, 268 Corpus callosum

-normal gross and imaging anatomy, 1196

-thick, 1201

Corpus callosum dysgenesis, frontoethmoidal cephaloceles associated, 1300

Corpus callosum impingement syndrome (CCIS), 1133 Corpus callosum splenium, anatomy, 610

Corpus striatum, 906

Cortex, affecting, inherited metabolic disorders, 990–992

-neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 992

-Rett syndrome, 992

Cortical atrophy, posterior, 1096

-dementia with Lewy bodies vs., 1092 Cortical contusions, diffuse axonal injury vs., 45

Cortical development, malformations, 1201–1202

-with abnormal cell numbers/types, 1202–1210

focal cortical dysplasias. See Focal cortical dysplasias. hemimegaloencephaly. See Hemimegaloencephaly. microcephalies. See Microcephalies.

-callosal dysgenesis, 1200

-focal, hemimegaloencephaly vs., 1210

-neuronal migration abnormalities, 1210–1218 heterotopias, 1210–1212

lissencephaly spectrum, 1212–1215

-secondary to abnormal postmigrational development,

1219–1223

polymicrogyria. See Polymicrogyria. schizencephaly. See Schizencephaly.

-stages of, 1201–1202

Cortical dysplasia

-cerebellar, dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma vs., 601

-gangliocytoma vs., 596

-mesial temporal (hippocampal) sclerosis vs., 1051

-multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor of

cerebrum vs., 598 Cortical neurons

-errors in cortical organization, 1162

-genesis of, 1161

Cortical sulcal effacement, acute cerebral ischemiainfarction, 213

Cortical tubers, tuberous sclerosis complex, 1256, 1258, 1259

Cortical veins, superficial, 256–257

-inferior cortical veins, 257

-middle cortical veins, 256–257

Cortical venous thrombosis, thrombotic microangiopathies vs., 322

Cortically based neoplasms, focal cortical dysplasias vs.,

1207

Index

1330

Cyanide poisoning

-creatine deficiency syndromes vs., 987

-methanol intoxication vs., 930

-toxic encephalopathy, 940–942

Cyanide toxicity, brain iron accumulation disorders vs.,

983–984

"Cyst apoplexy," Rathke cleft cyst, 789

Cystic cerebellar astrocytoma. See Pilocytic astrocytoma. Cystic encephalomalacia

-hydranencephaly vs., 1238

-porencephalic cyst vs., 893

Cystic metastases, ependymal cyst vs., 900

Cystic neoplasms, tumor-associated cysts vs., 887

Cystic pituitary adenoma, Rathke cleft cyst vs., 790

Cysts

-aneurysmal bone, 825–827

-craniopharyngioma, 803

-neuroglial, echinococcosis vs., 400

-other nonneoplastic, Rathke cleft cyst vs., 790

-pars intermedia, pituitary microadenoma vs., 795

-second branchial cleft, nontuberculous cervical

lymphadenitis, 385 Cysts, nonneoplastic, 867–901

-extraaxial, 868, 871–887

-four key anatomy-based questions, 867, 868

-intraaxial, 868, 893–899

-parenchymal cysts, 887–892

-scalp cysts, 868–870

trichilemmal ("sebaceous") cyst, 868–870 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections

- congenital, 332–336, 343 congenital (perinatal) HIV vs., 343 differential diagnosis, 335–336

peroxisomal biogenesis disorders vs., 1001 toxoplasmosis vs., 335–336

Zika virus infection vs., 341

-HIV/AIDS-related, 436–437, 438 HIV encephalitis vs., 422

-lissencephaly spectrum vs., 1215

Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLCCs),

1054–1055

D

DAI. See Diffuse axonal injury. Dandy-Walker continuum, 1186–1191

-Blake pouch cyst, 1186

-Dandy-Walker malformation, 1186

-differential diagnosis, 1189

-mega cisterna magna, 1186

-terminology, 1186

-vermian hypoplasia, 1186

Dandy-Walker malformation, 1186

-imaging, 1194 Dandy-Walker spectrum

-callosal dysgenesis, 1200

-PHACE syndrome, 1290

dAVFs. See Dural arteriovenous fistula.

Deep brain injury. See Subcortical (deep brain) injury. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), Parkinson disease, 1100

Deep cerebral veins, 257–258

-deep paramedian veins, 258

-medullary veins, 257–258

-subependymal veins, 258

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis, 269–270 - differential diagnosis, 270

Deep gray nuclei, inherited metabolic disorders, 982–990

-brain iron accumulation disorders, 982–985

-creatine deficiency syndromes, 985–987

-disorder of copper metabolism, 989–990

-Huntington disease, 987–989

Deep middle cerebral vein (DMCV), inferior cortical vein,

257

Degenerative and CSF disorders, 917

-age-related changes, 917

-dementia and brain degeneration, 917

-hydrocephalus, 917

Degenerative disorders, 1096–1116

-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1106–1108 wallerian degeneration vs., 1111

-cerebral hemiatrophy, 1114–1116

-corticobasal degeneration, 1105–1106

-dopaminergic striatonigral system and, 1097

-gross anatomy in, 1097–1098

-hypertrophic olivary degeneration, 1111–1113

-multiple system atrophy. See Multiple system atrophy.

-normal age-related, Alzheimer disease vs., 1081

-Parkinson disease. See Parkinson disease.

-progressive supranuclear palsy. See Supranuclear palsy,

progressive.

-spinocerebellar ataxias, 1113–1114

-wallerian degeneration, 1108–1111 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis vs., 1108 etiology in, 1109

terminology in, 1109

Degenerative stenoocclusive disease, moyamoya disease vs., 309

Dementia with Lewy bodies, 1090–1092

-Alzheimer disease vs., 1082

-corticobasal degeneration vs., 1106

-differential diagnosis, 1092

-etiology of, 1090–1091

-posterior cortical atrophy vs., 1096

-vascular dementia vs., 1087 Dementias, 1075–1096

-Alzheimer disease. See Alzheimer disease.

-brain degeneration, 917

-corticobasal degeneration. See Corticobasal

degeneration.

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

-dementia with Lewy bodies. See Dementia with Lewy

bodies.

-posterior cortical atrophy, 1096 dementia with Lewy bodies vs., 1092

-vascular dementia. See Vascular dementia. Demyelinating diseases, 329–330, 449–491

-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis vs., 1108

-autoimmune encephalitis, 472–482 autoimmune encephalitis, 472–474 CLIPPERS, 481–482

Guillain-Barré spectrum disorders, 474

1334

reduced cerebellar volume, 82 Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated, 464–468

-acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs., 471

-chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy vs., 489

-differential diagnosis, 468

-multiple sclerosis vs., 461

-Susac syndrome vs., 479

Encephalopathy

-acute necrotizing, 371–372 malaria vs., 405

-chronic traumatic, 82–83

-HHV-6, 368–369

-influenza-associated, 371–372, 375

-necrotizing, acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs.,

471

-subcortical arteriosclerotic, CADASIL vs., 310

-thyroid, autoimmune encephalitis vs., 474 Encephalopathy, toxic, 919–947

-alcohol and related disorder, 919–931

acute alcohol poisoning, 920

chronic alcoholic encephalopathy, 920–922 ethylene glycol poisoning, 930–931 Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 926–928 methanol intoxication, 928–930

Wernicke encephalopathy, 923–926

- amphetamines and derivatives, 931–934 benzodiazepines, 932–933

cocaine, 933–934 MDMA (ecstasy), 932 methamphetamine, 932

- inhaled gases and toxins, 936–942 carbon monoxide poisoning, 937–939 cyanide poisoning, 940–942

nitrous oxide, 939 organophosphate poisoning, 940 toluene abuse, 939–940

-metal poisoning and toxicity, 942–943 lead poisoning, 942

mercury poisoning, 942–943

-opioids and derivatives, 935–936 heroin, 935–936

methadone, 936 oxycodone, 936

- treatment-related disorders, 943–947 chemotherapy effects, 944–946 effects of surgery, 946–947 radiation injury, 943–944

Enchondromas, benign mesenchymal tumors vs., 675 End-organ failure, pituitary hyperplasia, 778 Endocrinologic disorders, Fabry disease vs., 1014 Endodermal cyst. See Neurenteric cyst. Endolymphatic sac tumors, von Hippel-Lindau disease,

1263–1264, 1266

Endovascular lymphoma. See Intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma.

Enlarged subarachnoid spaces, arachnoid cyst vs., 874 Enteric cyst. See Neurenteric cyst.

Enterogenous cyst. See Neurenteric cyst. Ependymal cyst, 899–900

-cavum septi pellucidi and vergae vs., 1125

-choroid plexus cysts vs., 895

- differential diagnosis, 900

Ependymal spread, dissemination, in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma, 539

Ependymal tumors, 559–568

-anaplastic ependymoma, 564

-classification and grading, 502

-ependymoma. See Ependymoma.

-myxopapillary ependymoma, 567–568

-RELA- and YAP1- fusion-positive ependymoma, 564

-subependymoma. See Subependymoma. Ependymoma, 560

-anaplastic, 564

-differential diagnosis, 563

-hemispheric, astroblastoma vs., 577

-myxopapillary, 567–568

-pilocytic astrocytoma vs., 518

-RELA- and YAP1- fusion-positive, 564

-RELA-fusion, desmoplastic infantile

astrocytoma/ganglioglioma vs., 589

-rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor vs., 593

-staging, grading, and classification, 561

-supratentorial cellular, central neurocytoma vs., 605 Epidermal nevus syndrome, 1276–1277

Epidermoid cyst, 875–877

-arachnoid cyst vs., 874

-cavum velum interpositum vs., 1127

-craniopharyngioma vs., 804

-dermoid cyst vs., 879

-differential diagnosis, 876–877

-ecchordosis physaliphora vs., 831

-ependymal cyst vs., 900

-Langerhans cell histiocytosis vs., 752

-neurenteric cyst vs., 883

-neuroglial cyst vs., 891–892

-Rathke cleft cyst vs., 790

-trichilemmal cysts vs., 870

-vestibular schwannoma vs., 716

Epidural air, pneumocephalus, 49

Epidural hematomas

-acute subdural hematoma vs., 29

-anterior temporal, 24

-arterial, 21–23

-clival, 24

-location, 21

-venous, 23–24

-vertex, 23

Epidural hemorrhage, nontraumatic, 98 Epstein-Barr encephalitis, 370, 374, 375

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), primary CNS lymphoma and, 739 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive diffuse large B-cell

lymphomas, 739

Erdheim-Chester disease, 750–751, 754–756 Esthesioneuroblastoma, 650–652

-differential diagnosis, 652

-direct geographic spread, 854

-low-grade, 651

État criblé, enlarged perivascular spaces vs., 889 Ethylene glycol poisoning, 930–931

Excitotoxic brain injury, 85

Extensive nodularity, medulloblastoma with, 636, 641 Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB), 379 External (cortical) WS infarcts, 231

Index

1336

Fibrosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor vs., 729

Fibrous dysplasia, 819–823

-differential diagnosis, 822–823

-genetics, 819–820

-monostotic, 820

-Paget disease vs., 824

-polyostotic, 820

FIPA syndrome. See Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) syndrome.

Fisher scale, grading aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 126

Fistula

-carotid-cavernous, 171–173 Barrow classification of, 172

cavernous sinus thrombosis/thrombophlebitis vs.,

272

differential diagnosis, 173 "direct" CCFs, 171 "indirect" CCFs, 171

staging, grading, and classification, 172

-dural arteriovenous, 165–170

Borden classification of, 170 Cognard classification of, 170 differential diagnosis, 170

giant, of childhood, vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation vs., 176

-pial arteriovenous, 173 Flocculi, 1174

Florid osseous dysplasia, fibrous dysplasia vs., 822 Flow artifacts, as venous occlusion mimic, 273 Focal axonal degeneration, 1109

Focal cementoosseous dysplasia, fibrous dysplasia vs., 822 Focal cortical dysplasias, 1204–1207

-classification, 1205

-differential diagnosis, 1207

-dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor vs., 592

-polymicrogyria vs., 1220

-tuberous sclerosis complex vs., 1260

Focal idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis, meningioma vs., 669

Focal intralabyrinthine schwannomas, 712–713 Focal perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury, 245

Folliculostellate cell tumor. See Spindle cell oncocytoma. Fonticulus frontalis, 1295

Foramen cecum, 1295 Foramen of Magendie, 1171 Foramen of Monro, 1120–1121 Forehead, embryology, 1295

Fornix, pineal region anatomy, 609 Fourth ventricle

-and cisterns, in posterior fossa anatomy, 1171–1172

-normal anatomy of, 1121

Fragile X syndrome, callosal anomalies, 1201 Friedreich ataxia, 1114

- ataxia-telangiectasia vs., 1293

Frontonasal dysplasia, callosal dysgenesis, 1200 Frontotemporal dementia, behavioral-variant, 1088 Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), 1087–1090

-Alzheimer disease vs., 1082

-corticobasal degeneration vs., 1106

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vs., 1095

-differential diagnosis, 1090

-vascular dementia vs., 1086

Frontotemporal lobar dementia, Huntington disease vs.,

988

FTLD-FUS, 1088

FTLD-tau, 1087

FTLD-TDP, 1087

Fungal infections, 385–390

-differential diagnosis, 389–390

-intracranial inflammatory pseudotumors vs., 486 Fungal sinusitis, invasive, sinonasal squamous cell

carcinoma vs., 855 Fusiform aneurysms, 149–153

-atherosclerotic, 149–151 differential diagnosis, 151

-nonatherosclerotic, 152–153

atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm vs., 151 differential diagnosis, 152–153

-overview, 124, 136

-pseudoaneurysm vs., 147

-saccular aneurysm vs., 144

G

Gadolinium deposition, 1068

Gangliocytoma, 594–596

-differential diagnosis, 596

-dysplastic cerebellar, 598–601

-hemimegaloencephaly vs., 1210

-heterotopias vs., 1212 Ganglioglioma, 584–587

-anaplastic, 588

-angiocentric glioma vs., 580

-differential diagnosis, 587

-dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor vs., 592

-dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma vs., 600

-gangliocytoma vs., 596

-molecular genetics, 584

-pilocytic astrocytoma vs., 519

-pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma vs., 527

-staging, grading, and classification, 585 Ganglion cell tumors, overview, 584 Ganglioneuroblastoma, embryonal tumor with

multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered vs., 647 Gangliosidoses, 1012

-differential diagnosis, 1012

-GM1, 1012

neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis vs., 992 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease vs., 981

- GM2, 1012

congenital glycosylation disorders vs., 1015 globoid cell leukodystrophy vs., 969–971 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease vs., 981

-organelle-based approach, classification, 958 Gardner syndrome, benign mesenchymal tumors, 674 Gastrogenic cyst. See Neurenteric cyst.

"Gauzoma," 831

Germ cell tumors, 619–630

-choriocarcinoma, 630

-classification and grading, 506

-embryonal carcinoma, 628

Index

1338

Glossopharyngeal nerve, 705 Glossopharyngeal schwannomas, 717 Glucose disorders, 1029–1036

-acute hyperglycemic brain injury, 1034–1035

-chronic hyperglycemic brain injury, 1034

-diabetes, 1034

-hyperglycemia-induced hemichorea-hemiballismus,

1035–1036

-hypoglycemia, neonatal/infantile, 1031–1033

-hypoglycemia-associated disorders, 1033–1036

-hypoglycemic encephalopathy, pediatric/adult,

1029–1031

GLUT1 protein, arteriovenous malformations etiology, 157 Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibody-

associated LE, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis vs.,

861

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1), 1005–1007

-Alexander disease vs., 999

-differential diagnosis, 1007

-Menkes disease vs., 990

Glutaric aciduria type 2 (GA2), 1007 - differential diagnosis, 1007

Glycosylation disorders, congenital, 1014–1015 - differential diagnosis, 1015

Gorlin syndrome. See Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

"Gossypiboma," 831 Granular cell tumor, 805

Granulocytic (myeloid) sarcomas, 761. See also Leukemia.

-parenchymal. See Chloromas. Granuloma

-inflammatory, parasitic infection vs., 407

-meningioma vs., 669

-Rosai-Dorfman disease vs., 759 Granulomatous hypophysitis, 807–808

-lymphocytic hypophysitis vs., 807

-primary, 808

-secondary, 807

Graves disease, 1039

Gray matter

-heterotopic, in Chiari 2 malformation, 1183

-predominantly affecting, inherited metabolic disorders,

981–992 cortex, 990–992

deep gray nuclei, 982–990

-white matter and, affecting both, inherited metabolic disorders, 992–1015

Alexander disease, 997–999 Canavan disease, 995–997

congenital glycosylation disorders, 1014–1015 Fabry disease, 1012–1014

gangliosidoses, 1012

methylmalonic and propionic acidemias, 1009–1012 mitochondrial diseases, 1001–1007 mucopolysaccharidoses, 992–995

peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, 999–1001 urea cycle/ammonia disorders, 1008–1009

Gray matter heterotopias, in PHACE syndrome, 1290 Gray-white matter interface, intraaxial hemorrhage vs., 96 Great vessels, 278

-brachiocephalic trunk, 278

-left common carotid artery, 278

-left subclavian artery, 278

-vascular territory, 278 Greig syndrome, 1310–1311

"Ground level falls" (GLFs), 5–6 "Growing" skull fractures, 18–19

Growth-hormone secreting tumors, pituitary adenomas,

792, 793

GSF. See "Growing" skull fractures.

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT), brain iron accumulation disorders vs., 983–984

Guillain-Barré spectrum disorders, 474 Guillain-Mollaret triangle anatomy, hypertrophic olivary

degeneration, 1111

Gunshot wounds. See Missile and penetrating injuries. Gyral "crest" injuries, 38

Gyration, in cerebral hemisphere formation, 1162–1163

H

Haberland syndrome. See Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis.

Hallervorden-Spatz disease. See Pantothenate kinaseassociated neurodegeneration.

Hamartin, 1255

Hamartoma, hypothalamic, 784–787

-anomalies, 787

-differential diagnosis, 787

-pedunculated, 785

-sessile, 785

-staging, grading, and classification, 785 Hashimoto encephalopathy, 1038–1039

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vs., 1095 Head trauma

-abusive, 53–60

differential diagnosis, 60

-cerebral contusions and lacerations, 41

-classification, 6

-enlarged subarachnoid spaces vs., 1128

-Glasgow Coma Scale in assessment, 6, 7

-glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) vs., 1007

-imaging. See Head trauma, acute, imaging.

-nonmissile closed, 5

-primary injuries, 6

-secondary injuries, 6

-"silent epidemic," 5

Head trauma, acute, imaging, 6–8

-appropriateness criteria, 7–8 ACR criteria, 7–8

NOC and CHCR, 8

-bone CT, 10

-brain windows, 9

-CT angiography, 7, 11

-CT checklist, 11

-how to image, 6

-keys to analysis, 9–11

-MR, 7

-NECT, 6–7

-scout image, 9

-skull radiography, 6

-subdural windows, 10

-who and when to image, 7

Index

1340

- status epilepticus vs., 1052

Herpes simplex encephalitis, 364–368

-autoimmune encephalitis vs., 474

-differential diagnosis, 366–368

-HHV-6 encephalitis vs., 368

-neonatal, urea cycle disorders vs., 1009 Herpes simplex virus, 337–340, 343 Heterotopias, 1210–1212

-gray matter, in PHACE syndrome, 1290

-periventricular nodular, 1210–1211

-schizencephaly vs., 1223

-subcortical, 1211–1212

HGBL. See Hemangioblastoma. HH. See Hypothalamic hamartoma.

HHV-6 encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis vs., 474 HHV-6 encephalopathy, 368–369

-differential diagnosis, 369

-HSE vs., 368, 369

-postictal hippocampal hyperemia vs., 369 hICH. See Hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage.

High-grade stenosis, "segmental," moyamoya disease vs.,

309

High inspired oxygen, traumatic subarachnoid

hemorrhage vs., 38

High lactate, leukoencephalopathy with brainstem/spinal cord involvement, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy vs.,

968

Hindbrain, Chiari 2 malformation, 1181–1182 Hindbrain malformations, 1186–1194

-cerebellar hypoplasia, 1193

-Dandy-Walker continuum, 1186–1191

-Joubert syndrome and related disorders, 1191

-rhombencephalosynapsis, 1191

Hippocampal commissure, normal gross and imaging anatomy, 1197

Hippocampal hyperemia, postictal, HHV-6 encephalopathy vs., 369

Hippocampal remnant cysts. See Hippocampal sulcus remnants.

Hippocampal sulcal cavities. See Hippocampal sulcus remnants.

Hippocampal sulcus remnants, 890–891

-differential diagnosis, 890

-mesial temporal (hippocampal) sclerosis vs., 1051 Hippocampus, in Alzheimer disease, 1106 Histiocytes, 750

Histiocytic sarcoma, 759–760 Histiocytic tumors, 731, 750–760

-classification and grading, 505–506

-Erdheim-Chester disease, 750–751, 754–756

-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, 760

-histiocytic sarcoma, 759–760

-juvenile xanthogranuloma, 759

-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 750–754

-Rosai-Dorfman disease, 756–759

Histiocytosis

-CNS, CLIPPERS vs., 482

-Langerhans cell, 750–754

classic, 751

differential diagnosis, 752–753 Erdheim-Chester disease vs., 756 leukemia vs., 764

malignant, 751 neurodegenerative, 751

neurodegenerative lesions related to, 750–751 nontumorous neurodegenerative changes, 752 staging, grading, and classification, 751 tumefactions related to, 750

-neurosarcoidosis vs., 485

-sinus pericranii vs., 186

Histogenesis of neurons and glia, 1160–1161 - errors in, 1161

Histone H3-mutant gliomas, 511 Histoplasmosis, 386. See also Fungal infections. HIV/AIDS, 417–446

-congenital (perinatal), 342–343 differential diagnosis, 343

-demographics, 418

-infection, 418–419

-neoplasms, 444–446

Kaposi sarcoma, 445–446 lymphomas, 444–445

-opportunistic infections, 426–444 cryptococcosis, 430–431

immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome,

439–444 malaria, 438

non-IRIS-associated, IRIS vs., 444 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,

431–436 toxoplasmosis, 426–430 tuberculosis, 437–438

-other manifestations, 423–426

benign lymphoepithelial lesions, 425–426 bone marrow changes, 424–425 lymphoid hyperplasia, 426

vasculopathy, 423–424 - overview, 417

HIV encephalitis, 419–423

-differential diagnosis, 422–423

-progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy vs., 436 HLH. See Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. HNPCC. See Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Holoprosencephaly, 1225–1231

-alobar, 1227–1228

-classic, 1226

-genetics, 1226

-lobar, 1229–1231

-mimics, 1237–1239

-semilobar, 1226, 1228–1229

-variants, 1231–1234

middle interhemispheric, 1231–1233 septopreoptic, 1233–1234

HPC. See Hemangiopericytoma.

HPE. See Holoprosencephaly. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)

-encephalitis, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis vs., 861

-HIV encephalitis vs., 422–423

Human parechovirus infection, congenital/perinatal, 343, 345

Human parvovirus B19, congenital, 343, 345

Hunt and Hess scale, grading aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 125–126

Huntington disease, 987–989

-differential diagnosis, 988 Hydranencephaly, 1237–1239

-alobar holoprosencephaly vs., 1228

-differential diagnosis, 1238–1239

-porencephalic cyst vs., 893

-prognosis, 1237–1238 Hydrocephalus, 1129–1147

-arrested, 1142

-CSF disorders, 917

-CSF shunts and complications, 1144–1146

-extraventricular obstructive

differential diagnosis, 1136

intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus vs.,

1133–1134

-frontoethmoidal cephaloceles associated, 1300

-glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) vs., 1007

-intraventricular obstructive, 1130

complications of, 1133 differential diagnosis, 1133–1134 etiology of, 1130–1131

extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus vs., 1136 genetics in, 1130

pathoetiology of, 1131 terminology in, 1130

-meningitis complication, 352

-normal, 1137–1141

differential diagnosis, 1141 etiology of, 1138

intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus vs., 1134 terminology in, 1138

- obstructive

acute, syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute hydrocephalus, 1142

aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 131 ascending transtentorial herniation, 73 tonsillar herniation, 72

unilateral, asymmetric lateral ventricles vs., 1124 - overproduction, 1136–1137

choroid plexus carcinomas in, 1137 choroid plexus papillomas in, 1137

diffuse villous hyperplasia of choroid plexus in, 1137 intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus vs., 1134

-severe chronic shunted congenital, Chiari 2 malformation vs., 1183

-syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute,

1141–1142

-unilateral, subfalcine herniation, 69 Hydrosyringomyelia, in Chiari 2 malformation, 1183 Hyperalimentation, bilirubin encephalopathy vs., 1060 Hyperammonemia, 1058–1059

Hyperglycemia-associated disorders, 1033–1036

-acute hyperglycemic brain injury, 1034–1035

-chronic hyperglycemic brain injury, 1034

-diabetes, 1034

-hyperglycemia-induced hemichorea-hemiballismus

(HIHH), 1035–1036

Hyperglycemia-induced hemichorea-hemiballismus (HIHH),

1035–1036

Hyperglycemic brain injury

-acute, 1034–1035

-chronic, 1034

Index

1341

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, 1034–1035 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 974

- differential diagnosis, 974

Hyperintensities, normal age-related, arteriolosclerosis vs.,

294

Hyperparathyroidism, 1040–1042

-primary, 1040–1041

-secondary, 1041

-tertiary, 1041–1042

Hyperphosphatasia, idiopathic, 824 Hyperprolactinemia, in lymphocytic hypophysitis, 806

Hypertelorism, frontoethmoidal cephaloceles associated,

1300

Hypertension

-malignant, 1025–1027 differential diagnosis, 1027

-spontaneous ICH, 114

Hypertensive encephalopathies, 1017–1029 - acute

cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome vs., 248 thrombotic microangiopathies vs., 321

-acute hypertensive encephalopathy, 1017–1025, 1027

-chronic

cerebral amyloid disease vs., 320 diffuse axonal injury vs., 45

-chronic hypertensive encephalopathy, 1027–1029

-malignant hypertension, 1025–1027. See also

Hypertension, malignant.

-osmotic encephalopathy vs., 1068

-posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, 1017–1025. See also Posterior reversible

encephalopathy syndrome.

Hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage, 116–118

-differential diagnosis, 118 Hyperthermic encephalopathy, 1061–1062 Hyperthyroidism, 1039–1040

-congenital, 1036–1037

-renal osteodystrophy and, fibrous dysplasia vs., 822 Hypodense brain parenchyma, acute cerebral ischemia-

infarction vs., 217

Hypoglossal artery, persistent, 202 Hypoglossal nerve, 707–708 Hypoglossal schwannoma, 721 Hypoglycemia

-AHE/hyperammonemia vs., 1059

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vs., 1095

-multiple system atrophy vs., 1104

-neonatal/infantile, 1031–1033

differential diagnosis, 1033

-posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome vs., 1022

-X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy vs., 965

Hypoglycemic coma, acute, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis vs., 1108

Hypoglycemic encephalopathy, pediatric/adult,

1029–1031

- differential diagnosis, 1031

Hypoglycemic seizures, transient global amnesia vs., 1056 Hypomelanosis of Ito, mucopolysaccharidoses vs., 995 Hypomyelinating disorders, 978–981

-4H syndrome, 979

-Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 979–981 Hypomyelination, 978

Index

1342

Hypoparathyroid disorders, 1043–1044

-hypoparathyroidism, 1043

-pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), 1044

-pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), 1044 Hypoparathyroidism, 1043 Hypoperfusion, global, 230

Hypophyseal arteries

-inferior, 774

-superior, 774

Hypophyseal portal system, 774–775 Hypophysitis, 806–808

- drug-related, 808

lymphocytic hypophysitis vs., 807

-granulomatous, 807–808 lymphocytic hypophysitis vs., 807 primary, 808

secondary, 807

-IgG4-related, 808

lymphocytic hypophysitis vs., 807

-Langerhans cell histiocytosis vs., 752–753, 809

-lymphocytic, 806–807

differential diagnosis, 807 pituitary apoplexy vs., 813 pituitary axis neurosarcoid vs., 810 pituitary hyperplasia vs., 779 pituitary macroadenoma vs., 795

-neurosarcoidosis vs., 485

-nonsecreting pituitary adenoma vs., 807

-pituitary macroadenoma vs., 795 Hypopituitarism, in lymphocytic hypophysitis, 806 Hypothalamic hamartoma, 784–787

-anomalies, 787

-differential diagnosis, 787

-pedunculated, 785

-sessile, 785

-staging, grading, and classification, 785 Hypothalamic infarct, descending transtentorial

herniation, 71

Hypothalamic-pituitary anomalies, callosal dysgenesis,

1200

Hypothalamus

-anatomy, 775

-median eminence of, 774

Hypothyroid disorders, acquired, 1038–1039

Hypoxemia, definition, 233

Hypoxia, definition, 233

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

-AHE/hyperammonemia vs., 1059

-bithalamic lesions, 916

-carbon monoxide poisoning vs., 939

-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vs., 1095

-cyanide poisoning vs., 940–942

-globus pallidus lesions, 913

-hypoglycemic encephalopathy, pediatric/adult vs., 1031

-Menkes disease vs., 990

-methanol intoxication vs., 930

-putamen lesions, 912

-urea cycle disorders vs., 1009

Hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII), 232

-acidemias vs., 1012

-bilirubin encephalopathy vs., 1060

-brain iron accumulation disorders vs., 983–984

-cerebellar injury, 243

-focal perinatal, 245

-glutaric aciduria type 2 (GA2), 1007

-hypoglycemia, neonatal/infantile vs., 1033

-less severe, 245

-maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) vs., 973

-mild to moderate, 242

-nonketotic hyperglycinemia vs., 974

-in older children and adults, 246

-overview of imaging modalities and, 237

-perinatal, 232–246

white matter damage, 242

-postnatal infants, 247

-potential imaging mimics of, 245

-pressure-passive flow and, 237

-in preterm infants, 239

-secondary energy failure and, 233–237

-severe, 243

-in term infants, 243

-in young children, 247

Hypoxic ischemic insult status marmoratus

-gangliosidoses vs., 1012

-neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis vs., 992

I

ICH. See Intracranial hemorrhage. Idiopathic hyperphosphatasia, 824 IgG4-related disease, 489

- Rosai-Dorfman disease vs., 759 Imaging-based approach, classification, inherited

metabolic disorders, 959

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), 385

-AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma vs., 741

-HIV/AIDS-related, 439–444

crypto-IRIS, 442 differential diagnosis, 444

natalizumab-associated, 443 "paradoxical," 439–442

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy vs., 436 TB-IRIS, 442

"unmasking," 439

-multiple sclerosis vs., 461 Immunocompetent patients

-diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 738

-primary CNS lymphoma, 739

Immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, 739 Immunodeficiency syndromes, congenital, primary CNS

lymphoma, 739

Inborn errors of metabolism. See Metabolic disorders, inherited.

"Incidentalomas," pituitary, 777 Indirect trauma, 13

Infantile bilateral striatal necrosis, brain iron accumulation disorders vs., 983–984

Infantile hemangioma, congenital hyperthyroidism vs.,

1037

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, brain iron accumulation disorders vs., 984

Infants

- astrocytomas in, 511–512

- spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in. See Intracranial hemorrhage, spontaneous.

Infarction

-cerebral. See Cerebral infarcts.

-cerebral ischemia-infarction, acute. See Cerebral

ischemia-infarction, acute.

-lacunar. See Lacunar infarcts.

-multiple infarcts. See Multiple embolic infarcts. Infections. See also CNS infections.

-Langerhans cell histiocytosis vs., 752

-opportunistic, posttransplant lymphoproliferative

disorder vs., 744

Infectious cysts, enlarged perivascular spaces vs., 889 Infectious granuloma, Rosai-Dorfman disease vs., 759 Infectious meningitis, leptomeningeal metastases vs., 852 Inferior sagittal sinus (ISS), 610

Inferolateral trunk (ILT), intracranial internal carotid artery,

198

Infiltrating astrocytoma, diffusely, herpes simplex encephalitis vs., 366

Inflammation, 330 Inflammatory cysts

-neuroglial cyst vs., 892

-Rathke cleft cyst vs., 790

Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, chronic, 489 Inflammatory diseases, 329–330

-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis vs., 1108

-cavernous sinus thrombosis/thrombophlebitis vs., 272 Inflammatory encephalitis, infectious or autoimmune,

primary CNS lymphoma vs., 738–739 Inflammatory-like disorders, 482–491

-chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,

489

-IgG4-related disease, 489

-intracranial inflammatory pseudotumors, 486–488

-neurosarcoidosis, 482–486

differential diagnosis, 485–486 Inflammatory response, aneurysmal subarachnoid

hemorrhage, 130

Influenza-associated encephalopathy, 371, 375 Infundibular recesses, sellar region anatomy, 775 Infundibular stalk masses, 810

Infundibular stalk metastases, 853–854

-differential diagnosis, 854 "Infundibuloma." See Pituicytoma. Infundibulum, pituitary gland, 774

Inhaled gases and toxins, toxic encephalopathy, 936–942

-carbon monoxide poisoning, 937–939

-cyanide poisoning, 940–942

-nitrous oxide, 939

-organophosphate poisoning, 940

-toluene abuse, 939–940

Inherited cancer syndromes, 1241 Inherited metabolic disorders, 949–1015

- affecting both gray and white matter, 992–1015 Alexander disease, 997–999

Canavan disease, 995–997

congenital glycosylation disorders, 1014–1015 Fabry disease, 1012–1014

gangliosidoses, 1012

methylmalonic and propionic acidemias, 1009–1012 mitochondrial diseases, 1001–1007

Index

1343

mucopolysaccharidoses, 992–995 peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, 999–1001 urea cycle/ammonia disorders, 1008–1009

- classification, 955–959 imaging-based approach, 959 metabolic approach, 958–959 organelle-based approach, 958

-myelination and white matter development, 951–955 myelination, 951

selected myelination milestones, 950

-predominantly affecting gray matter, 981–992 cortex, 990–992

deep gray nuclei, 982–990

-predominantly affecting white matter, 959–981

hypomyelinating disorders, 978–981

periventricular white matter predominance, 960–976 subcortical white matter predominance, 976–978

Iniencephaly, Chiari 3 malformation vs., 1184 Inner ear schwannomas. See Focal intralabyrinthine

schwannomas.

"Insular ribbon" sign, acute cerebral ischemia-infarction,

213

Internal carotid artery, 279

-ascending ICA segment, 279

-carotid bulb, 279

-hypoplasia, extracranial atherosclerosis vs., 288 Internal carotid artery, intracranial, 198–202

-aberrant, 200

-anterior cerebral artery, 204–205

-azygous ACA, 205

-circle of Willis, 202–204

-infraoptic A1, 205

-middle cerebral artery, 205

-normal anatomy

C2 (petrous) segment, 198

C3 (lacerum) segment, 198

C4 (cavernous) segment, 198

C5 (clinoid) segment, 198–199

C6 (ophthalmic) segment, 199

C7 (communicating) segment, 199

-variants and anomalies aberrant ICA, 200

embryonic carotid-basilar anastomoses, 200 persistent otic artery, 202

persistent stapedial artery, 200 persistent trigeminal artery, 200 proatlantal (intersegmental) artery, 202

-vertebrobasilar system, 207–208

Internal WS infarcts, 231 Internal WS zones, 230

International Staging System (ISS), plasma cell tumors, 765 Intersphenoidal synchondrosis, 1296

Intimal fibroplasia, fibromuscular dysplasia, 296 Intraaxial hemorrhage, nontraumatic

-approach, 96

-differential diagnosis, 96

Intraaxial (parenchymal) cysts, classification and grading,

507

Intracranial atherosclerosis, 289–293

-atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm in, 291

-ectasia in, 291

-intracranial stenoocclusive disease in, 291–293

Index

1344

Intracranial cysts, classification and grading, 506–507

-extraaxial cysts, 506–507

-intraaxial (parenchymal) cysts, 507

-intraventricular cysts, 507

Intracranial ependymomas, neurofibromatosis type 2,

1250

Intracranial granulocytic sarcomas, 761 Intracranial hemangiomas, 677

-PHACE syndrome, 1290 Intracranial hemorrhage

-hypertensive, 116–118

differential diagnosis, 118

-primary, 104

-spontaneous, 103–115

acute hemorrhage, 108 children, 111–112 chronic hemorrhage, 110 clot formation, 105

early subacute hemorrhage, 108–109 extrinsic biologic factors affecting, 107 hemoglobin degradation, 105 hyperacute hemorrhage, 107–108

intraparenchymal hemorrhage stages, 105, 105–106 intrinsic biologic factors affecting, 107

late subacute hemorrhage, 109 macrohemorrhages, 115–120 middle-aged and elderly adults, 114–115 multiple, 115

newborns and infants, 111 young adults, 112–114

Intracranial hypertension, idiopathic

-Chiari 1 malformation vs., 1178

-empty sella vs., 783

Intracranial hypotension, 1149–1154

-Chiari 1 malformation vs., 1178

-idiopathic, 1142–1144

differential diagnosis, 1144 etiology of, 1142

syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute hydrocephalus, 1142

terminology in, 1142

-intracranial inflammatory pseudotumors vs., 486

-pituitary hyperplasia vs., 779

-secondary, idiopathic intracranial hypotension vs., 1144 Intracranial inflammatory pseudotumors, 486–488

-neurosarcoidosis vs., 485

Intracranial internal carotid artery, 198–202

-aberrant, 200

-anterior cerebral artery, 204–205

-azygous ACA, 205

-circle of Willis, 202–204

-infraoptic A1, 205

-middle cerebral artery, 205

-normal anatomy

C2 (petrous) segment, 198

C3 (lacerum) segment, 198

C4 (cavernous) segment, 198

C5 (clinoid) segment, 198–199

C6 (ophthalmic) segment, 199

C7 (communicating) segment, 199 - variants and anomalies

aberrant ICA, 200

embryonic carotid-basilar anastomoses, 200 persistent otic artery, 202

persistent stapedial artery, 200 persistent trigeminal artery, 200 proatlantal (intersegmental) artery, 202

-vertebrobasilar system, 207–208 Intracranial nerves, schwannomas of, 720–721 Intracranial pressure, increased

-Chiari 1 malformation vs., 1178

-empty sella vs., 783

Intracranial primary tumors, leptomeningeal metastases,

851

Intracranial pseudotumors, 830–833

-calcifying pseudoneoplasm of neuraxis, 832–833

-ecchordosis physaliphora, 830–831

-textiloma, 831–832

Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor, meningioma vs., 669 Intracranial stenoocclusive disease, 291–293

-differential diagnosis, 292

-"tandem" stenosis in, 292 Intraneural perineuriomas, 729

"Intranidal" aneurysm, angiography of, 162 Intraosseous meningioma, fibrous dysplasia vs., 822 Intrasellar lesions, sellar region mass, 815–816

-cystic intrasellar, 816

Intravascular air, pneumocephalus, 49 Intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma, 745–747 - differential diagnosis, 746–747

Intravascular coagulation, disseminated, as form of thrombotic microangiopathy, 320

Intravascular lymphoma, CLIPPERS vs., 482 Intraventricular air, pneumocephalus, 49 Intraventricular cysts, 893–899

-choroid plexus cyst, 893–895

-classification and grading, 507

-colloid cyst, 895–899

-ependymal cyst, 899–900

Intraventricular hemorrhage, isolated, newborns and infants, 111

Intravestibular schwannomas, 712–713

Invasive fungal sinusitis, sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma vs., 855

Invasive pituitary macroadenoma, plasma cell tumors vs.,

767

IRIS. See Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. IRIS-associated opportunistic infection, immune

reconstitution inflammatory syndrome vs., 444 Iron overload disorders, 1068

Ischemia

-callosal dysgenesis spectrum vs., 1199

-cerebral

delayed, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 130 immediate, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,

130

- global, 233

Ischemic penumbra, acute cerebral ischemia-infarction,

209, 215

Ischemic white matter disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy vs., 962–963

Isodense acute SDH, subacute subdural hematoma vs., 32 IVH. See Intraventricular hemorrhage.

J

Japanese encephalitis (JE), 374, 375 - Wilson disease vs., 990

JC virus, 431

Joubert syndrome and related disorders, 1191

-imaging, 1194 Jugular bulb, 255

-pseudolesion, dural arteriovenous fistula vs., 170 Jugular foramen schwannoma, 717–720

Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. See Pilocytic astrocytoma. Juvenile xanthogranuloma, 759

K

Kallmann syndrome, 1236–1237 - pituitary hypoplasia, 784

Kaposi sarcoma, HIV/AIDS-related, 445–446 Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 1004–1005

- differential diagnosis, 1005

Keratocystic odontogenic tumors, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, 1272

Kernicterus, brain iron accumulation disorders vs.,

983–984

Kernohan notch, descending transtentorial herniation, 71 Key leukodystrophy elements, 959

Key NLWMC elements, 959

Kleeblattschädel, in nonsyndromic craniosynostoses, 1308 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, 1285

-Sturge-Weber syndrome vs., 1285 Korean hemorrhagic fever, 413

KOTs. See Keratocystic odontogenic tumors. Krabbe disease

-differential diagnosis, 969–971

-gangliosidoses vs., 1012

-metachromatic leukodystrophy vs., 962

-periventricular white matter predominance, 968–971

-phenylketonuria (PKU) vs., 972

Kuru, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, 1092

L

Lacerations. See also Cerebral contusions and lacerations.

-LIPS-N mnemonic in physical examination of, 16

-scalp, 13

LaCrosse encephalitis, 375

Lacunar infarcts, 227–229

-acute, 228

-chronic, 228

-differential diagnosis, 228–229

-enlarged perivascular spaces vs., 889

-hemorrhagic, cerebral amyloid disease vs., 320

-Marchiafava-Bignami disease vs., 928

-watershed ("border zone") infarcts vs., 231 Lacunar skull, in Chiari 2 malformation, 1181 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 750–754

-classic, 751

-differential diagnosis, 752–753, 808–809

Index

1345

-Erdheim-Chester disease vs., 756

-germinoma vs., 625

-leukemia vs., 764

-malignant, 751

-neurodegenerative, 751

-neurodegenerative lesions, 750–751

-nontumorous neurodegenerative changes, 752

-pituitary axis, 808–809

-staging, grading, and classification, 751

-tumefactions related to, 750

Large cell medulloblastoma, 636, 642 Lateral ventricles

- asymmetric

cavum septi pellucidi and vergae vs., 1125 as normal variant, 1124

- normal anatomy of, 1120

LCH. See Langerhans cell histiocytosis. LCMB. See Large cell medulloblastoma. LDD. See Lhermitte-Duclos disease.

Lead poisoning, toxic encephalopathy, 942 Leigh syndrome, 1002

-brain iron accumulation disorders vs., 983–984

-differential diagnosis, 1002

-Huntington disease vs., 988

-mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis

and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) vs., 1004

-Wilson disease vs., 990 Lenticulostriate arteries, medial, 205 Lentiform nuclei, 906

"Leontiasis ossea," polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 820 Leptomeningeal cysts, Langerhans cell histiocytosis vs.,

752

Leptomeningeal melanosis, 1274 Leptomeningeal metastasis, 839, 851–852

-differential diagnosis, 852

Leptomeninges, 851

Leptomeningitis, 346

Leukemia, 761–764

-differential diagnosis, 764

-plasma cell tumors vs., 767 Leukodystrophies, 959

Leukoencephalitis, acute hemorrhagic, 469–471

-differential diagnosis, 471

-malaria vs., 405

Leukoencephalopathy

-acute hemorrhagic, spontaneous ICH, 114

-with brainstem/spinal cord involvement and high

lactate, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy vs., 968

-cysts and, megalencephaly with, metachromatic leukodystrophy vs., 962

-progressive multifocal

AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma vs., 741 HIV/AIDS-related, 431–436

differential diagnosis, 436 HIV encephalitis vs., 422 multiple sclerosis vs., 461

- rapidly progressive, intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma vs., 747

Lewy bodies

-in Alzheimer disease, 1081

-in normal aging brain, 1074

-in Parkinson disease, 1090–1091

1346

-in Parkinson disease dementia, 1090–1091 Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease as, 1098 LFS. See Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD), 598, 1269

-classic medulloblastoma vs., 640–641

Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 1267–1268, 1277

-differential diagnosis, 1268

-prognosis, 1268

Liliequist membrane, 773

Limbic encephalitis

-herpes simplex encephalitis vs., 368

-paraneoplastic, 861

Linear skull fractures, 17

Lingual artery, 280

Lipomas, 1311–1314

-dermoid cyst vs., 879

-differential diagnosis, 1314

-interhemispheric, frontoethmoidal cephaloceles

associated, 1300

-natural history, 1313

-terminology, 1311

LIPS-N (lip laceration, intraoral laceration, periorbital contusion, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and nasal laceration), 16

Lissencephaly

- spectrum, 1212–1215

differential diagnosis, 1214–1215 genetics, 1212

-type 1, cobblestone lissencephaly vs., 1218

-type 2, polymicrogyria vs., 1220

Listeria brainstem rhombencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum disorders vs., 474

Listeriosis, 411–412

Lobar hemorrhage, intraaxial hemorrhage vs., 96 Lobar holoprosencephaly, 1229–1231

-differential diagnosis, 1229–1231

-semilobar holoprosencephaly vs., 1229 Lobulation and operculization, cerebral hemisphere

formation, 1162

Localized astrocytomas, 512–527

-anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 527

-pilocytic astrocytoma, 513–519

-pilomyxoid astrocytoma, 519–521

-pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 525–527

-subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, 521–525

Localized NF1, 1242

Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Menkes disease vs., 990 Louis-Barr syndrome. See Ataxia-telangiectasia. Low-grade esthesioneuroblastoma, 651 Low-grade glioma, mesial temporal (hippocampal)

sclerosis vs., 1051 Low-grade lymphomas, 748 Lower cranial nerves, 703–708

-facial nerve, 703–704

-glossopharyngeal nerve, 705

-hypoglossal nerve, 707–708

-spinal accessory nerve, 706–707

-vagus nerve, 705–706

-vestibulocochlear nerve, 704–705

Lung cancer, ocular metastases, 854

Luschka, foramina of, 1171

LYG. See Lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

Lyme disease, 374, 407–410

-chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy vs., 489

-differential diagnosis, 410

-multiple sclerosis vs., 461

-perineural metastases vs., 857

-Susac syndrome vs., 479

-systemic lupus erythematosus vs., 314 Lymphadenitis, nontuberculous cervical, 384–385

-differential diagnosis, 385

Lymphadenopathy, suppurative, nontuberculous cervical lymphadenitis vs., 385

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 341–342, 343

-congenital cytomegalovirus vs., 336

-differential diagnosis, 342

-Zika virus infection vs., 341 Lymphocytic hypophysitis, 806–807

-differential diagnosis, 807

-pituitary apoplexy vs., 813

-pituitary axis neurosarcoid vs., 810

-pituitary hyperplasia vs., 779

-pituitary macroadenoma vs., 795

-pituitary metastases vs., 854

Lymphoepithelial lesions, benign, HIV/AIDS-related,

425–426

Lymphohistiocytosis, hemophagocytic, 760 Lymphoid hyperplasia, HIV/AIDS-related, 426 Lymphoma

- HIV-associated, 444–445, 446 lymphoid hyperplasia vs., 426

Lymphoma, intravascular (angiocentric), 745–747

-CLIPPERS vs., 482

-differential diagnosis, 746–747

-neurosarcoidosis vs., 486 Lymphoma, primary CNS, 731–732

-classification, 732

-corticosteroid-treated, 738

-differential diagnosis, 738–739

-diffusely infiltrating. See Lymphomatosis cerebri.

-ependymal spread, 732

-etiology and pathology, 733

-HIV/AIDS-related cryptococcosis vs., 431

-HIV/AIDS-related toxoplasmosis vs., 429–430

-intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma vs., 747

-posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder vs., 744 Lymphomas, 731–770

-chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy vs., 489

-classification and grading, 505–506

-colloid cyst vs., 898

-diffuse large B-cell, 732–739

AIDS-related, 740–741 differential diagnosis, 738–739

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, 739 genetics, 733

-extramedullary hematopoiesis vs., 768

-gliosarcoma vs., 546

-immunodeficiency-associated CNS, 739

-leukemia vs., 764

-lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 741–743 differential diagnosis, 743

immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, 739

primary CNS lymphoma vs., 739

-MALT, 748–749

-metastatic intracranial, 749–750

-miscellaneous rare CNS, 748

-neurosarcoidosis vs., 485

-perineural metastases vs., 857

-pituitary axis neurosarcoid vs., 810

-plasma cell tumors vs., 767

-plasmablastic, 765

-posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, 743–745 differential diagnosis, 744 immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, 739 monomorphic, 744

pediatric transplant recipients, 744 polymorphic, 743–744

primary CNS lymphoma vs., 739 - primary CNS

IDH-wild-type glioblastoma vs., 542 neurosarcoidosis vs., 486

sellar neoplasms, 798

-and related disorders, 731–750 Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 741–743

-CLIPPERS vs., 482

-differential diagnosis, 743

-immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, 739

-primary CNS lymphoma vs., 739

Lymphomatosis cerebri

-differential diagnosis, 738–739

-imaging, 738

-intravascular (angiocentric) lymphoma vs., 747

-lymphomatoid granulomatosis vs., 743

-pathology, 733

-presentation, 734

Lysosomal diseases, organelle-based approach, classification, 958

Lytic calvarial lesions, Langerhans cell histiocytosis vs., 752

M

MA. See Meningioangiomatosis. Macroadenoma

-extraventricular neurocytoma vs., 605

-invasive pituitary, plasma cell tumors vs., 767

-pituitary, 790

differential diagnosis, 794–795 hemorrhagic, pituitary apoplexy vs., 812 invasive, chordoma vs., 829 lymphocytic hypophysitis vs., 807 pituitary hyperplasia vs., 779

- pituitary metastases vs., 854

Macrocephaly, benign familial, glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) vs., 1007

Macrohemorrhages, 115–120

-cerebral amyloid angiopathy in, 119

-hypertensive ICH, 116–118

-remote cerebellar hemorrhage, 119 Macrophage activation syndrome. See also

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

- acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs., 471 Maffucci syndrome, 674

Magendie, foramen of, 1171

Index

1347

MAGNIMS recommended modifications, to McDonald criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 461

Malaria, 402–405

-acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs., 471

-differential diagnosis, 405

-HIV/AIDS-related, 438

Malformations, congenital, 1159–1167

- brain malformations, imaging approach, 1166–1167 image analysis, 1166–1167

technical considerations, 1166

- cerebral hemisphere formation, 1159–1163 myelination, 1163

neuronal migration, 1161–1162 neuronal proliferation, 1160–1161 neurulation, 1159–1160

operculization, sulcation, and gyration, 1162–1163 - midbrain and hindbrain development, 1163

major embryologic events, 1163 midbrain-hindbrain anomalies, 1163

Malformations, posterior fossa, 1169–1194 - anatomy, 1169–1174

arteries, veins, and dural sinuses, 1172 bone and dura, 1169–1170 brainstem, 1170

cerebellum, 1170–1171 cranial nerves, 1172

fourth ventricle and cisterns, 1171–1172

-Chiari malformations, 1174–1185 Chiari 1. See Chiari 1 malformation. Chiari 2. See Chiari 2 malformation. Chiari 3. See Chiari 3 malformation. variants, 1184

-hindbrain malformations, 1186–1194 cerebellar hypoplasia, 1193 Dandy-Walker continuum, 1186–1191

Joubert syndrome and related disorders, 1191 rhombencephalosynapsis, 1191

Malformations of cortical development, 1201–1202 - with abnormal cell numbers/types, 1202–1210

focal cortical dysplasias. See Focal cortical dysplasias. hemimegaloencephaly. See Hemimegaloencephaly. microcephalies. See Microcephalies.

-callosal dysgenesis, 1200

-focal, hemimegaloencephaly vs., 1210

-neuronal migration abnormalities, 1210–1218

heterotopias, 1210–1212 lissencephaly spectrum, 1212–1215

-secondary to abnormal postmigrational development,

1219–1223

polymicrogyria. See Polymicrogyria. schizencephaly. See Schizencephaly.