1 курс / Латинский язык / Латинский_язык_и_основы_медицинской_терминологии_Жура_В_В_,_Мартинсон

FOURTH DECLENSION

The Stem of nouns of the Fourth Declension ends in u. Nouns of the Fourth Declension are declined as follows:

Gender in the Fourth Declension

Most nouns of the Fourth Declension in -us are Masculine.

EXCEPTIONS: The following are Feminine: acus, anus, colus, domus, idus

(plural), manus, nurus, porticus, quinquatrus (plural), socrus, tribus, with a few names of plants and trees.

41

The only Neuters of the Fourth Declension are cornu, genu, pecu, veru.

FIFTH DECLENSION (e-STEMS)

The Stem of nouns of the Fifth Declension ends in e-, which appears in all the cases. The Nominative is formed from the stem by adding s. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are declined as follows:

res, F. (thing), fides, F. (faith)

42

Gender in the Fifth Declension

All nouns of the Fifth Declension are Feminine, except dies (usually M.) (day), and meridies (M.) (noon).

The Structure of English and Latin Terms

NB! I. An English two-word medical term can be formed in three possible ways:

Ex. 1) cavity of the nose == 2) nose cavity == 3) nasal cavity

Three different patterns are used to convey the same meaning:

1)Head Noun + Of + Subordinate Noun;

2)Subordinate Noun + Head Noun;

3)Adjective + Noun

In Latin they use two patterns:

1)Head Noun (in the Nominative case) + Subordinate Noun (in the Genitive case);

corpus vertebrae

2)Head Noun + Adjective musculus longus

II. English multiword terms can be built according to the following patterns:

Ex. 1) anterior ligament of the calf-bone (fibula) head =

2)anterior ligament of the head of the calf-bone (fibula)

All the patterns convey the same meaning:

1)Adjective + Head Noun1 + Of + Subordinate Noun2 + Head Noun2

(both Head Noun2 and Subordinate Noun2 are subordinate to Head Noun1);

2)Adjective + Head Noun1 + Of + Subordinate Noun1 + Of +Subordinate Noun2 (all the nouns are placed according to their decreasing importance).

In Latin they have the following patterns:

1)ligamentum capitis fibulae anterius = 2) ligamentum anterius capitis fibulae

(The first pattern with an adjective at the end is more preferable)

43

The following patterns are used:

1)Head Noun (in the Nominative Case) + Subordinate Noun1 (in the Genitive Case) + Subordinate Noun2 (in the Genitive Case) + Adjective (the adjective can be placed at the end as its ending (-ius) shows that it agrees with the Head Noun or can be placed right after the Head Noun as in the 2nd example).

2)Head Noun (in the Nominative Case) + Adjective + Subordinate Noun1 + Subordinate Noun2

NB! AN ADJECTIVE always follows THE NOUN it is subordinate to or goes at the end of the phrase. AN ADJECTIVE agrees with THE NOUN it is subordinate to in GENDER, NUMBER, CASE.

EXERCISES

1. State the declension of nouns:

Thalămus, i, m; apex, ĭcis, m; sinus, us, m; vertebra, ae, f; cornu, us, n; encephalon, i, n; textus, us, m; dens, dentis, m; digĭtus, i, m; rete, is, n; tympanum, i, n; sella, ae, f; species, ei, f; crus, cruris, n; vena, ae, f; ductus, us, m; sulcus, i, m; forāmen, ĭnis, n; scapula, ae, f; recessus, us, m; ostium, i, n; pubes, is, f; genu, us, n; paries, etis, m; systēma, ătis, n; facies, ēi, f; arcus, us, m; tempus, ŏris, n; vestibulum, i, n; ureter, eris, m.

2. Complete the Genitive Singular form:

44

3. Complete the dictionary form of the following nouns:

Vertebra; tuberculum; ramus, i; mandibula; arcus, us; cornu; skelĕton; cerebrum; humĕrus, i; olecrănon; substantia; cranium; concha; palātum; incisura; ductus, us; encephălon; sinus, us; dorsum; clavicula; septum; ganglion; nasus, i; scapula; oculus, i; meātus, us; acromion; processus, us; lingua; lamina; textus, us; genu; amnion; brachium; adĭtus, us; membrāna; retinaculum; recessus, us; tegmen; digitus, i; pecten; fossa; malleolus, i; vena; collum; glandula; angulus, i; frenulum; papilla; labyrinthus, i; dentīnum; bucca.

4. Translate into Latin:

A.body of vertebra; joint of shoulder; arch of aorta; head of rib; neck of shoulderblade; basis of skull; manubrium of breastbone; cavity of nose; tuber of upper jaw; notch of lower jaw; neck of radius; capsule of ganglion; tubercle of saddle.

B.neck muscle; shoulder bone head; nerve branch; kneecap basis; skull suture; cerebrum nerve; drum cavity; process vagina; back of the saddle; pit of the elbow process.

C.body of the gland; partition of the tongue; muscle of the palate; frenulum of the lip; enamel cuticle (enamelum, i n; cuticula, ae f); fiber of cement (fibra, ae f; cementum, i n); papilla of dentine (dentinum, i n); tip of nose (apex, icis m); leaf of papilla (folium, i n).

5. Translate the following three-word terms into Latin:

45

Ligament of the rib tuber; aperture of the vestibule aqueduct; crest of the rib neck; lamina of the vertebra arch, aperture of the small canal (canaliculus) of cochlea, canaliculus of the tympanic cord (chorda); wing of the cock crest (gallus, i, m).

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 3

A

46

47

C

48

UNIT 4

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are the parts of speech describing or specifying the objects denoted by nouns.

Adjectives and Participles are in general formed and declined like Nouns, differing from them only in their use.

1.In accordance with their use, they distinguish gender by different forms in the same word, and agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. Thus,

bonus puer - the good boy. bona puella - the good girl. bonum donum - the good gift.

2.In their inflection they are either (1) of the First and Second Declensions, or (2) of the Third Declension.

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS (a- AND o-STEMS)

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (a- and o-stems) are declined in the Masculine like servus, puer, or ager; in the Feminine like stella; and in the Neuter like bellum.

The regular type of an adjective of the First and Second Declensions is bonus, - a, -um, which is thus declined:

bonus, bona, bonum, good

MASCULINE STEM bono-; FEMININE STEM bona-; NEUTER STEM bono-

49

Stems ending in ropreceded by e form the Nominative Masculine like puer and are declined as follows:

miser, misera, miserum (wretched)

MASCULINE STEM misero-; FEMININE STEM misera-; NEUTER STEM misero-.

Like miser are declined asper, prosper, dexter, etc. In these the e belongs to the stem; but in dextra it is often omitted: as dextra manus (the right hand).

Stems in ro- preceded by a consonant form the Nominative Masculine like ager are declined as follows:

niger, nigra, nigrum (black)

MASCULINE STEM nigro-; FEMININE STEM nigra-; NEUTER STEM nigro-

50