- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
Contaminated Runways 19
Performance Considerations
Part B of the Ops Manual will contain type specific information on procedures associated with take-off and landing on contaminated runways, together with performance data and any wind limitations. (Crosswind, tail wind and possibly headwind gust limits).
SNOWTAMs
SNOWTAMs are issued by aerodromes where contamination is a common occurrence. ATPL students are to be familiar with item (F), type of contaminant, item (G), depth of contaminant over each third of the runway in mm, and item (H), braking action on each third of the runway, stated as a 2 figure number to indicate measured coefficient, or a one figure number to indicate braking action. The validity of a SNOWTAM is up to 24 hours. The codes for types of contaminant are:
NIL CLEAR AND DRY
1DAMP
2WET or water patches
3RIME OR FROST COVERED (depth normally < 1 mm)
4DRY SNOW
5WET SNOW
6SLUSH
7ICE
8COMPACTED OR ROLLED SNOW
9FROZEN RUTS OR RIDGES
The following are examples of SNOWTAMS;
Note: Validity of a SNOWTAM is 24 hours.
SWED0072 EDDM 12110810 |
|
|
|
|
(SNOWTAM0072) |
|
|
|
|
(A) EDDM |
(B) 12110810 |
(C) 08L |
( F) 6/6/6 (G) 01/01/01H |
(H) 35/26/26 |
(N) 2,6 (R) 2,6 (T) RWY 08l PLANNED TO BE CLOSED DUE TO SLUSH REMOVAL
This decode is as follows:
AMunich
B11 Dec 0810Z
CRwy 08L
FOver the whole of the runway there is slush reported
GThe mean depth of the slush is 1 mm over the entire length
HThe friction measurements are:
|
(1st third) |
0.35 |
(medium) |
|
(2nd third) |
0.26 |
(medium/poor) |
|
(3rd third) |
0.26 |
(medium/poor) |
N |
Taxiway is contaminated with wet slush |
||
R |
Apron is contaminated with wet slush |
||
T |
Remarks (self-explanatory) |
Contaminated Runways 19
235
19 Contaminated Runways
(A) EDDF |
(B) 12111215 |
(C) 07L (F) 1/1/1 (G) XX/XX/XX |
(H) 5/5/5 |
(N) 2/5/6 |
(R) 2/5/6 |
(T) TWYS AND APRON SLIPPERY |
|
AFrankfurt
B11 December 1215Z
CRwy 07L
FRunway is damp over the entire length
GMean depth of the contaminant is not measurable
HBraking action over the entire length of the runway is good
N Taxiway is contaminated with water patches, wet snow and slush
R Apron is contaminated with water patches, wet snow and slush
T Remarks - Taxiways and apron are slippery
The decode of the nature of the contaminant is on the SNOWTAM form.
Note: Item D is the cleared runway length in metres. If less than published see item T. Item T. Describe in plain language any uncleared length in metres.
Runways Contaminated 19
236
Questions 19
Questions
1.If 30% of the surface area of a runway is covered by surface water more than 3 mm deep, by slush, by loose snow or compacted snow which resists further compression, or ice (including wet ice), the runway is classified as:
a.wet
b.contaminated
c.unusable
d.useable with care
2.If the surface of a runway is not dry, but the moisture on it does not give a shiny appearance, the runway is:
a.wet
b.wet but not contaminated
c.dry
d.damp
3.If a runway is covered with water which is less than 3 mm deep, or where the surface appears reflective but without standing water patches, it is said to be:
a.wet
b.wet but not contaminated
c.dry
d.damp
4.A dry runway is one which:
a.can be wet if it has sufficient camber to allow the water to drain quickly off the surface therefore maintaining an ‘effective dry’ braking action
b.is wet but not to a depth of water greater than 3 mm
c.is not contaminated
d.can be wet if it has specially prepared grooved or porous surfaces, which
maintain ‘effectively dry’ braking action
5.If a runway is contaminated with dry snow, the depth that will preclude operations is:
a.60 mm
b.15 mm
c.10 mm
d.3 mm
6.If a runway is contaminated with wet snow, slush or water, the depth that will preclude operations is:
a.60 mm
b.15 mm
c.10 mm
d.3 mm
Questions 19
237
19 Questions
Questions 19
7.The effect whereby a tyre is lifted from the runway due to aeroplane speed along the runway is known as:
a.surface water effect
b.hydroplaning
c.aqua-skimming
d.surface tension
8.For any given contaminant (by specific gravity), the aquaplaning speed is given by:
a.nine times the square of the tyre pressure (lb/sq in)
b.the tyre pressure (bars) divided by nine
c.nine times the square root of the tyre pressure (lb/sq in)
d.the square root of the tyre pressure (bars) multiplied by nine
9.One bar (barometric pressure unit) is equal to:
a.14.5 psi
b.28.82 in Hg
c.29.92 lb/sq in
d.1013.25 hPa m-2
10.Braking action on contaminated runways is given by:
a.a simple code (1 – 5) or a description (excellent - bad)
b.a simple code (0.25 – 0.4) or a description (good – bad)
c.a simple code (1 – 5), a description (good – poor) or the measured coefficient of braking effect (< 0.25 - > 0.40)
d.the coefficient of braking action related to a simple code where 1 is poor and 5 is good, supplemented by a description of the braking effect and an aquaplaning warning
11.Apart from aquaplaning and reduced braking efficiency, what other hazards are associated with heavy rain contamination of runways?
a.Wet aeroplanes do not perform as well as dry ones
b.The efficiency of jet engines is reduced by the ingress of water diluting the fuel
c.The refraction of light from landing lights causes visual impairment
d.Water ingress into engines can cause flame-out
12.In a SNOWTAM information is given concerning friction measurements (braking coefficient × 100) in which field of the message?
a.F
b.G
c.H
d.N
238
Questions 19
Questions 19
239