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N.V. Yudina

Mobbing as a specific type of conflict interaction in organization

Abstract. This article comprehensively deals with the phenomenon of mobbing in organizations. Were analyzed reasons, phases of mobbing, possible consequences. Mobbing negatively affects on the emotional feeling the victim's moral and psychological baiting, as well as on the functioning of the entire organization. The importance of the studying of this phenomenon is difficult to overestimate.

Keywords: mobbing, conflictual interaction, conflict in an organization, psychological terror, emotional violence.

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3Leymann H. Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces // Violence and Victims. – 1990. – № 5. – P. 120.

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2Chappell D., Martino V. Violence at Work / 3rd Edition. – Geneva : International Labor Office, 2006. – P. 10.

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6.Chappell D., Martino V. Violence at Work [Text] / 3rd Edition. – Geneva: International Labor Office, 2006.

7.Leymann H. Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces [Text] // Violence and Victims. – 1990. – № 5.

8.Leymann H. The content and development of mobbing at work // European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. – 1996. – № 5.

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Anyone who would like to provide reasonable conclusions on arctic matters today, in teaching about it or in building northern business scenarios, needs to consider an interdisciplinary range of information. Observations and theories need to be combined from natural science, from geo-economics, on specific regional conditions and on political shifts in and between the nations involved. This article will discuss some of this in order to address the often too specific and unrealistic strategies that are handed to the academic research communities prescribing what knowledge they should prioritise to produce on the high north. Ideally the search for new knowledge should be free, but any successful strategy on northern research and higher education needs to consider multidisciplinarity seriously. Identifying the research needs of the Arctic is an important task for all northern universities, such as the Murmansk State Humanities University, the Northern (Arctic) Federal University in Arkhangelsk, the network of universities engaged in the circum-polar partnership of the University of the Arctic, as well as for the recently expanded University of Tromsø. All state institutions of higher education and research in both of the North Norwegian counties of Troms and Finnmark are now combined in one new organisation called UiT The Arctic University of Norway. It has four campuses, the main ones are in Tromsø and Alta, and two more are in the towns of Hammerfest and Kirkenes.

One contention of this article is that there exists a set of arctic questions that are often mentioned as meriting further study while in practise most of these are relatively well researched today after several excellent studies based on rather ample funding. It is time to look further to include other problems or misunderstandings about the Arctic that are seldom discussed and prioritised for research. Some examples will be given in the following; typically they call for multidisciplinary research, including science, technology and economy, and that important resources for their analysis are to be found within the social and cultural sciences.

In selling news on the global market popular media appeals by northern

sensation-making to those who live far from the Arctic and who in reality take

ХТЭЭХО ТЧЭОrОЬЭ ТЧ ТЭ ЛОЬТНОЬ КЬ К ЬМОЧО ПШr ОбШЭТМ КЦЮЬОЦОЧЭ, ОбpХШrОrЬ’ КНЯОЧЭЮrОЬ and geopolitical drama. Arctic news myths include the idea that the natural resources of the Arctic are up for grab by any capable nation, or that many oil and gas mega companies, if freed from state control and taxation, would be able to run ahead and make money from hydrocarbon extraction on the continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean. Such illusions have already been unravelled in several academic publications1.

1OrКЧ R. ВШЮЧР, “BЮТХНТЧР КЧ IЧЭОrЧКЭТШЧКХ RОРТЦО CШЦpХОб ПШr ЭСО ArМЭТМ: CЮrrОЧЭ SЭКЭЮЬ КЧН NОбЭ SЭОpЬ”, The Polar Journal 2 (2012), pp. 391–407; Lars Lindholt and Solveig

GХШЦЬrøН, “TСО ArМЭТМ: NШ BТР BШЧКЧгК ПШr ЭСО GХШЛКХ PОЭrШХОЮЦ IЧНЮЬЭrв”, Energy Economics 34 (2012), pp. 1465–1474; UrЛКЧ АrфФЛОrР, “TСО GrОКЭ GКЦО ШП ЭСО NШrЭС: A GХШЛКХ SМОЧКrТШ ПШr DШЦОЬЭТМ UЬО?”, ТЧ: SЭТКЧ BШЧОЬ КЧН PОЭТК MКЧФШЯК (ОНЬ.), Norway and Russia in the Arctic (Tromsø, 2010), pp. 152–163.

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There are good reasons to move on to identify and address less wellknown arctic myths, some inside of on-going academic research itself, and also to ask if northern education and the outreach at several universities are wellguided strategically in terms of both academic originality and the ethically more compelling points of contemporary macroeconomics? Is the human need of turning the stagnating global economy, with its widespread unemployment and poverty, towards something better properly balanced against the persistent rhetoric of environmentalism which seldom bothers to evaluate the costs of fulfilling its advice in term of losses in economic growth? Any ethically tenable research programme needs to apply a global outlook on human affairs: it is not defensible to strive for the suboptimum of preserving the Artic as a sanctuary for science and nature to the costs of slowing down an already ailing global economy – the costs in human life quality needs to be brought into the balance. In a similar vein what will be referred to only in brief here as the Stern-Nordhaus exchange on the macroeconomics of global warming needs to guide the way all goals for reducing global carbon dioxide emissions are set so that economic stagnation is not made worse by it, also because stagnation will deprive all societies of the means to address precisely the problem of global warming – foremost by hampering technological innovation1. These strategic and moral issues need to be considered also among the universities of the circumpolar north. This can be done by working together in open-minded research collaborations, by upholding and increasing international mobility of students and teachers, and by partnerships in running university courses.

Some issues of the Arctic where research is already going on

The kind of institutions that are engaged in national and international research, production of statistics, publishing, education and policy-making on the Arctic can be summarised under the headings below:

Foreign ministries.

Multilateral organisations e.g. The Arctic Council, The UN Commission on the Law of the Sea.

Regional multilateral programmes such as the Barents Euroarctic Region and the EU Northern Dimension Partnerships.

National polar/arctic institutes.

Universities with arctic research and training.

SЭКФОСШХНОr’Ь think tanks e.g. the Centre for High North Logistics, Ca-

nadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute and the World Economic Forum. One example of the output from the body of international think-tanks with

various interested agendas is the recent brochure on arctic policy-making and

1William D. Nordhaus, The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World (New Haven, 2013); Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge, 2007).

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