книги / English for Aerospace Engineering

created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept.

5.Octave Chanute published Progress in Flying Machines in 1894. It gathered and analyzed all the technical knowledge that he could find about aviation accomplishments. It included all of the world's aviation pioneers. The Wright Brothers used this book as a basis for much of their experiments. Chanute was also in contact with the Wright Brothers and often commented on their technical progress.

6.Samuel Langley was an astronomer, who realized that power was needed to help man fly. He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome, that included a steam powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel. Langley received a $50,000 grant to build a full sized aerodrome. It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider. He was also well known as the director of the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC.

7.The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.

8.The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter than air. In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than 1 mile. After this first success, the brothers began to send men up in balloons. The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent.

9.Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. In 1902, with a perfected glider shape, they turned their attention to how to create a propulsion system that would create the thrust needed to fly. The early engine that they designed generated almost 12 horsepower. That's the same power as two hand propelled lawn mower engines! The first heavier than air flight traveled one hundred

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twenty feet in twelve seconds. Wright Brothers took turns flying that day with the fourth and last flight covering 850 feet in 59 seconds. But the Flyer was unstable and very hard to control. The brothers returned to Dayton, Ohio, where they worked for two more years perfecting their design. Finally, on October 5, 1905, Wilbur piloted the Flyer III for 39 minutes and about 24 miles of circles around Huffman Prairie. He flew the first practical airplane until it ran out of gas. Humankind was now able to fly! During the next century, many new airplanes and engines were developed to help transport people, luggage, cargo, military personnel and weapons. The 20th century's advances were all based on this first flights by the American Brothers from Ohio.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k 12/UEET/StudentSite/historyofflight.html

ACTIVE WORDS

kite [kaɪt] ‒ воздушный змей, бумажный змей, летать, парить в воздухе religious [rɪˈlɪdʒəs] ‒религиозный, верующий

invention [ɪnˈvenʃ(ə)n] ‒изобретение forerunner [ˈfɔːrʌnə] ‒ предшественник

design [dɪˈzaɪn] ‒разработка, конструкция, проектировать, разрабатывать stability [stəˈbɪlɪtɪ] ‒стабильность, устойчивость, прочность

strength [streŋθ] ‒техн. прочность; предел прочности aerodynamics [ˌeərə(ʊ)dæɪˈnæmɪks] ‒аэродинамика fascinated [ˈfæsɪneɪtɪd] ‒очарованный

sudden [ˈsʌd(ə)n] ‒внезапный, неожиданный theory [ˈθɪərɪ] ‒теория

aeolipile (aeolipyle, or eolipile, also known as a Hero's engine) ‒ геро́нов шар

(эолипил, геронова турбина)

helicopter [ˈhelɪkɒptə] ‒вертолет, геликоптер, перевозить на вертолете accomplishment [əˈkʌmplɪʃm(ə)nt] ‒достижение, выполнение, завершение deliberate [dɪˈlɪbərət] ‒ обдуманный, взвешенный

astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə] ‒астроном aerodrome [ˈeərədrəʊm] ‒аэродром

mile [maɪl] ‒миля, сухопутная миля (= 1605 м) source [sɔːs] ‒источник

escape [ɪˈskeɪp] ‒высвобождаться, вылетать (о частице) thrust [θrʌst] ‒толкать

circle [ˈsɜːk(ə)l] ‒ круг, окружность, кольцо, цикл, вращаться, окружать

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III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Around 400 BC the discovery of the balloon that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying.

2)Kites weren’t used by the Chinese in religious ceremonies.

3)The ancient Greek engineer developed the first plane.

4)Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of voyage.

5)The Ornithopter flying machine was created by a Greek engineer.

6)The modern day jet is based on the concept of Leonardo da Vinci.

7)The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first cool air balloon.

8)George Cayley changed the shape of the wings, designed a tail for the

kites.

9)German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, designed a glider that could fly an

animal.

10)Samuel Langley built an aerodrome that included a steam powered

engine.

11)Octave Chanute published Progress in Flying Machines in 1994.

12)Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and used a wind flow.

13)The 20th century's advances were all based on these first flights by the Chinese Brothers from Ohio.

IV. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)Around 400 BC the discovery of the kite started

2)Kites were used by the Chinese

3)Hero of Alexandria developed

4)Leonardo da Vinci made the first

5)The Ornithopter flying machine was

6)The modern day helicopter is based on

7)The brothers Montgolfier were inventors of the first

8)George Cayley designed many different versions of gliders

9)German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, designed a glider that

10)Samuel Langley was an astronomer, built a model of a plane,

11)His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding

12)Octave Chanute gathered and analyzed all the technical knowledge

13)Orville and Wilbur Wright designed an engine that

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a)a power plant to a glider.

b)could fly a person and was able to fly long distances.

c)hot air balloon.

d)humans thinking about flying.

e)in religious ceremonies.

f)never actually created.

g)real studies of flight.

h)that he could find about aviation accomplishments.

i)that used the movements of the body to control.

j)the aeolipile.

k)the concept of Leonardo da Vinci.

l)they generated almost 12 horsepower.

m)which he called an aerodrome, that included a steam powered engine.

V. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

Two years after the famous 1903 Kitty Hawk flight, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright built and flew what is credited as the world’s first successful

(1)_____. In the centuries leading up to that monumental moment in aviation

(2)_____, a number of experimental flying (3) _____ were developed in hopes of finally unlocking the secrets of flight. While these early flying (4) may seem to us like failures and slow progressions, the culmination of knowledge gleaned from these attempts eventually allowed for mankind to soar through the (5) _____.

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of the smaller types are also used in general aviation, and some of the larger types are used as VIP aircraft.

General aviation is a catch all covering other kinds of private and commercial use, and involving a wide range of aircraft types such as business jets, trainers, homebuilt, gliders and hot air balloons.

An experimental aircraft is one that has not been fully proven in flight, or that carries a Special Airworthiness Certificate, called an Experimental Certificate in United States parlance. This often implies that the aircraft is testing new aerospace technologies, though the term also refers to amateur built and kit built aircraft, many of which are based on proven designs.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft

ACTIVE WORDS

combat [ˈkɒmbæt] ‒боевой

supporting aircraft ‒ авиация поддержки rescue [ˈreskjuː] ‒спасение

air refueling ‒дозаправка самолётов в воздухе overlap[ˈəʊvəlæp] ‒ совпадение

scheduled [ˈʃedjuːld] ‒запланированный; регулярный charter [ˈtʃɑːtə] ‒чартерный (о перевозках)

cargo [ˈkɑːɡəʊ] ‒ груз

airliner [ˈeəlaɪnə] ‒пассажирский самолет

proven [ˈpruːvən] ‒испытанный, доказавший свою пригодность parlance [ˈpɑːl(ə)ns] ‒способ выражения

III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Aircraft are produced in several different types optimized for various missions.

2)Military aircraft includes combat and supporting aircraft.

3)Civil aircraft includes all military and experimental types.

4)Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own fuel.

5)Combat aircraft are fighters and bombers, attack aircraft, bomber helicopters.

6)Non combat roles include search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation, transport, training, and aerial refueling, commercial flights.

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7)Commercial aircraft include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying passengers, mail, gun and other cargo.

8)The larger passenger carrying types are the airliners.

9)General aviation involves a wide range of aircraft types such as business jets, trainers, combat, homebuilt, gliders and hot air balloons.

10)An experimental aircraft is one that has been fully proven in flight.

IV. Find English equivalents in the text.

Гражданская авиация, военная авиация, боевой самолет, небоевой самолет, истребитель, бомбардировщик, ударный вертолет, самооборона, дозаправка, чартерный рейс, авиалайнер, груз, авиация общего назначения, учебный самолет, сертификат летной годности, аэрокосмические технологии.

V.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)Aircraft are produced in several different types

2)Military aircraft can be

3)Combat aircraft are aircraft designed

4)Combat aircraft divide broadly into

5)Non combat roles include

6)Civil aircraft divide into

7)Commercial aircraft include

8)The larger passenger carrying types are

9)General aviation involves

10)An experimental aircraft is one

a)a wide range of aircraft types such as business jets, trainers, homebuilt, gliders and hot air balloons.

b)commercial and general types.

c)either combat or non combat.

d)fighters and bombers.

e)optimized for various uses.

f)search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation, transport, training, and aerial refueling.

g)that has not been fully proven in flight.

h)the airliners.

i)to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament.

j)types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights.

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VI. Complete the sentences.

(Самолеты) are produced for various uses. (Военные самолеты) includes (боевые типы) and many types of (самолеты поддержки). (Военные самолеты) are designed to destroy (вражеское) equipment. They include (истребители), (бомбардировщики), and (ударные вертолеты). (Небоевые) roles include (поиск) and (спасение), (разведку), (дозаправку в воздухе). (Гражданские самолеты) divide into (коммерческие) and general types. The larger types are the (авиалайнеры). (Авиация общего назначения) involves (бизнес джеты) and (учебные самолеты). (Экспериментальный самолет) has not been fully (испытан) in flight. This is used to test new (аэрокосмических технологий).

Unit 4. Airplane Parts and Function

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Lift [lɪft], resist [rɪˈzɪst], winglet [ˈwɪŋlət], thrust [θrʌst], propulsion [prə'pʌlʃ(ə)n], maneuver [məˈnuːvər], horizontal [hɒrɪˈzɒnt(ə)l], vertical [ˈvɜːtɪk(ə)l], stabilizer [ˈsteɪbɪlaɪzə], straight [streɪt], swinging [swɪŋɪŋ], yaw [jɔː], pitch [pɪtʃ], hinge [hɪn(d)ʒ], force [fɔːs], rudder [ˈrʌdə], elevator [ˈelɪveɪtə], aileron [ˈeɪlərɒn], spoiler [ˈspɔɪlə], cockpit [ˈkɒkpɪt].

II. Read the text and sign aircraft parts.

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For any airplane to fly, one must lift the weight of the airplane itself, the fuel, the passengers, and the cargo. The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air. To generate lift, the airplane must be pushed through the air. The air resists the motion in the form of aerodynamic drag. Modern airliners use winglets on the tips of the wings to reduce drag. The turbine engines, which are located beneath the wings, provide the thrust to overcome drag and push the airplane forward through the air. Smaller, low speed airplanes use propellers for the propulsion system instead of turbine engines.

To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece, called the horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed vertical piece, called the vertical stabilizer. The stabilizers' job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side, which is called yaw. The horizontal stabilizer prevents an up and down motion of the nose, which is called pitch.

At the rear of the wings and stabilizers are small moving sections that are attached to the fixed sections by hinges. Changing the rear portion of a wing will change the amount of force that the wing produces. The ability to change forces gives us a means of controlling and maneuvering the airplane. The hinged part of the vertical stabilizer is called the rudder; it is used to deflect the tail to the left and right as viewed from the front of the fuselage. The hinged part of the horizontal stabilizer is called the elevator; it is used to deflect the tail up and down. The outboard hinged part of the wing is called the aileron; it is used to roll the wings from side to side. Most airliners can also be rolled from side to side by using the spoilers. Spoilers are small plates that are used to disrupt the flow over the wing and to change the amount of force by decreasing the lift when the spoiler is deployed.

The wings have additional hinged, rear sections near the body that are called flaps. Flaps are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force produced by the wing. On some aircraft, the front part of the wing will also deflect. Slats are used at takeoff and landing to produce additional force. The spoilers are also used during landing to slow the plane down and to counteract the flaps when the aircraft is on the ground.

The fuselage or body of the airplane, holds all the pieces together. The pilots sit in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the rear of the fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry the fuel in the wings.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k 12/airplane/airplane.html

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ACTIVE WORDS

lift [lɪft] ‒ подъем, подниматься, поднимать, подъемный resist [rɪˈzɪst] ‒ сопротивление, сопротивляться aerodynamic drag [dræɡ] ‒ аэродинамическое сопротивление winglet [ˈwɪŋlət] ‒ винглет, небольшое крыло

thrust [θrʌst] ‒ сила тяги

propulsion [prə'pʌlʃ(ə)n] ‒ двигательная установка

maneuver [məˈnuːvər] ‒ маневр, маневрировать, маневренный horizontal [hɒrɪˈzɒnt(ə)l] ‒ горизонтальный, горизонталь stabilizer [ˈsteɪbɪlaɪzə] ‒ стабилизатор

vertical [ˈvɜːtɪk(ə)l] ‒ вертикальный, вертикаль straight [streɪt] ‒ прямой, прямо

swinging [swɪŋɪŋ] ‒ качание

yaw [jɔː] ‒ рыскание ‒ поворот относительно вертикальной оси

pitch [pɪtʃ] — тангаж ‒ угловое движение летательного аппарата или судна относительно поперечной горизонтальной оси

hinge [hɪn(d)ʒ] ‒ шарнир

portion [ˈpɔːʃ(ə)n] ‒ часть, делить на части force [fɔːs] ‒ сила

rudder [ˈrʌdə] ‒ руль направления elevator [ˈelɪveɪtə] ‒ руль высоты

deflect [dɪˈflekt] ‒ отклонять, отклоняться aileron [ˈeɪlərɒn] ‒ элерон

spoiler [ˈspɔɪlə] ‒ прерыватель потока, спойлер deploy [dɪˈplɔɪ] ‒ выпускать (закрылки)

flap [flæp] ‒ закрылок slat [slæt] ‒ предкрылок

cockpit [ˈkɒkpɪt] ‒ кабина летчика

III. Match the parts of the aircraft and their functions.

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