книги / English for Aerospace Engineering

IV. Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane on the land.

2)Ancient airliners use winglets on the tips of the wings to reduce drag.

3)The steam engines are located beneath the wings.

4)Smaller wings are located at the nose of the plane.

5)The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece, called the vertical stabilizer, and a fixed vertical piece, called the horizontal stabilizer.

6)The stabilizers' job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying

upwards.

7)The hinged part of the vertical stabilizer is called the rudder.

8)The hinged part of the horizontal stabilizer is called the elevator.

9)The wings have additional hinged, rear sections near the body that are called winglets.

10)The pilots sit in the cockpit at the rear of the fuselage.

11)Passengers and cargo are carried in the front of the fuselage.

V. Answer the questions about what the different parts of a plane are.

1)What's the main part of a plane called? The part which contains the passengers, crew and cargo?

2)What do you call the front part of the fuselage?

21

3)What do you call the rear part of the fuselage?

4)What's the part of the fuselage behind the nose where the pilots fly the aircraft from?

5)What's the section of the plane where the passengers travel in?

6)And the section under the cabin where the passengers suitcases, bags and other things are carried?

7)What are the wheels called which an aircraft uses when travelling on the

ground?

8)And what do you call the things which power the aircraft so it can move

and fly?

http://www.blairenglish.com/exercises/aviation english/exercises/parts of plane vocabulary part 1/parts of plane vocabulary part 1.html

VI. Complete the sentences.

Any (самолет) must (поднимать) the (вес) of the (самолета) itself, the (топливо), the (пассажиров), and the (груза). The (крылья) (создают) most of the (подъемной силы). (Современные авиалайнеры) use (винглеты) to reduce (сопротивление). The (турбинные двигатели) are located (под крыльями), provide the (тягу). The (хвост) usually has a fixed (горизонтальную часть), called the (горизонтальным стабилизатором), and a fixed (вертикальную часть), called the (вертикальным стабилизатором). At the rear of the (крыльев) and stabilizers are small moving sections that are attached to the fixed sections by (шарнирами). (Изменения) the rear portion of a (крыла) will change the amount of (силы). The ability to change (силы) gives us a means of (управления) and (маневрирования) the (самолетом).

22

attached to the aircraft. For jet engines, it is often confusing to remember that aircraft thrust is a reaction to the hot gas rushing out of the nozzle. The hot gas goes out the back, but the thrust pushes towards the front. Action < > reaction is explained by Newton's Third Law of Motion.

The motion of the airplane through the air depends on the relative strength and direction of the forces shown above. If the forces are balanced, the aircraft cruises at constant velocity. If the forces are unbalanced, the aircraft accelerates in the direction of the largest force.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k 12/airplane/forces.html

ACTIVE WORDS

quantity [ˈkwɒntɪtɪ] ‒количество magnitude [ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd] ‒величина payload [ˈpeɪləʊd] ‒полезная нагрузка

throughout [θruːˈaʊt] ‒через, по всей площади, длине и т.д. denote [dɪˈnəʊt] ‒ указывать; показывать; отмечать perpendicular [ˌpɜːp(ə)nˈdɪkjʊlə] ‒перпендикулярный velocity [vɪˈlɒsɪtɪ] ‒скорость, быстрота, скоростной

nozzle [ˈnɒz(ə)l] ‒сопло

cruise [kruːz] ‒круиз, рейс, совершать рейс

III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction.

2)A force is a vector quantity so a force has both a magnitude and a

quantity.

3)Weight is a force that is always directed upward the center of the earth.

4)The magnitude of the weight depends on the mass of all the airplane parts, minus the amount of fuel, plus any payload on board.

5)The weight is distributed in the center of an airplane.

6)On the ground, the airplane rotates about the center of gravity.

7)To overcome the weight force, airplanes generate an opposing force called drag.

8)Lift is generated by the motion of the airplane through the air and is a dynamic force.

9)"Aero" stands for the air, and "dynamic" denotes speed.

24

10)Aircraft lift acts through a single point called the center of gravity.

11)Aerodynamic surfaces are used to control the aircraft in roll, pitch, and

yaw.

12)The air resists the motion of the aircraft and the resistance force is

called lift.

13)Drag is directed along and opposed to the flight direction.

14)To overcome drag, airplanes use a fuselage to generate a force called

thrust.

IV. Sign the forces acting on the plane.

V.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1)A force may be thought of

2)A force has both

3)Weight is a force that is always directed

4)The magnitude of the weight depends on

5)The weight is distributed

6)In flight, the airplane rotates

7)To overcome the weight force, airplanes generate an opposing force

8)Lift is generated by the motion of the airplane through the air and is

9)"Aero" stands for the air, and "dynamic" denotes

10)Aircraft lift acts through

11)Aerodynamic surfaces are used

25

12)The air resists the motion of the aircraft and the resistance force is called

13)Drag is directed

14)To overcome drag, airplanes use

15)The direction of the thrust force depends on

a)a magnitude and a direction.

b)a propulsion system.

c)a single point called the center of pressure.

d)about the center of gravity.

e)along and opposed to the flight direction.

f)an aerodynamic force.

g)as a push or pull in a specific direction.

h)called lift.

i)drag.

j)how the engines are attached to the aircraft.

k)motion.

l)the mass of all the airplane parts, plus the amount of fuel, plus any payload on board.

m)throughout the airplane.

n)to control the aircraft in roll, pitch, and yaw.

o)toward the center of the earth.

VI. Complete the sentences.

There are four (силы) acting on a plane: (вес), (подъемная сила), (тяга) and (сопротивление). A force has both a (величину) and a (направление). (Вес) is a (сила) that is (всегда) (направлена) (к) the (центру) of the earth. (Вес) depends (от) the (массы) of all the (частей самолета). In (полете), the (самолет) (вращается) about the (центра тяжести). To (преодолеть) the weight force, (самолет) generate an (противодействующую силу) called (подъемная сила). (Подъемная сила) is generated by the (движением) of the (самолета) through the (воздух) and is an (аэродинамическая сила). (Аэродинамическая поверхность) are used to (управлять) the (самолетом) in (крен), (тангаж), and (рыскание). To overcome (сопротивление), (самолет) use a (двигательную установку). The (направление) of the (силы тяги) depends on how the (двигатели) are attached to the (самолету).

26

VII. Read the text and complete it with the necessary words.

Note that the (1) _____ of the engine is just to overcome the drag of the airplane, not to (2) ______ the airplane. A 1 million pound (3) _____ has 4 engines that produce a grand total of 200,000 of thrust. The (4) _____ are doing the lifting, not the engines.

In fact, there are some aircraft, called (5) _____ that have no engines at all, but fly just fine. Some (6) ______ source of power has to be applied to initiate the motion necessary for the wings to produce lift. But during flight, the weight is opposed by both lift and drag. Paper airplanes are the most obvious (7) ______, but there are many kinds of gliders. Some gliders are piloted and are towed aloft by a powered aircraft, then cut free to glide for long distances before (8) ______. During reentry and landing, the Space Shuttle is a glider; the rocket engines are used only to loft the Shuttle into space.

VIII. Do you know all these words?

Unit 6. Jet engines

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation:

Turbine [ˈtɜːbaɪn], suck in [sʌk ɪn], fan [fæn], compressor [kəmˈpresə], pressure [ˈpreʃə], blade [bleɪd], shaft [ʃɑː ], spin [spɪn], squeeze [skwiːz], spark [spɑːk], mixture [ˈmɪkstʃə], expand [ɪkˈspænd], blast [blɑːst], nozzle [ˈnɒz(ə)l], backward [ˈbækwəd].

27

II. Read the text carefully to get accurate information.

Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast.

All jet engines, which are also called gas turbines, work on the same principle. The engine sucks air in at the front with a fan. A compressor raises the pressure of the air. The compressor is made with many blades attached to a shaft. The blades spin at high speed and compress or squeeze the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through the nozzle, at the back of the engine. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward. As the hot air is going to the nozzle, it passes through another group of blades called the turbine. The turbine is attached to the same shaft as the compressor. Spinning the turbine causes the compressor to spin.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k 12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.

ACTIVE WORDS

turbine [ˈtɜːbaɪn] ‒турбинный, турбина suck in [sʌk ɪn] ‒всасывать

fan [fæn] ‒вентилятор

compressor [kəmˈpresə] ‒компрессор pressure [ˈpreʃə] ‒давление, сжатие blade [bleɪd] ‒ лопасть

shaft [ʃɑːft] ‒вал

spin [spɪn] ‒ вращение, вращаться squeeze [skwiːz] ‒сжимать

spark [spɑːk] ‒искра mixture [ˈmɪkstʃə] ‒смесь

expand [ɪkˈspænd] — расширяться, расширять blast [blɑːst] ‒ взрыв, взрывать

nozzle [ˈnɒz(ə)l] ‒сопло backward [ˈbækwəd] ‒назад slow down ‒уменьшать

turboprop engine [ˈtɜːbəʊprɒp] ‒турбовинтовой, турбовинтовой двигатель turbofan engine ‒турбовентиляторный двигатель

ramjet [ˈramdʒet] ‒ прямоточный воздушно реактивный двигатель

28

III.Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1)Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous lift.

2)The engine sucks air in at the front with a compressor.

3)A compressor raises the pressure of the fuel.

4)The compressor is made with many blades attached to a bar.

5)The blades spin at low speed and compress or squeeze the air.

6)The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark lights

the air.

7)The burning gases expand and blast out through the fan.

8)As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust backward.

9)As the hot air is going to the nozzle, it passes through another group of blades called the jet.

10)Spinning the turbine causes the compressor to spin.

What is Thrust?

Thrust is the (1) _____ force that pushes the engine and, therefore, the airplane forward. Sir Isaac Newton discovered that for "every (2) _____ there is an equal and opposite (3) _____." An (4) _____ uses this principle. The engine takes in a large (5) _____ of air. The (6) _____ is heated and compressed and slowed down. The air is forced through many spinning (7) _____. By mixing this air with jet fuel, the (8) ______ of the air can be as high as three thousand degrees. The power of the air is used to turn the (9) ______. Finally, when the air leaves, it pushes backward out of the engine. This (10) ______ the plane to move forward.

V. Read the text and match Jet engine parts with their functions. Parts of a Jet Engine

29

Engine Parts: Fan, Compressor, Combustor, Turbine, Mixer, Nozzle

a)It sucks in large quantities of air.

b)It squeezes the air that enters it into progressively smaller areas, resulting in an increase in the air pressure.

c)It is linked by a shaft to turn the blades in the compressor and to spin the intake fan at the front. The gases produced in the combustion chamber move through this part and spin its blades.

d)It is the exhaust duct of the engine. This is the engine part which actually produces the thrust for the plane.

e)It combines the high temperature air coming from the engine core with the lower temperature air that was bypassed in the fan. It helps to make the engine quieter.

f)There are as many as 20 nozzles to spray fuel into the airstream. The mixture of air and fuel catches fire. The heat can reach 2700°.

VI. Complete the sentences.

(Реактивные двигатели) move the airplane (вперед) with a great (силой) that (создается) by a tremendous (тягой).

The (двигатель) (всасывает) (воздух) in at the front with a (вентилятор). A (компрессор) raises the (давление) of the (воздуха). The (компрессор) (состоит) with many (лопастей) attached to a (валу). The (лопасти) (вращаются) at high (скоростью) and the (воздух). The (сжатый воздух) (распыляется) with (топливо) and an (электрическая искра) lights the (смесь). The burning gases (расширяются) and (выбрасываются) through the (сопло), at the back of the (двигателя). As the (струи газа) shoot (назад), the (двигатель) and the (самолет) are thrust (вперед). As the (горячий воздух) is going to the (соплу), it passes through another group of (лопастей) called the (турбиной).

VII. Choose one of the engine types and tell about it.

Types of Jet Engines

The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. Fuel is added to

the air and burned in a combustion chamber to raise the temperature of the fluid mixture to about 1,100°F to 1,300° F. The resulting hot air is passed through a

30